Pros and cons of market globalization. Globalization pros and cons, what is globalization? Globalization in simple words. Why is globalization of the world economy happening?
Report plan
Introduction
3. Disadvantages of globalization for Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
As a result of international cooperation in production, the development of the international division of labor, foreign trade and international relations, the interconnection of national economies is strengthening. This phenomenon is called the internationalization of business activities. Globalization is its newest stage.
The modern processes of internationalization of the world economy are based on those occurring in the last half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. revolutionary qualitative changes in the technical, technological, transport, communication and information bases of the economy, accompanied by the comprehensive use of nuclear energy, bio- and aerospace technologies, and artificial intelligence. The use of new technologies generates a huge reduction in costs in the fields of transport and communications and eliminates obstacles to the movement of goods, services, capital, and knowledge, making national borders transparent.
Internationalization of economic activity is the strengthening of the interconnection and interdependence of the economies of individual countries, the influence of international economic relations on national economies, and the participation of countries in the world economy.
The process of overcoming national spatial barriers is the main objective content of economic internationalization. Going beyond national borders involves combining the actions of several actors in the global economy (states, corporations, banks, small and medium-sized enterprises). The process of penetration of individual elements of the economy of some countries into the economy of other countries and the unification on this basis of national economies into a single international economic system is a process of modern economic integration.
Global electronic information changes in the technological basis of production, assessed by many scientists as a transition from an industrial to an information society, lead to equally global changes in the world economy.
The ability to receive information from any distance in real time and quickly make decisions using modern telecommunications systems unprecedentedly reduces the costs of organizing international investment and lending, cooperation in production, and the dissemination of new production and management technologies. As a result, the information integration of the world becomes an objective basis for the qualitative acceleration of exchanges of goods, services, capital, the expansion of foreign economic relations and their transformation from interstate to global.
A qualitatively new stage in the internationalization of the world economy, which unfolded at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. and based on the development of information technology is called globalization.
internationalization globalization economics russia
1. The concept of globalization, its signs and causes
Globalization is the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, capital and labor.
In the context of globalization, national and world economic relations begin to change roles. If earlier the leading role was played by the first, most developed national economies and determined the nature and mechanisms of international relations, then at the present stage the main role is played by global economic relations, while within the country they must adapt to the conditions of the global economy.
We can highlight the qualitative characteristics of globalization.
1. Reducing the economic distance measured in the cost of transport and information services between all regions of the world, which allows them to be united into a single global transport, telecommunications, financial and production space.
The intercountry intercompany production exchange of finished products is being replaced by the international intracompany exchange of units, parts, and components of finished products, when up to 40% of global commodity flows in the modern world economy are carried out within individual transnational firms. The intra-company nature of international exchanges all the more firmly binds national economies to each other.
Reducing to a minimum the time, material, and transaction costs of financial transactions objectively strengthens not only the production, but also the financial interdependence of national economies. This is reflected in the formation of a global “virtual economy”, which refers to the almost instantaneous movement of “electronic money” between bank accounts using email and the Internet.
2. The emergence of new forms of organization of the world economy, corresponding to the information technological basis, global information, innovation, production, and financial networks.
The change from a vertical (hierarchical) organization of economic relations to a horizontal (network) one with the transition to new information technologies is due to a reduction in costs for collecting and transmitting information, for control and coordination of various levels of management.
3. The increasing role of “Global Firms and Banks” - Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Banks (TNB) in the management of global economic processes.
Owning branches and production and sales structures in many countries of the world, TNCs concentrate and control significant parts of the industries of the world economy and the world market.
4. Development of regional integration associations with supranational mechanisms for managing economic processes. Integration processes in regional blocs make it possible to combine the material, financial and intellectual resources of various countries and regions into the global world space.
5. Mass dissemination of the liberal market model of the economy, ensuring market integrity of the global world economy.
These global shifts in the world economy at the turn of two centuries indicate that globalization is qualitatively different from the previous stages of economic internationalization, the main content of which was international economic integration.
The qualitative differences between globalization and integration are as follows.
1. Globalization is an irreversible process based on objective shifts in the spheres of communications, production, trade, and finance. At the same time, the periods of economic internationalization preceding globalization were characterized by both upsurges in activity in international cooperation and backward movements towards isolated development caused by the aggravation of political and economic interstate contradictions. Therefore, the processes of interstate integration, unlike globalization, are reversible.
2. Globalization is universal in terms of the subjects participating in it.
In contrast to interstate economic integration, the main subjects of which are countries and their associations, unions of states, international economic organizations (IMF, World Bank, WTO), almost all participants in international life become subjects of globalization: transnational corporations and banks; network organizations consisting of small and medium-sized businesses, local communities, banks, non-profit organizations, individuals.
3. Globalization is a process broader in content than international economic integration. In addition to interstate economic processes regulated by national states and supranational bodies, it includes global transnational production, financial, telecommunication processes that are almost or not at all subject to government regulation.
2. Advantages of globalization for Russia
What can Russia gain from joining the WTO?
Let us name the significant positive consequences of such a step.
Russia’s entry into the global market space with the acquisition of most favored nation rights and protection of Russian exporters and importers from discriminatory taxes and customs duties; obtaining the right to freedom of goods transit, security guarantees and property insurance for Russian entrepreneurs on the territory of all WTO countries.
Transition to international legal norms and standards, which will facilitate legal and customs procedures, including the settlement of economic and trade disputes.
Strengthening not only economic, but also socio-political cooperation with WTO partner countries.
Growth in export volumes and revenues from it.
Increase in foreign exchange reserves.
Increasing the role of the market in regulating internal economic relations and, as a consequence, reducing the level of bureaucratization and corruption.
Strengthening competition in the domestic market, improving the quality of Russian goods and reducing domestic prices.
An increase in the volume of foreign investment and the resulting growth in employment in the future, an economic boom, GDP growth and an increase in real incomes of the population.
Direct participation of Russia in the mechanism for resolving economic disputes and the opportunities this creates for the protection of domestic producers.
Obtaining a real opportunity to protect the intellectual property rights of Russian citizens abroad. In addition, there is no doubt that joining the WTO, in addition to positive economic results, will also contribute to the growth of Russia's political authority in the world community.
Globalization opens up new opportunities for government revenue. So, what can Russia offer to the world system:
1. Raw materials. That is, oil, gas, metals and timber. The economic development of countries is highly dependent on raw materials and this can be taken advantage of.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru
Pros and cons of globalization for Russia
Report plan
Introduction
1. The concept of globalization, its signs and causes
2. Advantages of globalization for Russia
3. Disadvantages of globalization for Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
As a result of international cooperation in production, the development of the international division of labor, foreign trade and international relations, the interconnection of national economies is strengthening. This phenomenon is called the internationalization of business activities. Globalization is its newest stage.
The modern processes of internationalization of the world economy are based on those occurring in the last half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. revolutionary qualitative changes in the technical, technological, transport, communication and information bases of the economy, accompanied by the comprehensive use of nuclear energy, bio- and aerospace technologies, and artificial intelligence. The use of new technologies generates a huge reduction in costs in the fields of transport and communications and eliminates obstacles to the movement of goods, services, capital, and knowledge, making national borders transparent.
Internationalization of economic activity is the strengthening of the interconnection and interdependence of the economies of individual countries, the influence of international economic relations on national economies, and the participation of countries in the world economy.
The process of overcoming national spatial barriers is the main objective content of economic internationalization. Going beyond national borders involves combining the actions of several actors in the global economy (states, corporations, banks, small and medium-sized enterprises). The process of penetration of individual elements of the economy of some countries into the economy of other countries and the unification on this basis of national economies into a single international economic system is a process of modern economic integration.
