Lectures on biology

Anatoly Vladimirovich is a teacher, of which there are few today, he knows his subject thoroughly, and after a short interview he immediately finds weak points. Helped my daughter prepare for the Unified State Exam in biology. He is a professional in his field and explains everything very clearly. But the main thing is that the classes were always interesting, and my daughter passed the Unified State Exam. We are very pleased with the result, although we expected a higher rating, but it is our fault that we turned to it so late. Thank you very much for the preparation!

Vera Mikhailovna 06.27.2019

As a teacher, Anatoly Vladimirovich is a true professional - a competent, demanding biology tutor. He explains clearly, teaches you to quickly absorb a huge amount of information and teaches you to cope with a large number of tasks without difficulty. He personally cares about each student and is always ready to help or give practical advice. Open, very friendly, easily finds a common language with everyone. Many thanks to Anatoly Vladimirovich for everything: for the enormous pleasure of communicating with him, and most importantly, for the knowledge, skills and abilities that, I think, will be useful to me in the future. We continue our classes and thank you very much to the company for such wonderful, competent teachers.

Zinaida 04/06/2019

Our daughter is an external student in grades 10-11, she needs a tutor to prepare for the Unified State Exam in biology and subsequent admission to a medical university, she is home-schooled. On your website we found an excellent tutor, Anatoly Vladimirovich. We had many tutors during our studies, but this is the first time we have seen something like this. The atmosphere in the classes is very comfortable and friendly; possessing such traits as kindness, sincerity, responsiveness and love for one’s work and subject. Anatoly Vladimirovich is able to find an approach to anyone; there is no question that he would not be ready to answer without delay. A wonderful person and a teacher worthy of attention and respect, whom you want to follow along the path of biology and endlessly thank for the work done and communication. We continue the classes, thank you!

Galina 03/31/2019

Anatoly Vladimirovich is a sensitive teacher, dedicated to his work. He is always in search of new means and forms of learning, full of strength, energy, enthusiasm and creative ideas. He successfully and effectively applies the latest pedagogical technologies in the educational process, skillfully uses creative work in educational and extracurricular activities, and actively promotes the development of the intellectual, moral, and communicative potential of each student’s personality. In his lessons, everything is thought out to the smallest detail, one task is replaced by another, and each requires the student not just to perform it mechanically, but forces him to think, compare, juxtapose, and draw conclusions. His daughter says that during classes he has a favorable psychological climate. Although classes are conducted via Skype, his presence is felt. He teaches you to search and find solutions on your own. Anatoly Vladimirovich teaches students and is constantly engaged in self-education. A big THANK YOU to him!

Elena 02/04/2019

We are grateful to fate for bringing us together with such a wonderful person and teacher as Anatoly Vladimirovich. A true professional in his field. Gives knowledge systematized according to its individual methodology. He has a wealth of teaching experience. This is a responsible, demanding and at the same time friendly biology teacher who can find an approach to every student. My son’s vision of the subject has developed into a fairly coherent system. Thanks to the presentation of material given by Anatoly Vladimirovich, impressive results have been achieved in such a short period of time. We sincerely thank Anatoly Vladimirovich for his help in making our dream come true! We continue our classes.

Tatyana 01/09/2019

Our daughter, a 10th grade student, is receiving help in biology to enter medical school. University of Stepura Anatoly Vladimirovich. I only want to say good words about the teacher. Competent, punctual, moderately strict in terms of studies, but that’s even good. The classes are always interesting and fruitful, the knowledge is already visible. Your own individual training program, which is perfectly digestible. Thank you very much!

Yuliana 12/11/2018

Many thanks to Anatoly Vladimirovich for the decent preparation for the exams! I received 5 points in biology and entered a top Moscow university in the chosen faculty without competition based on the points I scored on the Unified State Exam thanks to high-quality preparation! Thanks a lot!

Shashina Daria Anatolevna 10.08.2018

My daughter Anastasia was a bad student in biology. and in 6 months the teacher not only improved her in the subject, but she was able to pass the OGE in biology! she was 1 point short of 4. I am satisfied with the tutor’s work.

Natalia Yurievna 08.08.2018

Two years ago, my daughter was preparing for the Unified State Exam with Anatoly Vladimirovich. We are so pleased with his work that this year we without a doubt asked him to prepare for the Unified State Exam! Anatoly Vladimirovich presents the material in an accessible and competent manner, classes are held in a warm and comfortable environment, constantly maintains feedback with parents, thank you very much for your help and support!

