Accounting for fixed assets with zero residual value. Residual value

When filling out accounting records, special attention is paid to calculating the residual value of fixed assets. The reason for this is that this indicator represents the basis for the formation of the enterprise property tax item. If it is determined incorrectly by the accountant, then the company may have problems when checked by employees of the Federal Tax Service.

What is residual value

Residual or book value is the difference between the original cost of the enterprise's property, as well as the total amount of accumulated depreciation.

Also, some experts call it the total price of an asset for the reporting period, which remains to be written off as an organization’s expenses.

Determining this indicator in the balance sheet allows you to identify and evaluate the degree of depreciation of the enterprise’s property. Therefore, based on the results of calculations and assessments, the company’s management can organize a business plan for the modernization and repair of equipment.

Many inexperienced accountants confuse the concepts of market value and residual value, so their calculations are in most cases incorrect.

Let's take a closer look at each of the concepts:

• Residual value does not allow you to calculate the current market price, since it can be used to determine a percentage of the original price;
• The market price is the amount that a consumer is willing to pay for a product. Moreover, it can be several times higher than the residual one.

The definition applies to fixed assets. To do this, the accountant calculates the total amount of a given asset for a certain period. This procedure is necessary, since this parameter is the tax base for the formation of the enterprise property tax. It is also often used to determine the efficiency of operation of fixed assets in the production of goods and services and in conducting a general analysis of the state of production.

What is considered a fixed asset?

Fixed means of production are the totality of the tangible property of an enterprise, which can be represented in kind.

This property of the organization is used to produce goods and services over a long service life.

There are certain parameters that are typical for funds:

• This type of asset is used by an organization to create or sell a product of labor in order to obtain benefits in the form of profit;
• The service life of the enterprise property must exceed 1 year;
• The total price must be above 100,000 rubles;
• Fixed assets of an enterprise include those assets that the management of the enterprise does not plan to transfer to other organizations for a long time.

Thus, the fixed assets of an enterprise may include production buildings, transport, equipment necessary for the production of labor products, instruments and measuring devices used in the laboratory.

This type of enterprise asset can be used as:

• Personal property of the enterprise, which can subsequently be sold or leased to another organization;
• Property that was rented by the organization;
• Property that was transferred for use by an enterprise by proxy or completely resold.

One of the most important characteristics of fixed assets is that they can be determined and valued at their original cost, replacement cost or residual value:

• The first type includes the total cost of the company’s actual expenses that were aimed at the purchase and production of the fund;
• Restorative is the total amount that was received after revaluation of the residual value;
• The calculation of the residual is considered the most important indicator, since it is according to this criterion that fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet.

Let's take a closer look at how to correctly determine the residual price in the balance sheet.

Calculation rules

In addition to determining the tax base, calculating the residual value is also necessary in such cases as:

• when conducting a purchase, sale or exchange transaction;
• when applying for a loan against the collateral of property;
• when determining the amount of insurance payment;
• when carrying out restructuring due to bankruptcy of companies.

To determine, there is a formula for calculating the indicator. It is the most common, since it does not require additional knowledge and calculations:

OS = PS – SA, where

• OS is the residual for the enterprise's fixed assets;
• PS - This is the initial price of fixed assets;
• CA is the total amount of depreciation that falls on the date the residual value is determined.

How can it be calculated using a different formula? This method is used less often by specialists. Despite this, it is excellent for determining the value of property, the service life of which depends on the volume of production:

OS = (PS – AP) – AO x n, where

• OS - the residual value of the enterprise's fixed assets;
• PS is the initial price;
• AP - total amount of depreciation premium;
• AO - the amount of depreciation charges for one month;
• n is the total number of months during which the fixed asset was used to produce goods and services.

If you have already determined this previously, you can view the indicator in the “Accumulated depreciation” section. If you just have to calculate it, you can use one of the presented methods:

• Linear calculation method;
• Nonlinear calculation method;
• Calculation method based on the sum of the number of years;
• Declining balance method;
• Production method for calculating depreciation.

It is worth noting that when calculating the residual value, many accountants simultaneously calculate the liquidation value. If calculated correctly, the first indicator will be greater than the second.

Revaluation and recalculation

Revaluation of the residual price of fixed assets is a necessary operation in any enterprise. It is carried out at the end of the reporting year. Thus, the accounting officer prepares a complete report and conducts a detailed assessment to formulate a certain amount required to restore or modernize the assets of the enterprise. In this case, an important parameter is to bring the result obtained to the current exchange rate on the sales market.

The assessment also allows you to additionally double-check data that has been generated over a long period of time.