Global electronic information changes in the technological basis of production, assessed by many scientists as a transition from an industrial to an information society, lead to equally global changes in the world economy.
The ability to receive information from any distance in real time and quickly make decisions using modern telecommunications systems unprecedentedly reduces the costs of organizing international investment and lending, cooperation in production, and the dissemination of new production and management technologies. As a result, the information integration of the world becomes an objective basis for the qualitative acceleration of exchanges of goods, services, capital, the expansion of foreign economic relations and their transformation from interstate to global.
A qualitatively new stage in the internationalization of the world economy, which unfolded at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. and based on the development of information technology is called globalization.
1. The concept of globalization, its signs and causes
Globalization is the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, capital and labor.
In the context of globalization, national and world economic relations begin to change roles. If earlier the leading role was played by the first, most developed national economies and determined the nature and mechanisms of international relations, then at the present stage the main role is played by global economic relations, while within the country they must adapt to the conditions of the global economy.
We can highlight the qualitative characteristics of globalization.
1. Reducing the economic distance measured in the cost of transport and information services between all regions of the world, which allows them to be united into a single global transport, telecommunications, financial and production space.
The intercountry intercompany production exchange of finished products is being replaced by the international intracompany exchange of units, parts, and components of finished products, when up to 40% of global commodity flows in the modern world economy are carried out within individual transnational firms. The intra-company nature of international exchanges all the more firmly binds national economies to each other. globalization internationalization Russia
Reducing to a minimum the time, material, and transaction costs of financial transactions objectively strengthens not only the production, but also the financial interdependence of national economies. This is reflected in the formation of a global “virtual economy”, which refers to the almost instantaneous movement of “electronic money” between bank accounts using email and the Internet.
2. The emergence of new forms of organization of the world economy, corresponding to the information technological basis, global information, innovation, production, and financial networks.
The change from a vertical (hierarchical) organization of economic relations to a horizontal (network) one with the transition to new information technologies is due to a reduction in costs for collecting and transmitting information, for control and coordination of various levels of management.
3. The increasing role of “Global Firms and Banks” - Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Banks (TNB) in the management of global economic processes.
Owning branches and production and sales structures in many countries of the world, TNCs concentrate and control significant parts of the industries of the world economy and the world market.
4. Development of regional integration associations with supranational mechanisms for managing economic processes. Integration processes in regional blocs make it possible to combine the material, financial and intellectual resources of various countries and regions into the global world space.
5. Mass dissemination of the liberal market model of the economy, ensuring market integrity of the global world economy.
These global shifts in the world economy at the turn of two centuries indicate that globalization is qualitatively different from the previous stages of economic internationalization, the main content of which was international economic integration.
The qualitative differences between globalization and integration are as follows.
1. Globalization is an irreversible process based on objective shifts in the spheres of communications, production, trade, and finance. At the same time, the periods of economic internationalization preceding globalization were characterized by both upsurges in activity in international cooperation and backward movements towards isolated development caused by the aggravation of political and economic interstate contradictions. Therefore, the processes of interstate integration, unlike globalization, are reversible.
2. Globalization is universal in terms of the subjects participating in it.
In contrast to interstate economic integration, the main subjects of which are countries and their associations, unions of states, international economic organizations (IMF, World Bank, WTO), almost all participants in international life become subjects of globalization: transnational corporations and banks; network organizations consisting of small and medium-sized businesses, local communities, banks, non-profit organizations, individuals.
3. Globalization is a process broader in content than international economic integration. In addition to interstate economic processes regulated by national states and supranational bodies, it includes global transnational production, financial, telecommunication processes that are almost or not at all subject to government regulation.
2. Advantages of globalization for Russia
What can Russia gain from joining the WTO?
Let us name the significant positive consequences of such a step.
Russia’s entry into the global market space with the acquisition of most favored nation rights and protection of Russian exporters and importers from discriminatory taxes and customs duties; obtaining the right to freedom of goods transit, security guarantees and property insurance for Russian entrepreneurs on the territory of all WTO countries.
Transition to international legal norms and standards, which will facilitate legal and customs procedures, including the settlement of economic and trade disputes.
Strengthening not only economic, but also socio-political cooperation with WTO partner countries.
Growth in export volumes and revenues from it.
Increase in foreign exchange reserves.
Increasing the role of the market in regulating internal economic relations and, as a consequence, reducing the level of bureaucratization and corruption.
Strengthening competition in the domestic market, improving the quality of Russian goods and reducing domestic prices.
An increase in the volume of foreign investment and the resulting growth in employment in the future, an economic boom, GDP growth and an increase in real incomes of the population.
Direct participation of Russia in the mechanism for resolving economic disputes and the opportunities this creates for the protection of domestic producers.
Obtaining a real opportunity to protect the intellectual property rights of Russian citizens abroad. In addition, there is no doubt that joining the WTO, in addition to positive economic results, will also contribute to the growth of Russia's political authority in the world community.
Globalization opens up new opportunities for government revenue. So, what can Russia offer to the world system:
1. Raw materials. That is, oil, gas, metals and timber. The economic development of countries is highly dependent on raw materials and this can be taken advantage of.
2. Intellectual potential. Russia is still a country of fairly high-quality education, although most universities do not reach the world level. Training foreign students and turning Russia into one of the world's educational centers will bring great benefits to our country.
3. Transport bridge. Russia's favorable geographic location can help it develop. By servicing the growing trade turnover between Europe and Southeast Asia, Russia can earn a good income.
4. Production. Production and export of high-tech products that are competitive: weapons, nuclear energy, aviation and space technology.
5. Tourism. Russia can offer extreme tourism to the foreign consumer who is sophisticated in matters of recreation. In our country there are quite a lot of undeveloped, “wild” places with rich nature that can be offered to foreign citizens who are accustomed to comfort.
Globalization also creates a solid basis for solving universal problems of humanity, for example, environmental ones, which is due to the unification of the efforts of the world community and the coordination of actions in various fields. Globalization promotes specialization and deepening the international division of labor. In its conditions, funds and resources are distributed more efficiently, which contributes to an increase in the average standard of living.
It should be noted that immigrants bring new experience, knowledge and skills. The USA, Canada and Australia are countries that emerged as a result of immigration. Immigrants bring dynamism to the economic development of entire industries. Examples include Chinese industrial workers in Indonesia and Malaysia, Hong Kong entrepreneurs in Canada, Indian and Lebanese businessmen in Africa, and Jordanian and Palestinian employees in the oil-producing Gulf countries. Also, immigrants in many countries fill vacancies for which there are no applicants among the local population.
Advocates of globalization see the main advantage of open borders for trade and financial flows in enhancing fruitful competition, not limited by protectionist and ideological frameworks in the global division of labor.
Globalization, ensuring the unity of all revolutionary changes in the technical, technological and financial-economic bases, opens up new opportunities for economic development. Thus, the relocation of production by transnational corporations to developing countries in order to reduce labor and resource costs leads to the rapid spread of new technologies from the highly developed core of the world economy to the periphery. In addition, the increasing scale of cross-border flows of loan capital with the help of new information technologies ensures the expansion of credit resources and access to them anywhere in the global economic space.
All this creates real opportunities for accelerating economic growth not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries of the world.