Svetlana 03/16/2018

My tutor Anatoly Vladimirovich and I are preparing for the Unified State Exam. We like him, he gives his information and explains. He is very responsible and approaches students individually. Explains clearly, we write tests. If any questions arose at the same time, of course, he answers them. He has no free time in class, he does not allow anyone to be distracted by conversations on abstract topics, and quickly directs them in the right direction. The tutor gives a lot of information that would be difficult for us to collect on our own. This is quality information that is hard to find. He is a high level teacher!

Ibrahim 02/22/2018

In January of this year we started classes with Anatoly Vladimirovich. Everything is wonderful, we like everything very much, the child is happy. The lessons themselves are interesting, the child is drawn into the knowledge of the subject. The improvement in academic performance is obvious... This is a very lively teacher. He immediately aroused the child's love for biology. The teacher works with an electronic board; he has his own teaching methods that are aimed at improving knowledge and preparing for the Unified State Exam. We are very pleased! A friendly teacher, a good professional, helped our child to believe in himself. We are very grateful to him. Excellent rating.

Elizaveta 02/20/2018

My daughter is very pleased with her classes with Anatoly Vladimirovich. The teacher has an excellent command of the subject, presents the material simply and clearly, and classes are held in a friendly atmosphere. Previously, teachers at school presented that the child knew the subject well, but it turned out that there is something to work on and we are happy about it, thank you

Tatyana Yurievna 02/12/2018

We are very pleased with our classes with Anatoly Vladimirovich! The teacher is strong, knows his subject well and can teach the material in an accessible and interesting way, using modern presentation technologies and tests. He managed to find a common language with the child; he is not only a good teacher, but also a pleasant person.

Olga 12/26/2017

Anatoly Vladimirovich helped me a lot, my knowledge of biology improved noticeably. The classes are held in an interesting way, using visual materials, he is very good-natured, I like him.

Angelina 12/25/2017

Great teacher! At first the girl was against studying with a man. The stereotype that a teacher should be a woman is quite persistent. Respectful attitude towards students and parents, accessible and competent presentation of the material, building warm relationships and constant feedback, these are just a few of the qualities inherent in Anatoly Vladimirovich. We live in a rural area and it is difficult to find a good tutor here, but classes via Skype turned out to be very convenient and effective.

Svetlana 08/14/2017

I really enjoyed my classes with Anatoly Vladimirovich. The teacher presents a fairly large amount of material in groups, in a system. He cares and worries that tests and exams are passed well and provides constant support in this. At the same time, he is a wonderful and pleasant person, it is very interesting and comfortable to communicate with him.

Igor 08/14/2017

I really liked the biology classes; Anatoly Vladimirovich was able to explain the material easily and clearly. In 3 months I was well prepared for the Unified State Exam. I went into the exam with confidence. In addition, it was pleasant to even just communicate with Anatoly Vladimirovich.

Muhammad 06/17/2016

We are absolutely delighted with biology classes! In 1 month, the teacher managed to give a program for a whole year, he has his own methods, some developments, thanks to which the student easily learns a large amount of material. Very fruitful lessons! We recommend!

Nastasya Pepanyan 11.05.2016

We are simply delighted with Anatoly Vladimirovich!!!. He is always punctual and delicate. Classes are always great. The child always studies with great pleasure and looks forward to classes. He knows his subject simply superbly. And he teaches it the same way. We are ready to recommend Anatoly Vladimirovich to everyone. Rating him 5

Irina Ivanovna 02/11/2016

We are completely satisfied with the teacher. Classes are always on time. There are no complaints. My daughter enjoys studying. We give it a five rating.

Dmitry 01/27/2016

I was trained in:

DNU"93, Donetsk National University, specialty: Biology. (1993)

Specialization:

Shortly about myself:

Teacher of the highest qualification category. My students are students and graduates of the following universities: Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (Faculty of Chemistry, FFM, Faculty of Biology, FNM, Faculty of Psychology); University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Faculty of Psychology); Moscow Pedagogical State University (Faculty of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology); RKhTU im. DI. Mendeleev; Yaroslavl State Medical Academy; RGMU named after. N.I. Pirogov; MSMU im. THEM. Sechenov; RUDN University (Faculty of Medicine); Kazan Federal University; MITHT im. M.V. Lomonosov; MGMSU named after. A.I. Evdokimova; GKA them. Maimonides; MBA named after. K. I. Scriabin; III Med. College; V Med. college. Main results of the work: - in total, at the beginning of August 2017, 108 students entered universities (1 student passed the Unified State Exam with 100 points in 2013; 2 students passed the Unified State Exam with 100 points in 2014 and 1 student in 2015; average primary score Unified State Examination of students in 2017 92. 11 winners of the All-Russian Chemistry Olympiads were prepared, from the regional to the city stages).