Revaluation of funds can be carried out only for the property that is owned by the enterprise.

After the revaluation has been carried out, it is necessary to determine the residual price. It can be obtained using the formula:

Os = Sun – Ca, where

• OS - residual value of the fixed asset;
• Sun is its replacement price;
• Ca is the total amount of depreciation.

In case of revaluation, the replacement price of the fixed asset will be the original one.

In the balance sheet, the revaluation will be expressed as depreciation. It means transferring the total price of a fixed asset to the product of labor that is created by the organization. Thus, an enterprise can form a certain line of finance that will work to increase the company’s fixed assets.

Many businesses use fixed assets that have zero residual value. This means that the accumulated wear and tear (depreciation) of such objects has reached their original cost. However, according to national and international accounting standards, it is incorrect to record fixed assets this way. The residual value can be zero only if the salvage value is zero. Tax authorities are also paying attention to this. who believe that if an enterprise expects to receive cash or other assets from the sale (liquidation) of an asset, the liquidation value cannot be zero.

You can increase it for a specific reporting date using two options that are suitable for both income tax payers and FSN payers, namely:

- underestimate the OS object- an enterprise has the right, but not the obligation, to revaluate an asset if its residual value differs significantly from the fair value (i.e., market value) as of the balance sheet date. This possibility should be enshrined in the order on accounting policies. This order also indicates the threshold of materiality - the value upon reaching which the enterprise will carry out a revaluation. Typically, such a threshold is set at a level of 10% deviation of the residual value of the object from its fair value.

However, if a decision is made to revaluate an asset, then on the same date all other objects of the asset group to which this object belongs will have to be revalued. If a group of fixed assets has been revalued at least once, then in the future the objects of this group are revalued without fail if the deviation of the residual value from the fair value exceeds the materiality threshold (usually once every two to three years).

- repair the OS- the procedure for increasing the zero residual value of fixed assets due to their repair depends on how repair costs are taken into account. Reflection of expenses for the repair of fixed assets in accounting is regulated by clauses 14, 15 of P(S)BU and clauses 28–33 of Method Recommendations No. In this case, the initial cost of the object increases by the amount of expenses associated with its improvement (modernization, modification, completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, etc.), which leads to an increase in future economic benefits from the use of this object. However, the same norm allows the enterprise to increase the initial cost of the object (capitalize the costs of repairs and improvements) in the manner determined by the Tax Code. The chosen approach (method) should be recorded in the order on the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Agricultural enterprises that determined the liquidation value at the time of putting objects into operation, but for some reason did not take it into account when calculating depreciation, can fix this error. To do this, it is necessary to recalculate previously accrued depreciation, draw up an accounting certificate and reflect the difference in accounting (for periods before the beginning of the reporting year - Dt 13 - Kt 44, for months of the reporting year - Dt 23, 91–93 - Kt 13 using the “reversal” method) . On the one hand, this will lead to an increase in the residual value of the object as of the balance sheet date, on the other hand, the monthly depreciation amount will decrease.

What to do if the residual value is zero? How to reflect the revaluation of fixed assets in accounting? Read the information in the article.

Question: according to the revaluation using the example with data: 2015 year PS basic breakdown 1000, depreciation 200. At the end of 2015 we make a markdown with a coefficient of 0.829. As a result, PVA main av = 860.06, depreciation = 172.01. As of December 31, 2016, PVA becomes equal to Depreciation. that is, the residual value is zero. In 2017 we are re-evaluating again. with a coefficient of 1.202. The first price became 1,034.45, accumulated depreciation. 1,034.45. Revaluation equal to the previous markdown in the amount of 111.95 rubles. write off to Other income. At the same time, in account 83, the amount of the increase in the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the object, attributed to the decrease in additional capital, hangs in red. What to do with her?

Answer: But in your case, credit 83 invoices for the amount of the revaluation, which exceeds the amount of loss resulting from previous markdowns, should also be used. Therefore, in your accounting there should not be a debit to account 83.

How to reflect the revaluation of fixed assets in accounting

Accounting: additional valuation

In accounting, the amount of revaluation for each fixed asset item is reflected by the following entries:

Debit 01 (03) Credit 83 subaccount “Revaluation of fixed assets”
- the initial (replacement) cost of the fixed asset has been increased;

- accrued depreciation on fixed assets has been increased.