3. Disadvantages of globalization for Russia
Globalization increases the unevenness and instability of national and world economic development. This is due to the division of national economic complexes into export-oriented production chains and into those links that are not able to function effectively in a global market. As a result, previously unified internal national markets are being destroyed, which leads to an increase in the share of the population employed in sectors of the economy that are ineffective from the point of view of the global market. In turn, this gives rise to an increase in the population with low incomes and a sharp stratification of wealth between those who enjoy the material fruits of globalization and those who are deprived of them.
If until recently the national state had mechanisms for redistributing benefits from exports among the population, then the emergence of new non-state entities of the world economy not controlled by the state (TNCs, TNB, non-governmental organizations) sharply limits its redistribution and social capabilities. As a result, the benefits of globalization are concentrated among those economic entities that have managed to integrate into the global economy.
The unevenness of national and global economic development is one of the factors in increasing social tension in the world, which increases investment and business risks and impedes the sustainable development of the global economy.
Globalization causes a massive spread of negative externalities in production and consumption.
Thus, the intensification of competition for entering the global economic market and obtaining benefits from globalization lead to the fact that TNCs often use socially dangerous activities to win this struggle, such as polluting production or the creation of transgenic products harmful to health, etc. .
There is a problem of international labor migration at present. A feature of international migration of the first type remains the low-skilled population. This is clearly manifested, for example, in the migration of the Mexican population to the United States. However, migration from developing countries of highly qualified specialists, the so-called “brain drain” (international migration of the second type), has also acquired enormous proportions. This is seriously bleeding developing countries and feeding developed countries.
Along with the organized import of labor from China, there is a spontaneous influx of migrants from China to Russian territory. According to some estimates by Russian experts, there is a “danger of colonization” of the Russian Far East and Siberia by its populous neighbor.
A large influx of labor is observed in the capital of Russia. Foreign workers and specialists from 78 countries work in Moscow. There are negative aspects associated with the import of labor. The emergence of elements of social tension in society, when occupying those jobs for which local workers apply, the economic effects of immigration, as a rule, are generally described as negative, since workers coming from abroad reduce the number of jobs and increase unemployment among the indigenous population.
The situation turns out to be somewhat different when it comes to highly qualified workers. For the most part, these are highly educated young people who, not finding a decent level of pay for their work and prospects for professional growth, easily adapt and remain in the country of immigration forever. This type of migration is usually called “brain drain”, which obviously reduces the scientific and cultural potential of the leaving country to the benefit of the receiving country.
At the same time, according to opponents of Russia’s forced entry into the WTO, in the short term the losses of the Russian economy will be very significant and may significantly cover all the positive things that this accession can bring in this period. There is little optimism among opponents of Russia's entry into this organization regarding the medium- and even long-term periods. However, the accession experience and practice of functioning within the WTO of almost all countries do not confirm such pessimistic forecasts.
Indeed, losses from joining and remaining in the WTO are inevitable. Thus, in the short term, due to a reduction in import tariff duties, one can expect an increase in the volume of imports and, as a consequence, a fall in production volumes and the level of employment in industries producing uncompetitive products, especially in the regions where such industries are located. The overall result of the transformations of this period may be a decrease in revenues to budgets at all levels and a certain social tension.
The implementation of measures initiated in the short term should result in a serious structural restructuring of the Russian economy in the medium term. With its help, Russia will be able to more clearly define its niche in international economic specialization. Such transformations will require large expenses and may lead to losses in income and a decrease in living standards.
The high degree of economic interdependence of countries and gigantic unregulated flows of hot speculative capital have made the global economy vulnerable. Both the financial collapse in Southeast Asia, and then the Brazilian and Argentinean crises confirmed the reality of the threat of a destructive chain reaction.
Conclusion
Thus, globalization is nothing more than a tendency to reduce transaction costs at the level of giant systems.
The driving forces that pushed this economic transformation were various processes.
These processes can be divided into groups:
Production, scientific, technical and technological:
1. transition to a new technological method of production, to high, knowledge-intensive technologies; rapid, widespread dissemination of new technologies that eliminate barriers to the movement of goods, services, and capital;
2. a sharp increase in the scale of production;
3. rapid dissemination of knowledge as a result of scientific or other types of intellectual exchange.
Economic:
1. strengthening the trend towards unification and standardization, uniform standards for all countries;
2. huge concentration and centralization of capital, rapid growth of derivative financial and economic instruments, a sharp reduction in the time for carrying out intercurrency transactions;
3. liberalization of trade in goods, services, capital markets and other forms of economic liberalization.
Political:
1. weakening of state borders, facilitating freedom of movement of citizens, goods, services and capital;
2. the end of the Cold War, overcoming severe political differences between East and West.
Social, cultural and informational:
1. Advances in electronics, creation of e-mail, Internet;
2. the formation of systems that make it possible to manage production located in different countries from one center; computerization.
3. weakening the role of habits and traditions, social ties, overcoming national limitations, which increases the mobility of people and promotes international migration; English becomes international and facilitates intercultural communication.
Organizational:
1. access of non-governmental organizations to the global level;
2. the emergence of transnational companies (TNCs), whose actions go beyond national borders.
Globalization has both a number of positive and negative prerequisites for the development of Russia. It is impossible to say exactly what consequences it will lead to our country.
Bibliography
1. Khmelev I.B. World economy: Educational and methodological complex. - M.: Publishing house. EAOI Center, 2009. - 360 p.
2. Nikolaeva I.P. World economy: textbook. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006. - 510 p.
3. Bogomolov O.T. World economy in the age of globalization: textbook. - M.: Economics, 2007. - 359 p.
4. Kolesov V.P. International economics: textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 474 p.
Posted on Allbest.ru
...Similar documents
The concept of globalization in social, political and cultural processes, consideration of its various concepts. The study of modern globalization of the world economy, its main positive and negative aspects. Policies and measures at the global level.
course work, added 02/14/2014
The essence, goals and significance of international economic integration. Consequences of globalization for the world and national economy. Prospects for the development of Russia in the context of globalization and internationalization. The situation of Western countries in the context of globalization.
course work, added 03/31/2012
The essence and historical forms of globalization, its role in changing the structure of economic and social relations between countries. Negative and positive aspects of globalization, its problems. The goals of the international anti-globalization movement.
course work, added 05/07/2013
The concept and essence of globalization, its impact on the national economy. Stages of globalization of the world economy, its positive and negative effects. The impact of globalization on Russia and practical recommendations for increasing the efficiency of its implementation.
course work, added 02/05/2013
Concepts, forms and current state of internationalization and globalization of the world economy. The essence of globalization. Processes of integration and globalization in the Russian economy. Features of the problems of modern Russian globalization and ways to solve them.
course work, added 04/23/2012
Goals and meanings of international economic integration. Globalization as the highest stage of internationalization of the world economy. Prospects for the development of Russia in the context of globalization and internationalization. Russia and Western countries in the context of globalization.
course work, added 03/20/2012
The concept of globalization and its main features. International cooperation of production, development of division of labor. Processes of strengthening the interconnections of national economies. Theories of the emergence and development of globalization, its positive and negative consequences.
abstract, added 10/14/2013
Concept and factors of globalization. Regulating the problems and consequences of globalization processes. Reasons for the globalization of commodity markets. Functions and structure of world financial markets in the context of globalization. The role and significance of transnational corporations in the world.
thesis, added 07/05/2011
General characteristics of the globalization process, its main causes and inconsistencies. Analysis of globalization by international political science. Features of financial globalization, regionalization of the economy, intensification of world trade, trends towards convergence.
abstract, added 01/05/2013
The essence and prerequisites of globalization processes. Her role in the political sphere. Global instability of the world economy. Cultural transformations of the world. Possible paths for Russia in the light of global integration. The attitude of Russian politicians to this problem.