Education

2000, Vologda State Pedagogical University

Natural Geography, High School Chemistry and Biology Teacher

Experience
teaching

Tutoring experience since 1996

Latest review

I would like to thank Vladimir Alexandrovich for preparing my daughter to take the Unified State Exam and enter the university. We started studying chemistry at the beginning of the 11th grade. The tutor was recommended to us by friends, and later we read many good reviews on the Internet. At the first lesson there was a test, based on the results of which Vladimir Aleksandrovich determined the level of training and recommended the required number of classes per week. The teacher, who is very loving and has excellent knowledge of his subject, explains complex material easily and clearly, competently identifies gaps in knowledge and pays increased attention to problematic issues. The classes are easy and interesting, despite the very large volume of tasks. The only necessary condition for obtaining a high result is the personal interest of the student, and not just his parents, and the willingness to complete a lot of tasks. Thanks to classes with this teacher, my daughter became a winner of two Olympiads in chemistry, passed the Unified State Exam with 100 points, confirming this result by successfully passing an additional entrance test in chemistry upon admission to Moscow State University. Lomonosov. The result of classes with such an experienced teacher was the passing scores required for enrollment in the 1st wave in all selected specialties of three medical universities in Moscow and honey. faculty of RUDN University, as well as RKhTU. We had a choice! Now my daughter is a student at the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine of Moscow State University. Lomonosov. Many thanks to Vladimir Alexandrovich! I can wholeheartedly recommend this teacher.

Biology

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Ryazan State Medical University named after Acad. I.P. Pavlova

Federal Agency for Health and Social Development"

Department of Histology and Biology

Kalygina T.A. Bryzgalina L.I. Shutov V.I.

Biology

course of lectures for students studying in Russian

Reviewers: Endolov V.V., professor, head. Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Hygiene, Ryazan State University. S. Yesenina Darmograi V.N., professor, head. department

pharmacognosy with a course in botany.

© T.A. Kalygina, L.I. Bryzgalina, V.I. Shutov

© GOU VPO Ryaz. GMU.2008

Modern biology, being a fundamental discipline, plays a primary role in the professional training of various specialists, including doctors.

In the field of medical education, broad biological training of students is necessary for them to obtain fundamental knowledge in the field of biology and medicine, is human-oriented and meets the needs of practical medicine.

The main goal of this work is to form a holistic understanding of the fundamentals of biology, taking into account modern achievements of this rapidly developing branch of science and to assist first-year foreign students in mastering theoretical knowledge in order to achieve the required level in knowledge of educational material.

The material of this course of lectures is presented in the traditional sequence in accordance with the provisions on the theory of biological systems and ideas about the levels of organization of living nature. The material is divided into 16 topics and includes cytology, molecular biology, reproduction and development of organisms, general and medical genetics, the theory of evolution and anthropogenesis.

The basic theoretical material studied in the first year by foreign students of the specialty “general medicine”, “dentistry”, “pharmacy” is presented.

Introduction to the science of biology

1. Subject of biology. Classification of biological sciences.

2.Methods of studying (research) biology.

3. Basic properties of living beings. Definition of the concept "life".

4. Levels of organization of living things.

Subject of biology. Classification of biological sciences

The term “biology” is formed from two Greek words (bios - life and logos - teaching).

The term was introduced in 1802 by two naturalists - J.B. Lamarck and G.R. Treviranus, independently of each other.

Biology studies general patterns that are characteristic of all living things and reveal the essence of life, its forms and development.

Biology is a complex science. Sections of the science of biology are classified into the following areas:

1) study of systematic groups (according to objects of study). For example, zoology, botany, virology.

IN Within these sciences there are narrow directions (or disciplines). For example, in zoology there are protozoology, helminthology, entomology, etc.

2) studying different levels of organization of living things: molecular biology, histology, etc.

3) properties and manifestations of life of individual organisms. For example, physiology, genetics, ecology.

4) connections with other sciences (as a result of integration of sciences). These are biochemistry, biophysics, biotechnology, radiobiology, etc.

Methods for studying biology

The main methods used in biological sciences are: 1) observation and description - the oldest (traditional) method of biology. This me-

This method is widely used in our time (in zoology, botany, cytology, ecology, etc.)