For a fixed asset that was previously discounted, make these entries only for the amount of the revaluation, which exceeds the amount of loss resulting from previous markdowns. Determine the amount of the loss using analytical accounting data (for example, using a statement of the results of revaluation of fixed assets). Reflect the amount of additional valuation of the fixed asset within the amount of loss from previous markdowns (reflected on account 91) with the following entries:

Debit 01 (03) Credit 91-1
- the initial (replacement) cost of the fixed asset is increased within the limits of the loss generated during previous markdowns of this object;

Debit 91-2 Credit 02
- accrued depreciation on fixed assets was increased within the limits of the loss generated during previous markdowns of this object

An example of reflecting the primary revaluation of a fixed asset in accounting

As of December 31, Alpha LLC conducted an initial revaluation of the computer. The organization has no other office equipment.

Based on the results of the revaluation, the initial cost of the computer should be increased by 2000 rubles, and the amount of accrued depreciation - by 200 rubles.

- 2000 rub. - the initial cost of the computer was increased based on the results of revaluation;

Debit 83 subaccount “Revaluation of fixed assets” Credit 02
- 200 rub. - based on the results of revaluation, the accrued amount of depreciation on the computer was increased.

An example of how subsequent revaluation of a fixed asset is reflected in accounting. Based on the results of the previous revaluation, the fixed asset was discounted

As of December 31, Alpha LLC carried out a subsequent revaluation of the computer. The organization has no other office equipment.

Based on the results of the revaluation, the replacement cost of the computer should be increased by 2000 rubles, and the amount of accrued depreciation - by 200 rubles. The total amount of the revaluation was 1800 rubles. (2000 rub. - 200 rub.).

In connection with the revaluation for the previous year, a loss in the amount of 800 rubles is recorded on account 91 on the computer.

Alpha's accountant made the following entries in the accounting records:

Debit 01 Credit 91-1
- 889 rub. (2000 rub. ? 800 rub. : 1800 rub.) - based on the results of the revaluation, the replacement cost of the computer was increased within the limits of the loss generated during previous markdowns;

Debit 01 Credit 83 subaccount “Revaluation of fixed assets”
- 1111 rub. (2000 rubles - 889 rubles) - based on the results of the revaluation, the replacement cost of the computer was increased in excess of the loss generated during previous markdowns;

Debit 91-2 Credit 02
- 89 rub. (200 rubles ? 800 rubles : 1800 rubles) - based on the results of the revaluation, the accrued amount of depreciation on the computer was increased within the limits of the loss generated during previous markdowns;

Debit 83 subaccount “Revaluation of fixed assets” Credit 02
- 111 rub. (200 rubles - 89 rubles) - based on the results of the revaluation, the accrued amount of depreciation on the computer was increased in excess of the loss generated during previous markdowns.

When it comes to the valuation of fixed assets (fixed assets), the cost at which the fixed assets item is reflected in accounting is distinguished, as well as the cost for reflection in the financial statements. In accounting, fixed assets are reflected at cost. And in the balance sheet they are shown at residual value. We will remind you in our consultation what is meant by the residual value of fixed assets.

What is the residual value of an operating system?

The concept of residual value applies to depreciable fixed assets and means their accounting value reduced by accrued depreciation. The residual value indicator is calculated as of a certain date - for example, on the date of reporting. Since fixed assets can be reflected in accounting at their original or replacement cost, the residual value of fixed assets (OS OST) is defined as:

where OS P(V) is the initial (replacement) cost of fixed assets;

A - accumulated depreciation for fixed assets.

Specifying the use of historical or replacement cost of fixed assets does not mean that the organization has a choice of which estimate to use. This only means that if an item has a replacement cost, it is used. If not, the original cost applies. Let us recall that the replacement cost appears for those fixed assets that have been revalued at least once. A commercial organization can revalue groups of similar fixed assets at current (replacement) cost no more than once a year on December 31 of the reporting year (clause 15 of PBU 6/01).

Residual value according to accounting data

The initial or replacement cost of fixed assets is taken into account as the debit of account 01 “Fixed Assets”, and the depreciation accumulated on a specific date is recorded as a credit to account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” (). Therefore, the formula presented above for determining the residual value in relation to accounting accounts can be expressed as follows:

When determining the residual value of fixed assets using this formula, you need to consider the following. The credit of account 02 accumulates depreciation not only of fixed assets reflected in account 01, but also of those objects that are recorded in account 03 “Income-generating investments in tangible assets.” Let us recall that this account accounts for those fixed assets that are intended exclusively for provision for a fee for temporary possession or use for the purpose of generating income (clause 5 of PBU 6/01, Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n). Therefore, if it is necessary to find the residual value of fixed assets recorded on account 01, from depreciation on account 02 it is necessary to select the amount that falls on fixed assets listed on account 01. Indeed, to draw up a balance sheet, fixed assets and income-generating investments are shown separately and precisely according to residual value (

The Tax Code allows taxpayers to reduce income from the sale of depreciable property by the amount of its residual value. The procedure for calculating it primarily depends on the depreciation method applied to the asset. At the same time, if we are talking about an object of fixed assets, we will also have to take into account the fact whether it was applied to it or not.