Report plan
Introduction
1. The concept of globalization, its signs and causes
2. Advantages of globalization for Russia
3. Disadvantages of globalization for Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
As a result of international cooperation in production, the development of the international division of labor, foreign trade and international relations, the interconnection of national economies is strengthening. This phenomenon is called the internationalization of economic activity. Globalization is its newest stage.
The basis of modern processes of internationalization of the world economy are those occurring in the last half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. revolutionary qualitative changes in the technical, technological, transport and communication information bases of the economy, accompanied by the comprehensive use of nuclear energy, bio- and aerospace technologies, artificial intelligence. The use of new technologies generates a huge reduction in costs in the fields of transport and communications and eliminates obstacles to the movement of goods, services, capital ,knowledge, making national borders transparent.
Internationalization of economic activity is the strengthening of the interconnection and interdependence of the economies of individual countries, the influence of international economic relations on national economies, and the participation of countries in the world economy.
The process of overcoming national spatial barriers is the main objective content of economic internationalization. Going beyond national borders involves combining the actions of several actors in the global economy (states, corporations, banks, small and medium-sized enterprises). The process of penetration of individual elements of the economy of some countries into the economy of other countries and the unification on this basis of national economies into a single international economic system is a process of modern economic integration.
Global electronic and information changes in the technological basis of production, assessed by many scientists as a transition from an industrial to an information society, lead to equally global changes in the world economy.
The ability to receive information from any distance in real time and quickly make decisions using modern telecommunications systems unprecedentedly reduces the costs of organizing international investment and lending, cooperation in production, and the dissemination of new production and management technologies. As a result, the information integration of the world becomes an objective basis for the qualitative acceleration of exchanges of goods, services, capital, the expansion of foreign economic relations and their transformation from interstate to global.
A qualitatively new stage in the internationalization of the world economy, which unfolded at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. and based on the development of information technology, is called globalization.
ieconomics russia
1. The concept of globalization, its signs and causes
Globalization is the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, capital and labor.
In the context of globalization, national and world economic relations are beginning to change roles. If previously the leading role was played by the first, most developed national economies and determined the nature and mechanisms of international relations, then at the present stage the main role is played by global economic relations, while within the country they must adapt to the conditions of the global economy.
We can highlight the qualitative characteristics of globalization.
1. Reducing the economic distance measured in the cost of transport and information services between all regions of the world, which allows them to be united into a single global transport, telecommunications, financial and production space.
The inter-country, inter-company production exchange of finished products is being replaced by the international intra-company exchange of units, parts, and components of finished products, when up to 40% of global commodity flows in the modern world economy are carried out within individual transnational firms. The intra-company nature of international exchanges binds national economies to each other all the more firmly.
Reducing to a minimum the time, material, and transaction costs of financial transactions objectively strengthens not only the production, but also the financial interdependence of national economies. This is reflected in the formation of a global “virtual economy”, which refers to the almost instantaneous movement of “electronic money” between bank accounts using email and the Internet.
2. The emergence of new forms of organization of the world economy, corresponding to the information technology basis, global information, innovation, production, and financial networks.
The change from a vertical (hierarchical) organization of economic relations to a horizontal (network) one with the transition to new information technologies is due to a reduction in the costs of collecting and transmitting information, controlling and coordinating various levels of management.
3. The increasing role of “Global firms and banks” - Transnational corporations (TNCs) and banks (TNB) in managing global economic processes.
Owning branches and production and sales structures in many countries of the world, TNCs concentrate and control significant parts of the industries of the world economy and the world market.
4. Development of regional integration associations with supranational mechanisms for managing economic processes. Integration processes in regional blocs make it possible to combine the material, financial and intellectual resources of various countries and regions into the global world space.
5. Mass dissemination of the liberal market model of the economy, ensuring market integrity of the global world economy.
These global shifts in the world economy at the turn of two centuries indicate that globalization is qualitatively different from the previous stages of economic internationalization, the main content of which was international economic integration.
The qualitative differences between globalization and integration are as follows.
1. Globalization is an irreversible process based on objective shifts in the spheres of communications, production, trade, and finance. At the same time, the periods of economic internationalization preceding globalization were characterized by both upsurges of activity in international cooperation and backward movements towards isolated development caused by the aggravation of political and economic interstate contradictions. Therefore, the processes of interstate integration, unlike globalization, are reversible.
2. Globalization is universal in terms of the subjects participating in it.
In contrast to interstate economic integration, the main subjects of which are countries and their associations, unions of states, international economic organizations (IMF, World Bank, WTO), almost all participants in international life become subjects of globalization: transnational corporations and banks; network organizations consisting of small and medium-sized businesses ,local communities, banks, non-profit organizations, individuals.
3. Globalization is a process broader in content than international economic integration. In addition to interstate economic processes regulated by national states and suprastate bodies, it includes global transnational production, financial, telecommunication processes that are almost or not at all subject to government regulation.
2. Advantages of globalization for Russia
What can Russia gain from joining the WTO?
Let us name the significant positive consequences of such a step.
Russia’s entry into the global market space with the acquisition of most favored nation rights and protection of Russian exporters and importers from discriminatory taxes and customs duties; obtaining the right to freedom of goods transit, security guarantees and property insurance for Russian entrepreneurs on the territory of all WTO countries.
Transition to international legal norms and standards, which will facilitate legal and customs procedures, including the settlement of economic and trade disputes.
Strengthening not only economic, but also socio-political cooperation with WTO partner countries.
Growth in export volumes and revenues from it.
Increase in foreign exchange reserves.
Increasing the role of the market in regulating internal economic relations and, as a result, reducing the level of bureaucratization and corruption.
Strengthening competition in the domestic market, improving the quality of Russian goods and reducing domestic prices.
An increase in the volume of foreign investment and the resulting future growth in employment, an economic boom, GDP growth and an increase in real incomes of the population.
Direct participation of Russia in the mechanism for resolving economic disputes and the opportunities this creates for the protection of domestic producers.
Obtaining a real opportunity to protect the intellectual property rights of Russian citizens abroad. In addition, there is no doubt that joining the WTO, in addition to positive economic results, will also contribute to the growth of Russia's political authority in the world community.
Globalization opens up new opportunities for government earnings. So, what can Russia offer to the world system:
1. Raw materials. That is, oil, gas, metals and timber. The economic development of countries is highly dependent on raw materials, and this can be taken advantage of.
2. Intellectual potential. Russia is still a country of fairly high-quality education, although most universities do not reach the world level. Training foreign students and turning Russia into one of the world's educational centers will allow our country to receive great benefits.
3. Transport bridge. Russia's favorable geographical location can help it in development. By serving the growing trade turnover between Europe and Southeast Asia, Russia can earn a good income.
4. Production. Production and export of high-tech products that are competitive: weapons, nuclear energy, aviation and space technology.
5. Tourism. Russia can offer the foreign consumer sophisticated in matters of recreation extreme tourism. In our country there are quite a lot of undeveloped, “wild” places with rich nature that can be offered to foreign citizens accustomed to comfort.
Globalization also creates a solid basis for solving universal problems of humanity, for example, environmental ones, which is due to the unification of the efforts of the world community and the coordination of actions in various fields. Globalization promotes specialization and deepening of the international division of labor. In its conditions, funds and resources are distributed more efficiently, which contributes to an increase in the average standard of living.