2) comparison, i.e. The comparative method makes it possible to find similarities and differences, general patterns in the structure of organisms.

3) experience or experiment. For example, the experiments of G. Mendel or the work of I. P. Pavlov in physiology.

4) modeling – creating a specific model or processes and studying them. For example, modeling the conditions and processes (inaccessible to observation) of the origin of life.

5) historical method - studying the patterns of appearance and development of organisms

Basic properties of living things

Living beings differ from non-living bodies in a number of properties. The main properties of living things include:

Specific organization.

Living organisms have the necessary structures that ensure their vital functions.

The specific organization of living beings is also manifested in particular chemical composition. Of the chemical elements, the largest share is oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Together they make up more than 98% of the chemical composition. These elements form complex organic compounds in living organisms - proteins, fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, which are not found in inanimate nature.

Metabolism and energy.

Organisms constantly exchange substances and energy with the environment - this is a prerequisite for existence.

Metabolism and energy consist of 2 processes:

a) synthesis or assimilation, or plastic exchange (with energy absorption). b) decay or dissimilation, or energy exchange (with the release of energy)

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

Complex self-regulating processes take place in living beings, which occur in a strictly defined order and are aimed at maintaining the constancy of the internal environment (for example, the constancy of the chemical composition). In this case, the body is in a state of dynamic equilibrium (i.e., mobile equilibrium), which is important when existing in changing environmental conditions.

Reproduction.

Reproduction is the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind. Every living creature has a limited life span, but by leaving behind offspring, it ensures the continuity and continuity of life.

The ability to develop is changing objects of living nature.

Individual development (ontogenesis) - the development of an individual in most cases begins from the zygote (fertilized egg) or from the division of the mother cell until the end of life. During ontogenesis, growth, differentiation of cells, tissues, organs, and interaction of individual parts occur. The lifespan of individuals is limited by aging processes leading to death.

Phylogenesis is the historical development of the world of living organisms.

Phylogenesis is the irreversible and directed development of living nature, which is accompanied by the formation of new species and the progressive complication of life. The result of historical development is the diversity of living beings.

Irritability.

Irritability is the body’s ability to respond to influences with certain reactions. The form of manifestation of irritability is movement.

U plants - tropism (for example, change in the position of leaves in space due to illumination - phototropism).

U single-celled animals - taxis.

Multicellular reactions to stimulation are carried out using the nervous system and are called reflexes.

Heredity.

Heredity is the property of organisms to transmit from generation to generation the characteristic characteristics of a species with the help of carriers of hereditary information, DNA and RNA molecules.

Variability.

Variability is the property of organisms to acquire new characteristics. Variation creates a variety of material for natural selection.

Based on the properties of living things, scientists are trying to define the concept of “life”. The current state of development of biology best corresponds to the definition of life given by the scientist - biophysicist M.V. Volkenshtein: “Living bodies are open, self-regulating, self-reproducing systems, built from polymers - proteins and nucleic acids and maintaining their existence as a result of the exchange of substances and energy with environment."

This definition includes signs of living things. Each cell and the organism as a whole is a system, i.e. represent a set of interacting, ordered structures (organelles, tissue cells, organs). Living beings are open systems that are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the external environment. Living beings carry out a continuous exchange of substances and energy with the environment (absorption and excretion, assimilation and dissimilation).

Levels of organization of living beings

Life on Earth is an integral system consisting of various structural levels of organization of biological beings. There are several main levels of organization (the division is conditional)

Molecular genetic.

Biology begins at the molecular level, because... the atomic level bears no trace of biological specificity. This level examines DNA, RNA, proteins, genes and their role in the storage and transmission of genetic information, metabolism and energy conversion. Biology studies the laws characteristic of this level.

Cellular.

The structural, functional and genetic unit of living things is the cell. Viruses, being a non-cellular form of organization of living things, exhibit their properties as living organisms only by invading cells.

At the cellular level, they study the structure of cells and cellular components, self-reproduction, the implementation of hereditary information, the metabolism and energy that occur at the cellular level.

Organic.

The structural unit at this level is the organism, the individual. An organism is a system independently existing in the environment. Ontogenesis processes take place at this level. During ontogenesis, hereditary information is realized under certain environmental conditions, i.e. the phenotype of an organism of a given biological species is formed.

Population-species.

The elementary unit of a species is a population. At this level, the exchange of genetic information during crossing, changes in the genetic composition of populations, factors influencing the dynamics of the genetic composition of populations, and problems of preserving an endangered species are studied.