According to paragraphs. 1 clause 1 art. 268 of the Tax Code, when selling depreciable property, the taxpayer has the right to reduce the income from such a transaction by the residual value of the asset sold. This is determined in the manner established by clause 1 of Art. 257 of the Code. At the same time, the rules for calculating the residual value for assets depreciated using the straight-line and non-linear methods will be different.

Straight-line depreciation method

The straight-line depreciation method assumes that the costs of depreciable property are evenly written off as expenses over their useful life. The monthly depreciation amount in this case for each of the objects is calculated as the product of its original (replacement) cost and the depreciation rate established for this asset (clause 2 of Article 259.1 of the Tax Code). In turn, the latter is determined based on the useful life of the asset, which in general, in relation to fixed assets, is established on the basis of the OS Classification approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1 (hereinafter referred to as the OS Classification).
According to para. 7 and 8 clause 1 art. 257 of the Code, the residual value of fixed assets is defined as the difference between the initial (replacement) cost of the asset and the amount accrued during the period of operation of the property. In other words, we are talking about underaccrued depreciation. Moreover, it is obvious that this only occurs upon disposal of an asset before the expiration of its useful life.

Example 1. In November 2010, Lyutik LLC purchased for use in its activities and put into operation a jackhammer with an initial cost of 120,000 rubles. According to the OS Classification, such equipment belongs to the first depreciation group with a useful life of one to two years. Buttercup LLC has established an SPI of 20 months for the bump stop. The depreciation rate was 5% (1: 20 x 100%), and the amount of monthly depreciation payments using the straight-line method was 6,000 rubles. (RUB 120,000 x 5%). In December 2011, the company sold the jackhammer for 70,000 rubles.
When applying the straight-line method, depreciation begins on the 1st day of the month following the one in which the asset was put into operation and stops on the 1st day of the month following the one in which the cost was completely written off or the asset was retired depreciable property (clauses 4, 5 of Article 259.1 of the Tax Code). Thus, during the period of operation of the asset, the amount of accrued depreciation amounted to RUB 78,000. (RUB 6,000 x 13 months). Therefore, the residual value of the fixed asset will be equal to:
120,000 rub. - 78,000 rub. = 42,000 rub.
Accordingly, in December 2011, the actual company will be increased by only 28,000 rubles. (RUB 70,000 - RUB 42,000).

Expedited

When using the non-linear method, depreciation is accrued not object-by-object, but according to one or another depreciation group. At the same time, fixed assets are also distributed among groups based on their useful life, established on the basis of the OS Classification when putting an object into operation (clause 1 of Article 258 of the Tax Code). The monthly amount of depreciation in this case is calculated based on the total balance of the group, that is, from the total cost of all objects included in the depreciation group and the fixed depreciation rate established for it by the Tax Code (clauses 4, 5 of Article 259.2 of the Tax Code). In other words, the useful life of a specific fixed asset item in this case plays a smaller role than when applying the linear method. In this regard, when calculating depreciation using the non-linear method, the fact that the asset’s SPI has not expired does not mean that the cost of the fixed asset has not been completely written off. Moreover, it will not be possible to determine this other than when calculating the residual value of the asset. After all, when property is depreciated as part of a group, as happens when using the non-linear method, it is quite problematic to isolate the amount of depreciation accrued in relation to one or another asset separately.
According to para. 11 clause 1 art. 257 of the Tax Code, the residual value of a “non-linear” fixed asset should be determined using the following formula:

n
Sn = S x (1 - 0.01 x k) ,

where Sn is the residual value of the object after n months;
S is the initial (replacement) cost of the asset;
n - the number of full months that have passed from the date of inclusion of fixed assets in the depreciation group (subgroup) until the day of its exclusion from it (except for periods when property was removed from the depreciable group);
k is the depreciation rate (including taking into account the increasing (decreasing) coefficient) applied to the corresponding depreciation group (subgroup).
At the same time, in the latest clarifications, specialists from the Russian Ministry of Finance indicate that the indicator n should be understood as the number of months that have passed from the 1st day of the month following the one when the object was included in the group until the 1st day of the month following the month disposal of this asset from the group (Letter dated March 16, 2010 N 03-03-06/2/47). Meanwhile, earlier in Letter No. 03-03-06/1/537 dated August 19, 2009, financiers expressed the opinion that the month of exclusion of property from the depreciation group is not taken into account in the calculation, even if the disposal of the asset occurred on the last day of it. However, the latest explanations from the financial department seem more reasonable. After all, depreciation begins to accrue from the 1st day of the month following the month the property was put into operation (clause 4 of Article 259 of the Tax Code). The Tax Code does not contain direct instructions on what should be considered the date of termination of depreciation when applying the non-linear method. However, the provisions of paragraphs 10 - 12 of Art. 259.2 of the Code allow us to conclude that depreciation is accrued until the 1st day of the month following the disposal of depreciable property (liquidation of a depreciation group).
What is absolutely certain is the need to exclude from the indicator n the number of full months during which the fixed asset was not depreciated on the basis of clause 3 of Art. 256 of the Code (it was transferred for free use, transferred to conservation, reconstruction and modernization, etc.).

Example 2. Lyutik LLC purchased in June 2011 for use in its activities and put into operation two jackhammers with an initial cost of 120,000 rubles. each and a mobile diesel compressor with an initial cost of 460,000 rubles. The organization established the useful life of hammers as 20 months, and compressors as 24 months. All objects, according to the OS Classification, belong to the first depreciation group with a useful life of one to two years. The depreciation rate established by clause 5 of Art. 259.2 NK for this group is equal to 14.3. The total balance in the first depreciation group in the company's accounting as of June 1, 2011 was 320,000 rubles. In December 2011, one of the jackhammers was sold by the company for 70,000 rubles.
The initial cost of depreciable property increases the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group (subgroup) from the 1st day of the month following the day it was put into operation (clause 3 of Article 259.2 of the Tax Code). Thus, as of July 1, 2011, the total balance of the group in the accounting of Lyutik LLC was:
120,000 rub. + 120,000 rub. + 460,000 rub. + 320,000 rub. = 1,020,000 rub.
Monthly depreciation charges using the non-linear method were calculated in the amount of:
RUB 1,020,000 x 14.3% = 145,860 rub.
Thus, for the first depreciation group, the organization’s accounting reflects the following data:

The residual value of the jackhammer sold in December 2011 is:
120,000 rub. x (1 - 0.01 x 0.143) 13 = 16,141.06 rub.
Accordingly, in December 2011, the actual corporate income tax base will be increased by only 53,858.94 rubles. (RUB 70,000 - RUB 16,141.06).

New introduction for early sale

The taxpayer has the right to write off up to 10 percent of the original cost of fixed assets in tax accounting as a lump sum as expenses of the current reporting (tax) period. This opportunity is provided by paragraph. 2 clause 9 art. 258 Tax Code. Moreover, for fixed assets belonging to the third to seventh depreciation groups, the amount of the depreciation premium can reach 30 percent of their original cost.
Is it necessary to subtract the amount of such depreciation bonus from the original cost of the asset when calculating its residual value?
In paragraph 9 of Art. 258 of the Tax Code stipulates that if the taxpayer uses the right established by this article, the corresponding fixed assets after their commissioning are included in depreciation groups at their original cost minus no more than 10 (30) percent of it included in the reporting (tax) expenses ) period. At the same time, according to paragraph 2 of Art. 257 of the Code, the initial cost of fixed assets changes only in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, technical re-equipment, partial liquidation of the relevant facilities and on other similar grounds. In other words, there is no reason to reduce it by the amount of the depreciation bonus.
However, tax authorities regard the depreciation premium as an integral part of depreciation recognized as an expense (Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated June 10, 2009 No. ShS-22-3/461@). Thus, it turns out that the residual value of the fixed assets must be determined based on the “original” minus the amount of the depreciation bonus. The Russian Ministry of Finance came to similar conclusions in Letter No. 03-03-06/1/737 dated November 11, 2011. The residual value of an object of depreciable property, financiers indicated, is determined as the difference between the original cost of the object minus expenses in the form of capital investments (10% or 30%) and the amount of depreciation accrued over the period of operation.
However, in fairness, it should be noted that the procedure for determining the residual value of fixed assets would not raise questions if it were not for the taxpayer’s obligation to restore in income the depreciation premium on assets sold before the expiration of five years from the date of commissioning (paragraph 4, paragraph 9, art. 258 NK). In this situation, it turns out that the notorious 10 (30) percent of capital investments will remain not accepted for profit tax purposes, since they cannot be taken into account either as a depreciation bonus or as part of the residual value of the asset.