It should be noted that immigrants bring new experience, knowledge and skills. The USA, Canada and Australia are countries that emerged as a result of immigration. Immigrants bring dynamism to the economic development of entire industries. Examples include Chinese industrial workers in Indonesia and Malaysia, Hong Kong entrepreneurs in Canada, Indian and Lebanese businessmen in Africa, and Jordanian and Palestinian employees in the oil-producing Gulf countries. Also, immigrants in many countries fill vacancies for which there are no applicants among the local population.
Advocates of globalization see the main advantage of open borders for trade and financial flows in enhancing fruitful competition, not limited by protectionist and ideological frameworks in the context of the global division of labor.
Globalization, ensuring the unity of all revolutionary changes in the technical, technological and financial-economic bases, opens up new opportunities for economic development. Thus, the relocation of production by transnational corporations to developing countries in order to reduce labor and resource costs leads to the rapid spread of new technologies from the highly developed core of the world economy to the periphery. In addition, the increase in the scale of cross-border flows of loan capital with the help of new information technologies ensures the expansion of credit resources and access to them anywhere in the world economic space.
All this creates real opportunities for accelerating economic growth not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries of the world.
3. Disadvantages of globalization for Russia
Globalization increases the unevenness and instability of national and world economic development. This is due to the division of national economic complexes into export-oriented production chains and into those links that are unable to function effectively in a global market. As a result, previously unified internal national markets are destroyed, which leads to an increase in the share of the population employed in sectors of the economy that are ineffective from the point of view of the global market. In turn, this gives rise to an increase in the population with low incomes and a sharp wealth stratification between those who enjoy the material fruits of globalization and those who are deprived of them.
If until recently the national state had mechanisms for redistributing benefits from exports among the population, then the emergence of new non-state entities of the global economy not controlled by the state (TNCs, TNB, non-governmental organizations) sharply limits its redistribution and social capabilities. As a result, the benefits of globalization are concentrated among those economic entities that have managed to integrate into the global economy.
The unevenness of national and global economic development is one of the factors increasing social tension in the world, which increases investment and business risks and impedes the sustainable development of the global economy.
Globalization causes a massive spread of negative externalities in production and consumption.
Thus, the intensification of the competitive struggle for entering the global economic market and obtaining benefits from globalization leads to the fact that TNCs often use socially dangerous activities to win this struggle, such as polluting production or the creation of transgenic products that are harmful to health, etc.
There is a problem of international labor migration at present. A feature of international migration of the first type remains the low-skilled population. This is clearly manifested, for example, in the migration of the Mexican population to the United States. However, migration of highly qualified specialists from developing countries, the so-called “brain drain” (international migration of the second type), has also acquired enormous proportions. This is seriously bleeding developing countries and feeding developed countries.
Along with the organized import of labor from China, there is a spontaneous influx of migrants from China into Russian territory. According to some estimates by Russian experts, there is a “danger of colonization” of the Russian Far East and Siberia by its populous neighbor.
A large influx of labor is observed in the capital of Russia. Foreign workers and specialists from 78 countries work in Moscow. There are negative aspects associated with the import of labor. The emergence of elements of social tension in society, when occupying those jobs for which local workers apply, the economic effects of immigration, as a rule, are generally described as negative, since workers coming from abroad reduce the number of jobs and increase unemployment among the indigenous population.
The situation turns out to be somewhat different when it comes to highly qualified workers. Most of them are highly educated young people who, not finding a decent level of pay for their work and prospects for professional growth, easily adapt and remain in the country of immigration forever. This type of migration is usually called “brain drain,” which obviously reduces the scientific and cultural potential of the leaving country to the benefit of the receiving country.
At the same time, according to opponents of Russia’s forced entry into the WTO, in the short term the losses of the Russian economy will be very significant and may significantly cover all the positive things that this entry can bring in this period. There is little optimism among opponents of Russia's entry into this organization regarding the medium- and even long-term periods. However, the experience of accession and the practice of functioning within the WTO of almost all countries do not confirm such pessimistic forecasts.
Indeed, losses from joining and remaining in the WTO are inevitable. Thus, in the short term, due to a reduction in import tariff duties, one can expect an increase in the volume of imports and, as a consequence, a fall in production volumes and the level of employment in industries producing uncompetitive products, especially in the regions where such industries are located. The overall result of the transformations of this period may be a decrease in revenues to budgets at all levels and a certain social tension.
The implementation of measures begun in the short term should result in a serious structural restructuring of the Russian economy in the medium term. With its help, Russia will be able to more clearly define its niche in international economic specialization. Such transformations will require large expenses and may lead to loss of breath of the population and a decrease in living standards.
The high degree of economic interdependence of countries and gigantic unregulated flows of hot speculative capital have made the global economy vulnerable. And the financial collapse in Southeast Asia, and then the Brazilian and Argentine crises confirmed the reality of the threat of a destructive chain reaction.
Conclusion
Thus, globalization is nothing more than a tendency to reduce transaction costs at the level of giant systems.
The driving forces that pushed such a transformation of the economy were various processes.
These processes can be divided into groups:
Production, scientific, technical and technological:
1. transition to a new technological method of production, to high, knowledge-intensive technologies; rapid, widespread dissemination of new technologies that eliminate barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital;
2. a sharp increase in the scale of production;
3. rapid dissemination of knowledge as a result of scientific or other types of intellectual exchange.
Economic:
1. strengthening the trend of harmonization and standardization, uniform standards for all countries;
2. huge concentration and centralization of capital, rapid growth of derivative financial and economic instruments, a sharp reduction in the time for carrying out intercurrency transactions;
3. liberalization of trade in goods, services, capital markets and other forms of economic liberalization.
Political:
1. weakening of state borders, facilitating freedom of movement of citizens, goods, capital services;
2. the end of the Cold War, overcoming severe political differences between East and West.
Social, cultural and informational:
1. Advances in electronics, creation of e-mail, Internet;
2. the formation of systems that make it possible to manage production located in different countries from one center; computerization.
3. weakening the role of habits, traditions, social ties, overcoming national limitations, which increases people’s mobility and promotes international migration; English becomes an international language and facilitates intercultural communication.
Organizational:
1. entry of non-governmental organizations to the global level;
2. the emergence of transnational companies (TNCs), whose actions go beyond national borders.
Globalization has a number of positive and negative prerequisites for the development of Russia. It is impossible to say exactly what consequences it will lead to our country.
Bibliography
1. Khmelev I.B. World economy: Educational and methodological complex. - M.: Publishing house. EAOI Center, 2009. - 360 p.
2. Nikolaeva I.P. World economy: textbook. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006. - 510 p.
3. Bogomolov O.T. World economy in the age of globalization: textbook. - M.: Economics, 2007. - 359 p.
4. Kolesov V.P. International economics: textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 474 p.
Pros and cons of globalization
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
The change of centuries was marked by a new scientific and technological revolution. Intelligence, knowledge, and technology have gradually become the most important economic, political and cultural assets. When the computer was connected to telecommunication networks, an information revolution occurred that radically transformed human existence. It compressed time and space, opened borders, and made it possible to establish contacts between any point on the globe. It gradually transforms individuals into citizens of the world. And if previously communication with people from other countries was possible only through telephones, letters, telegrams, etc., now, thanks to the Internet, communication takes place in “real time”.
All this has become possible thanks to the process of globalization. At the same time, globalization brings certain difficulties to all aspects of life, disrupting the traditional way of life, which sometimes brings negative results.
The appearance of the term “globalization” is associated with the name of the American sociologist R. Robertson, who in 1985 interpreted the concept of “globalization.” And in 1992 he outlined the foundations of his concept in the book “Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture.”
In the first decade of the 21st century, globalization has covered almost all spheres of life. Scientific works are dedicated to it; round tables, including international ones, are held on the topic of globalization and its consequences.