Ecosystem.

The structural unit of this level is ecosystems, which are understood as areas of the earth’s surface with certain natural and climatic conditions and associated communities of microorganisms, animals and plants, which form an inseparable interdependent complex. This level studies the circulation of substances and the flow of energy that are associated with the life activity of all living organisms. Ecosystems make up the biosphere - the area of ​​distribution of life on Earth. There is a social level characteristic of a person.

All levels of organization are closely united, which indicates the integrity of living nature. Without biological processes that take place at these levels, the existence of life on Earth is impossible.

Man and all humanity are an integral part of the biosphere. Human health depends on the state of the biosphere, on the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. If this ability is not demonstrated sufficiently, then disorders may occur that affect various levels of life (cellular, organismal).

A cell is an elementary structural unit of a living organism

1.Cell theory.

2. Cell structure.

3. Cell evolution.

Cell theory.

In 1665 R. Hooke was the first to discover plant cells. In 1674 A. Leeuwenhoek discovered the animal cell. In 1839 T. Schwann and M. Schleiden formulated the cell theory. The main tenet of the cell theory was that the cell is the structural and functional basis of living systems. But they mistakenly believed that cells are formed from structureless matter. In 1859 R. Virchow proved that new cells are formed only by dividing the previous ones.

Basic principles of cell theory:

1) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things. All living organisms are made up of cells.

2) All cells are basically similar in chemical composition and metabolic processes. 3) New cells are formed by dividing existing ones.

4) All cells store and implement hereditary information in the same way. 5) The life activity of a multicellular organism as a whole is determined by the interaction of its constituent cells.

Cell structure

Based on their structure, there are 2 types of cells:

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

TO prokaryotes include bacteria and blue-green algae. Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in the following: they do not have membrane organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi complex, chloroplasts).

The most important difference is that they do not have a membrane-surrounded nucleus. Prokaryotic DNA is represented by one folded circular molecule. Prokaryotes also lack centrioles of the cell center, so they never divide by mitosis. They are characterized by amitosis - direct rapid division.

Eukaryotic cells are cells of unicellular and multicellular organisms. They consist of three main components:

- the cell membrane that surrounds the cell and separates it from the external environment;

- cytoplasm containing water, mineral salts, organic compounds, organelles and inclusions;

- nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic material.

Outer cell membrane

1 – polar head of the phospholipid molecule

2 – fatty acid tail of the phospholipid molecule

3 – integral protein

4 – peripheral protein

5 – semi-integral protein

6 – glycoprotein

7 - glycolipid The outer cell membrane is inherent in all cells (animal and plant),

has a thickness of about 7.5 (up to 10) nm and consists of lipid and protein molecules.

Currently, the fluid-mosaic model of cell membrane construction is widespread. According to this model, lipid molecules are arranged in two layers, with their water-repellent ends (hydrophobic - fat-soluble) facing each other, and their water-soluble (hydrophilic) ends facing the periphery. Protein molecules are embedded in the lipid layer. Some of them are located on the outer or inner surface of the lipid part, others are partially submerged or penetrate the membrane through.

Membrane functions:

- protective, border, barrier;

Transport;

- receptor - carried out due to proteins - receptors, which have a selective ability to certain substances (hormones, antigens, etc.), enter into chemical interactions with them, conduct signals inside the cell;

- participate in the formation of intercellular contacts;

- provide movement of some cells (amoeba movement).

Animal cells have a thin layer of glycocalyx on top of the outer cell membrane. It is a complex of carbohydrates with lipids and carbohydrates with proteins. The glycocalyx is involved in intercellular interactions. The cytoplasmic membranes of most cell organelles have exactly the same structure.

In plant cells, outside the cytoplasmic membrane. there is a cell wall consisting of cellulose.

Transport of substances across the cytoplasmic membrane.

There are two main mechanisms for substances entering or exiting the cell:

1.Passive transport.

2. Active transport.

Passive transport of substances occurs without energy consumption. An example of such transport is diffusion and osmosis, in which the movement of molecules or ions

carried out from an area of ​​high concentration to an area of ​​lower concentration, for example, of water molecules.

Active transport - in this type of transport, molecules or ions penetrate the membrane against a concentration gradient, which requires energy. An example of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump, which actively pumps sodium out of the cell and absorbs potassium ions from the external environment, transporting them into the cell. Pump

- This is a special membrane protein that drives ATP.

Active transport ensures the maintenance of constant cell volume and membrane potential.