It is impossible to reverse this process, so one should study the process of globalization, use its positive aspects and find ways to minimize the consequences of its negative impact.
The attitude towards globalization on the part of politicians, economists, and various segments of the population is very ambiguous, and sometimes diametrically opposed. This is due to different points of view on the consequences of globalization processes, in which some see a serious threat to the world political and economic system, world culture, while others see a means of further progress.
1. Globalization of the world economy
One of the key processes in the development of the world economy at present is progressive globalization, i.e. a qualitatively new stage in the development of internationalization of economic life. As a result of international cooperation in production, the development of the international division of labor, foreign trade and international economic relations in general, there is an increase in the interconnection and interdependence of national economies, the normal development of which is impossible without taking into account external factors.
International economic cooperation, which until the middle of the twentieth century meant the development of stable economic ties between countries and peoples, the expansion of the reproduction process beyond national borders, in the second half of the twentieth century grew into international economic integration, objectively determined by the deepening of the international division of labor, the internationalization of capital, and the global nature of scientific and technological progress and increasing the degree of openness of national economies and freedom of trade.
Globalization represents the highest stage of internationalization and its further development. The world is becoming a single market. Such universal interdependence of states can bring common progress and prosperity, or maybe new dangers and conflicts. Global development processes, in which the structures of national production and finance become interdependent, are accelerated as a result of an increase in the number of concluded and implemented external transactions. Globalization, which has covered all regions and sectors of the world economy, fundamentally changes the relationship between external and internal factors in the development of national economies in favor of the former. No national economy, regardless of country size or level of development, can any longer be self-sufficient based on available factors of production, technology and capital requirements. No state is able to rationally formulate and implement an economic development strategy without taking into account the priorities and norms of behavior of the main participants in world economic activity.
The processes of globalization are assessed ambiguously.
For example, Professor of Sociology at the University of California (USA) M. Castells defined globalization as a “new capitalist economy”, listing the following as its main characteristics: information, knowledge and information technologies are the main sources of productivity growth and competitiveness; this new economy is organized primarily through a network structure of management, production and distribution, rather than individual firms, as before; and it is global.
Other experts present it as a rather narrow concept: the process of convergence of consumer preferences and universalization of the range of products offered around the world, during which global products displace local ones.
The globalization of the world economy can also be characterized as increased interdependence and mutual influence of various spheres and processes of the world economy, expressed in the gradual transformation of the world economy into a single market for goods, services, capital, labor and knowledge.
Thus, we can define globalization as the merging of national economies into a single, global system based on the rapid movement of capital, new information openness of the world, the technological revolution, the commitment of developed industrial countries to liberalize the movement of goods and capital, communication convergence, and the planetary scientific revolution.
It is worth noting that the processes of globalization were initially (70s of the twentieth century) considered by scientists precisely from an economic point of view; social changes themselves began to be viewed through the prism of globalization later (from the mid-80s).
The process of globalization covers different areas of the world economy: namely:
· external, international, global trade in goods, services, technologies, intellectual property;
· international movement of factors of production (labor, capital, information);
· international financial, credit and currency transactions (gratuitous financing and assistance, loans and borrowings from subjects of international economic relations, transactions with securities, special financial mechanisms and instruments, transactions with currency);
· production, scientific, technical, technological, engineering and information cooperation.
It is obvious that globalization will entail:
· intensification of regional integration processes;
· greater openness of the economic systems of states that have not yet fully liberalized economic activity;
· unimpeded access for all participants to any markets;
· universalization of norms and rules for carrying out trade and financial transactions;
· unification of regulation and control over markets;
· standardization of requirements for the movement of capital, the investment process and the global payment and settlement system.
Globalization and integration are multi-level phenomena affecting regional and national economies (macro level); commodity, financial and currency markets, labor markets (meso level); individual companies (micro level).
At the macroeconomic level, globalization is manifested in the desire of states and integration associations for economic activity beyond their borders through trade liberalization, the removal of trade and investment barriers, the creation of free trade zones, etc. In addition, the processes of globalization and integration cover interstate coordinated measures for the purposeful formation of a global economic market (economic, legal, information, political) space in large regions of the world.
At the microeconomic level, globalization manifests itself in the expansion of companies' activities beyond the domestic market. Most of the largest transnational corporations have to operate on a global scale, their market becomes any area with a high level of consumption, they must be able to satisfy the demand of consumers everywhere, regardless of borders and nationality. Companies think in global terms of customers, technologies, costs, supplies, strategic alliances and competitors. Various links and stages of design, production and sales of products are located in different countries, unifying on an international scale. The creation and development of transnational firms allows one to bypass many barriers (through the use of transfer supplies, prices, favorable conditions for reproduction, better consideration of the market situation, application of profits, etc.). Considering that for transnational corporations (TNCs), especially multinational and global ones, foreign economic activity in most cases is more important than internal operations, they act as the main subject of globalization processes.
Transnational corporations are the basis of globalization, its main driving force. An urgent need is the formation of a single global economic, legal, informational, cultural space for free and effective entrepreneurial activity of all economic entities, the creation of a single planetary market for goods and services, capital, labor, economic rapprochement and unification of individual countries into a single world economic complex.
Currently, two worlds exist in parallel: the international and self-sufficient economy, one of which (the self-sufficient economy) is gradually declining in size and importance in the world economy. The interrelations and interdependencies between the parts of this structure are asymmetrical; different groups of countries are drawn into world integration processes to different degrees and far from being equal.
The global economic space remains significantly heterogeneous due to the widening technological gap between countries compared to the beginning of the industrial era. In the countries of the world periphery, pre-industrial technologies are preserved. On this basis, the countries that have taken the lead, using the most effective technologies, export knowledge-intensive goods and services (for example, computers, software, cell phones, space communications services, etc.) to countries with low and medium levels of development, while receiving huge excess profits. A characteristic feature of globalization in the economy is the combination of processes of autonomization and integration. The paradox of globalization is that the richer and stronger the internal ties of a society, the higher the degree of its economic and social consolidation, and the more fully its internal resources are realized, the more successfully it is able to take advantage of integration ties and adapt to the conditions of the global market.
2. Globalization in social, political and cultural processes
All social processes are assessed today only taking into account the processes of globalization. The specificity of globalization lies in the strengthening of connections between a variety of, sometimes contradictory, phenomena.
Social processes in one part of the world increasingly determine what happens in other parts of the world. Space is being compressed, time is being compressed, geographic and interstate borders are becoming more and more easily surmountable. Globalization is a type of geopolitics aimed at spreading the cultural influence of any country or several countries throughout the world. The political leader of globalization today is the United States of America, imposing its will on other countries by all possible means.
The political significance of globalization is manifested in the process of becoming a single interconnected world, in which peoples are not separated from each other by the usual protectionist barriers and borders, which simultaneously prevent their communication and protect them from disorderly external influences.
Initially, in the 70s of the twentieth century. Globalization processes were considered by scientists mainly from an economic point of view; social changes themselves began to be viewed through the prism of globalization later (from the mid-80s).
Currently, globalization is considered by sociologists from two main positions:
as a cross-cutting characteristic of any sphere of society or socially significant process;
as an independent entity that forms its own institutions, structures, mechanisms and social consequences. The social consequences of globalization are expressed in changes in social structure, family relationships, polarization of society, etc.
In the process of globalization, such supranational political-economic-social actors as the UN, NATO, G8, EU, etc. have emerged, exerting a huge influence on the life of countries; the scale of international population migration has increased, an increasing number of countries around the world are being involved in migration interaction, a qualitative change in the structure of migration flows in accordance with the needs of the globalizing labor market, “Americanization” and “Westernization” of culture is increasing (the widespread spread of consumer culture); ethnoplanetary thinking is being formed (the ability of people to imagine themselves as inhabitants of the Earth before being a resident of a certain country, or at the same time to bear responsibility for the entire planet (at least in thinking); contacts between representatives of different countries, cultures, nationalities, etc., are increasing, thanks to the Internet , television, radio.
3. Different concepts of globalization
In the process of forming the theory of globalization, various concepts arise that influence the development of this theory. Each of the concepts proposed below represents the construction of a certain theoretical model of global society.
World-system model of I. Wallerstein
I. Wallerstein is a leading representative of modern neo-Marxist historical sociology. It is with this sociologist that the beginning of understanding the processes of globalization (in the economic sphere) is associated. I. Wallerstein focuses on the modern or capitalist world-system (world-systems are culturally heterogeneous social systems), which belongs to the type of “world-economy”. The formation of the world capitalist economy, according to this scientist, begins in the 16th century. In this case, the decisive role was played by the peculiarities of the economic development of Western Europe, which allowed it to become the core of the world capitalist system.
According to Wallerstein, the modern world system was born from the consolidation of the world economy. As a consequence, it had time to reach its full development as a capitalist system. According to its internal logic, this capitalist world economy then expanded and covered the entire globe, absorbing in the process all existing mini-systems and world-empires. Therefore, at the end of the 19th century, for the first time in all time, there was only one historical system on the globe. And this situation still persists. Characterizing the world capitalist system, I. Wallerstein distinguishes its core, semi-periphery and periphery. The core of the system is formed by economically developed countries, which exploit less developed peripheral regions. If capitalist relations are established in the core countries, then the peripheral zones are characterized by the predominance of forced labor in the form of serfdom or slavery. Semi-peripheral regions occupy an intermediate position in the world system: they are not as economically developed as the core of the system, and feudal remnants remain in them.
The modern world-system is subject to the law of unlimited accumulation of capital. The core of the capitalist world-system is characterized by the concentration of capital and highly skilled and educated labor, high-tech industries, intensive trade, a high level of development of science and education, developed social differentiation and division of labor, the presence of a powerful state and bureaucracy. The periphery is characterized by low concentration of capital, production of raw materials, semi-finished products and consumer goods, underdeveloped division of labor, and a weak state. At the end of the twentieth century, Russia was in a semi-peripheral position.
Wallerstein's concept pays significant attention to interstate relations that develop within the framework of the world system. For a relatively short time, one of the states can be in a position of hegemony. This means that this state has clear advantages over its rivals both in the economic and military spheres. Wallerstein predicts the collapse of the world capitalist economy in the first half of the 21st century. And there are several reasons for this:
-depletion of the global fund of available cheap labor;
-the depletion of resources of the modern world-system is determined by the compression of the middle strata;
an environmental crisis that undermines the economy;
demographic gap between the countries of the North and the South.
Wallerstein's world-system model allows us to comprehend the process of globalization as objective. It explains the differences in the standard of living of the population of different countries. At the same time, the political pathos of this concept gives hope to opponents of US hegemony as a phenomenon that will exhaust itself in the future.
The concept of the network society by M. Castells.
In his study “The Information Age: Economy, Culture, Society,” Castells attempted a comprehensive analysis of social changes in the modern world associated with the fundamentally new role of information technology. Castells examines the social structure of the “network society,” which is characterized by the simultaneous transformation of economics, politics and culture. From his point of view, new information technologies, which are a necessary tool for such a comprehensive transformation, cannot be considered its cause.
According to Castells, the social structure of the network society is based on the new economy. Although this economy is capitalist, it represents a new kind of information and global capitalism. The most important sources of productivity and competitiveness in such an economy are knowledge and information. The production process depends on access to information technology, as well as on the quality of human resources and their ability to manage new information systems. All centers of economic activity are closely interconnected and dependent on global financial markets and international trade. In general, the new economy is organized around information networks that do not have a center, and relies on constant interaction between the nodes of these networks.
Analyzing changes in social structure, Castells notes the increase in social inequality and polarization in the global information society. In his opinion, the fragmentation of the labor force into highly qualified information producers and the bulk of workers not associated with new technologies is acquiring decisive importance.
According to Castells, in the information society there is a transformation of power relations. Changes in the political sphere are associated primarily with the crisis of the nation state. As a result of the globalization of capital, as well as the decentralization of power, increasingly transferred to individual regions, the importance of institutions of state power is noticeably decreasing. Castells also examines the role of the media in the political life of modern societies. In his opinion, politics today is carried out through the manipulation of symbols in the media.
In general, Castells characterizes the network society as an expanding system. penetrating in different ways and with different intensities into all regions of the world. Castells' analysis of the relationship between globalization and informatization is landmark in the history of sociology. He carried out a sociological analysis, recording how social relations and social structure had changed. At the same time, the author described various spheres of society, presenting a comprehensive analysis of globalization processes.
The concept of globalization of culture by R. Robertson.
The formulation of the concept of globalization, emphasizing the role of cultural factors in this process, is presented in the works of R. Robertson. By globalization, Robertson understands the “compression” of the world and the increasing interdependence of all its parts, which is accompanied by an increasingly widespread awareness of the integrity and unity of the world.
Thus, Robertson’s concept highlights, on the one hand, the objective process of expanding interaction between different regions of the world, and on the other, the reflection of this process in the minds of people.
According to Robertson, globalization is always accompanied by localization. Global and local are not mutually exclusive concepts. A consequence of globalization is that different local cultures interact with each other. Robertson examines the process of globalization against the backdrop of cultural pluralism. From his point of view, globalization does not mean the universal spread of any social institutions and cultural symbols. Each local culture reacts in its own way to the processes of globalization. Robertson's concept takes into account the cultural identity of groups of people and asserts some autonomy of culture from globalization processes. Globalization in this concept is only a certain challenge that cultures must respond to, and not the absorption of all cultural diversity by Western culture.
Robertson's views are also important in terms of appealing to people's minds. Sociologists are accustomed to considering globalization at the supranational level and talking about the changing role of cities and countries. Robertson draws attention to people's perceptions of globalization, arguing that changes in their perceptions are also part of globalization processes.
Analysis of globalization concepts presented by W. Beck. W. Beck made an attempt to analyze the concepts of globalization. Beck makes a distinction between globalism, globality and globalization. By globalism he understands the neoliberal ideology of the dominance of the world market. Globality means the emergence of a world society within which no country or group of countries can exist in isolation. Finally, globalization is the process of forming transnational social connections.
From W. Beck's point of view, globalization is determined by several different factors. Beck writes: “next to each other there are various own logics of ecological, cultural, economic, political and socio-civil globalization, irreducible to each other and not copying each other, but amenable to deciphering and understanding only taking into account their interdependencies.
To summarize the analysis of the concepts presented, we can say that globalization implies the following changes:
-crisis of the nation state;
-the formation of a network society (without a center), where social connections are carried out non-hierarchically;
different cultural “responses” to “Americanization”;
formation of transnational social connections;
people's awareness of the unity of the world;
manipulation of symbols and meanings to achieve socially significant goals.
Conclusion
Globalization has become the most important real characteristic of the modern world system, one of the most influential forces determining the course of development of our planet. According to the prevailing point of view on globalization, not a single action, not a single process in society (economic, political, legal, social, etc.) can be viewed in a limited way only as such. Globalization of international relations is the strengthening of interdependence and mutual influence of various spheres of public life and activities in the field of international relations. It affects almost all spheres of public life, including economics, politics, ideology, social sphere, culture, ecology, security, way of life, as well as the very conditions of human existence.