Transport of substances can be carried out by endocytosis and exocytosis. Endocytosis is the penetration of substances into the cell, exocytosis is from the cell.

During endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms invaginations or protrusions, which then envelop the substance and, when released, turn into vesicles. There are two types of endocytosis:

1) phagocytosis, absorption of solid particles (phagocyte cells), 2) pinocytosis - absorption of liquid material. Pinocytosis is characteristic of amoeboid protozoa.

By exocytosis, various substances are removed from the cells: undigested food remains are removed from the digestive vacuoles, and their liquid secretion is removed from the secretory cells.

Cytoplasm – (cytoplasm + nucleus form protoplasm). Cytoplasm consists of a watery ground substance (cytoplasmic matrix, hyaloplasm, cytosol) and various organelles and inclusions contained in it.

Inclusions are products of cell vital activity. There are 3 groups of inclusions - trophic, secretory (gland cells) and special (pigment) significance.

Organelles are permanent structures of the cytoplasm that perform certain functions in the cell.

Organelles of general importance and special ones are distinguished. Specials are found in most cells, but are present in significant quantities only in cells that perform a specific function. These include microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells, cilia of the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi, flagella, myofibrils (providing muscle contraction, etc.).

Organelles of general importance include the ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles of the cell center, peroxisomes, microtubules, microfilaments. In plant cells there are plastids and vacuoles. Organelles of general importance can be divided into organelles having a membrane and non-membrane structure.

Organelles with a membrane structure are either double-membrane or single-membrane. Mitochondria and plastids are classified as double-membrane cells. Single-membrane cells include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles.

Organelles that do not have membranes: ribosomes, cell center, microtubules, microfilaments.

Mitochondria are round or oval shaped organelles. They consist of two membranes: internal and external. The inner membrane has projections called cristae, which divide the mitochondria into compartments. The compartments are filled with a substance - matrix. The matrix contains DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, calcium and magnesium salts. Autonomous protein biosynthesis occurs here. The main function of mitochondria is the synthesis of energy and its accumulation in ATP molecules. New mitochondria are formed in the cell as a result of the division of old ones.

This section contains literature on biology, zoology, and physiology for medical students. You can download reference books, biology textbooks, various assignments and tests on general biology.

The section will be useful for students and applicants entering medical schools.

Section topics:

List of articles: "Section: Biology for students"

M.: Publishing school, 2008. - 208 p. This manual contains in a visual form the school course “Anatomy, physiology and human hygiene” with the basics of medical ecology. Summary tables of characteristics, diagrams and drawings will allow students... Authors: Yarygin V.N., Vasilyeva V.I., Volkov I.N., Sinelshchikova V.V. 5th ed., rev. and additional - M.: Higher School, 2003. Book 1 - 432 p., Book 2 - 334 p. In the book (1st and 2nd)… Authors: Bogoyavlensky Yu.K., Ulissova T.N., Yarovaya I.M., Yarygin V.N. M.: Medicine, 1984. - 560 p. The textbook covers the main sections of biology and its tasks in the medical education system - general biology... M.: VUNMTs, 2000. - 592 p. Textbook for students of medical universities “Biology”, authors N.V. Chebyshev, G.G. Grineva, M.V. Kozar, S.I. Gulenkov, intended for higher nursing faculties ... M.: VLADOS, 2000. - 288 p. . The textbook outlines the biophysical essence of the organization and functioning of biological objects at the cellular, tissue levels, at the level of organs and the organism as a whole. The nature of the ionic... Transl. from English - M.: Mir, 1993; T1 - 384s.; T2 - 415s. This textbook of biological and medicinal chemistry and molecular biology is widely known in the world and has been translated into... 4th ed., erased. - M.: Academy, 2003. - 464 p. The textbook (1st ed. - 1978) provides basic information about prokaryotic microorganisms: the structure and chemical composition of the cell, the characteristics of the energy... 3rd ed., rev. - M.: 2009. - 352 p. The textbook provides modern information about the taxonomy of prokaryotes, their structure, regulation of metabolism, covers issues of heredity, variability, ecology of microorganisms, determination of their numbers... Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State University; Part 1 - 2005, 176 p., Part 2 - 2006, 195 p. The textbook reflects the current state of science about the general laws of the origin and development of life on Earth - general biology. Available for... M.: Academy, 2008. - 256 p. The textbook is devoted to general issues of modern biology. It provides basic information about the structure of living matter and the general laws of its functioning. The topics of the training course are presented:...