Globalization is an objective natural process of integration of humanity into a single whole. Globalization as a process of integration of humanity into a single whole occurs simultaneously in many spheres of society. The globalization of culture, economic sphere, political processes, language, migration processes, etc. is highlighted. All these processes constitute the modern process of globalization.
The main task facing authorities today is to ensure that globalization becomes a positive factor for all peoples of the world. This is because, although globalization offers great opportunities, its benefits are now being enjoyed very unevenly, and its costs are unevenly distributed. There must be recognition that developing countries and countries with economies in transition face particular challenges in responding to this major challenge. That is why globalization can only become fully inclusive and equitable through a broad and persistent effort to forge a common future based on our common humanity in all its diversity. These efforts must include policies and measures at the global level that respond to the needs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and that are designed and implemented with their effective participation.
The following are the pros and cons of globalization.
Positive aspects of globalization:
-rapid technological growth;
-increase in the quantity and quality of consumed products;
the emergence of new jobs;
free access to information;
improvement and increase in living standards;
improving mutual understanding between different cultures.
The positive significance of globalization is difficult to overestimate: the capabilities of humanity are immeasurably multiplied, all aspects of its life are taken into account more fully, and conditions for harmonization are created. The globalization of the world economy, politics, culture and other spheres of life creates a serious basis for solving the universal problems of humanity.
Negative sides of globalization:
-instability in the development of the economies of many countries;
-widening gaps in socio-economic development between countries;
stratification of society;
growing influence of TNCs;
increased levels of migration;
worsening global problems;
the introduction of mass culture, the loss of the originality of countries.
In general, the emerging system of interstate structures lags behind the needs dictated by the rapid globalization of the economy. This does not allow effectively using its positive results and countering its negative socio-economic consequences. We are talking, first of all, about the need to create effective mechanisms to combat poverty, to reduce the gap in the standard of living of the population of individual countries and regions of the world, to optimize demographic processes and preserve the environment, to prevent environmental and man-made disasters and overcome their consequences.
globalization world economy politics
List of used literature
1. Beck U. What is globalization? / Per. with him. A. Grigoriev and V. Sedelnik; General edition and afterword. A. Filippova. - M.: Progress-Tradition, 2001. 304 p.
2. Bogomolov V.A., Economic security // V.A. Bogomolov, N.D. Eriashvili, E.N. Barikaev, E.A. Pavlov, M.A. Elchaninov, - M: UNITY-DANA - 2009 - 228 p., - format: pdf
3. Wallerstein I., World-system analysis: Introduction / I. Wallerstein, - M.: Territory of the Future, 2006 - 248 p.
4. Dobrenkov V.I. Globalization and Russia: Sociological analysis. - M.: INFRA-M, 2006. - 447 p.
5. Zinoviev A.A., I dream of a new person / A.A. Zinoviev, - M: Algorithm, 2007 - 240c.
6.Ivakhnyuk I.V. Globalization of migration processes // Globalistics: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. I.I. Mazur, A.N. Chumakov; Center for Scientific and Applied Programs "DIALOG". - M.: OJSC Publishing House "Raduga", 2003. - p. 194-196.
Castells M. Information era: economics, society and culture/M. Castells, per. from English under scientific ed. O.I. Shkaratana. - M.: State University Higher School of Economics, 2000. - 608 p.
Koch R. Management and Finance from A to Z / Richard Koch, - St. Petersburg: Peter, Balance-Media 2004 - From 1000
Lindsey B. Globalization: repeating the past: the uncertain future of global capitalism / Brink Lindsey; lane from English B. Pinsker; IRISEN. - M.: Alpina Business Books, 2006. - 416 p.
Maslovsky M.V. Modern Western theoretical sociology: Textbook/M.V. Maslovsky, - Nizhny Novgorod, ed. NISOTS, 2005. - 117 p.
Panarin A.S. Globalization // Globalistics: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. I.I. Mazur, A.N. Chumakov; Center for Scientific and Applied Programs "DIALOG". - M.: OJSC Publishing House "Raduga", 2003. - P. 183.
Utkin A.I. Definitions of globalization // Globalistics: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. I.I. Mazur, A.N. Chumakov; Center for Scientific and Applied Programs "DIALOG". - M.: OJSC Publishing House "Raduga", 2003. - P. 181-183.
Zagladin N., USA in the era of global crisis: from “Obama-mania” to “Obama-skepticism” // World Economy and International Relations. - 2010. - No. 3. - P. 3-12
Ivanov N. Globalization and problems of optimal development strategy // World Economy and International Relations - 2005, No. 2 - 48-52
Mamonova V.A. Globalization in the space of culture: vectors of development // CREDO NEW, 2006, No. 1. - With. 38-44
Maslova A.N. Globalization processes from a sociological point of view: definitions and concepts // Current problems of economic sociology: Collection of scientific works of students, graduate students and teachers / Ed. ed. N.R. Ispravnikova, M.S. Khalikova - M.: University Book, 2008. - Issue No. 9. pp. 146-153.
Medvedev V.A. Globalization of the economy: trends and contradictions. // World economy and international relations. - 2004 - No. 2. - With. 3-10.
Shishkov Yu., The state in the era of globalization: [globalization of the world economy] // World Economy and International Relations, 2010, No. 1. - P. 3-13
The article explains the concept of globalization and globalization within the world economy. Examples of the positive and negative impact of the process on the world community are given. It is indicated who first used the concept of “globalization”.
Why is globalization of the world economy happening?
Globalization refers to the process by which the world is reorganized into a common and integral global system. Globalization of the world economy is the restructuring of the world space into an indivisible zone where information flows, goods and services, and financial flows move without difficulty, where ideas naturally spread and their carriers move freely.
Rice. 1. Illustration on the theme of globalization.
Today, globalization has a significant impact not only on the economic sphere. The process affected all major spheres of life in modern society:
- politics;
- ideology;
- culture.
All actions within the framework of the process of globalization of the economy now play a decisive role in the development of modern society. This is especially noticeable in the impulse that became the basis for the creation of a new system of interstate and intercontinental economic and political relations.
Rice. 2. Modern symbols of globalization.
International economic cooperation in the economic sphere implies the creation of permanent economic ties between countries and peoples that go beyond national borders.
World economy and economic globalization
Globalization within the framework of the world economy is an objective process that reflects a set of conditions for the formation of a modern community.
TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this
Here it is worth considering such a category as the pros and cons of globalization in general.
The process contains two main consequences. On the one hand, this is boosting economic growth for countries with an active position. On the other hand, there is the potential dependence of all participants in the world economy on this economy.
Rice. 3. Oil concern.
For modern humanity, this is an inevitable stage on the path of development, which is based on positive principles, but it also carries serious contradictions. This does not exclude the possibility of negative impacts. The situation in international regions, associations of states and individual countries is constantly changing. The status and place of individual powers in the world economy no longer depends only on them.
The first to coin the term “globalization” was the American economist T. Levit. He understood this as the phenomenon of market merging.
The consequences of the globalization of the world economy are clearly visible in the examples of individual firms and corporations that have the status of national and transnational.
What have we learned?
We found out what globalization is. We found out who was the first to use this term. We identified the pros and cons of this process in terms of its impact on the global economy and the economy in a broad sense. We realized that globalization for modern society is an inevitable and inevitable process.
Evaluation of the report
Average rating: 3.7. Total ratings received: 3.