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Biography

English statesman. Repeatedly appointed minister in British offices.

From 1868 - the leader of the Liberal Party. In 1868-1874, 1885-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894. - Prime Minister. Actively advocated the termination of Abdul-Hamida Pogroms 1844-1896.

It was Gladston who was the initiator of the presentation of the Turkey of collective notes by the holding of June 11 and on September 11, 1880, he belongs to two winged expressions, included and history.

• First: "To serve Armenia that means to serve civilization".
• Second: "The Armenian question is above the internal role of the struggle and national strife, it concerns all mankind".

In the fight against the conservatives, Gladstone undoubtedly pursued political goals. Member of the Parliament from the Liberal Party but during Ablul-Hamid Pogromov 1894-96. Gladstone took a deeply humanistic position, demanding an uninterested decisive intervention of England in the cessation of pogroms. In 1885, at 75 years of age, Gladston promoted the creation of a fierce campaign in the country to defense Armenians.

On August 6, at a rally in Chester, I stated that the only way to resolve the Armenian question is "the expulsion of the Turks from Armenia" and sharply condemned the powers for their position of non-interference.

A year later, on September 21, 1896, in Liverpool Gladston pronounced the famous speech, a long time and twenty minutes. He said that England should decide to break the relationship with the Sultan and on the direct intervention that she should have to declare that it was not going to extract any benefit from his intervention, but seeks to put an end to the horrors of pogroms and prepared a reform. In this speech, Gladstone called Abdul Hamid "Great killer".

Bibliography

• From illusion to the tragedy: French public about the Armenian question: from Abdul-Hamida pogroms before the Young Revolution (1894-1908) / M. Haazyan; Per.: M. Khasyan.-Er.: Copyright, 2011. ISBN 978-9939-0-0143-2

Gladstone William Yuart Gladstone Career: Figure
Birth: 29.12.1809
English historiography without proper grounds created Gladstone to the glory of the Great State Worker. K. Marx applied the expression to Gladstone in quotes, calling him archive and a casic.

Gladstone (Gladstone) William Yuart (12/29/1809, Liverpool, 19.5.1898, Harden), British State Member. Born in the family of a rich merchant. Education received in a closed aristocratic school in Iton and in Oxford, where he studied theology and classical literature. In 1832 he was elected to parliament from the Tori party. However, it seemed to realize that the formation of capitalism and the strengthening of the bourgeoisie make an ancient thorism unpromising, the city began to navigate the liberals. In 184345, the Minister of Commerce in the Government of Pilan, in 184547 Minister of Colonies. In 185255 Finance Minister in the Coalition Government Aberdeen. In 185966 Finance Minister in the Liberal Government Palmerston; In the segment of the US Civil War in the US, 186165 was supported by the slave owners of the southern states. In 1868 he was elected leader in the liberal party. In 186874 Prime Minister; His leadership conducted a reform of primary education, legalized trade unions (introducing retribution for the picketing of enterprises' strikers in order to fight with stragbreers), introduced a secret ballot in elections. After the defeat of Liberals in the parliamentary elections, 1874 was headed by the opposition to the conservative government of Dizraeli. Becoming in 188085 at the head of the government, G. continued the expansionist foreign policy of conservatives. In 1882, the leadership of the city of English troops to capture Egypt. In Ireland, brutally suppressing the national liberation movement, the leadership of G. went away at the same time for minor concessions. The defeat of the English troops in Sudan and complications in Ireland led to the fall of the Government of G. Heading For a short time, a leadership in 1886, the draft law on Homrul, the failure of which prompted him to resign. The struggle on this issue was delayed. Recommending the leadership in 189294, I spent the same bill through the community chamber, but the House of Lords rejected him. G. once again resigned, and its more than 60-year-old political careers ended.

English historiography without proper grounds created the glory of the Great State Worker. K. Marx applied the expression of the great in quotes, calling him the archive and a casic.

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Gladstone, William Yuart(Gladstone, William Ewart) (1809-1898), British State Worker 19 V. Born December 29, 1809 in Liverpool. William, the youngest of four sons, was educated in ITon and Church-Scherch College of Oxford University, where he studied theology and ancient authors.

In 1832, Gladston became a member of the Parliament from the Tori party. In his first speech, in 1833 defended the rights of the West Indian slave owners. In 1834-1835, he held insignificant positions in the Government of Pilia. In 1838, Gladstone's career was threatened. In the book published it, it was proved that the state neglects its duty towards the Anglican Church; He also offered to close access to official posts of nonconformists and Catholics. Makolay made a sharp criticism of these ideas, and the pilot was shocked by the views of his protégé. However, soon he managed to switch the attention of gladstone from theology to the financial sphere.

In 1845, Gladstone lost a place in parliament because of his fritriest glances. In 1843-1845 was the Minister of Trade, in 1845-1846 - Minister of Colonies. In 1847 he was elected to parliament from Oxford University. In 1846, like a pillar, departed from Tori. In 1852, he refused to enter the Government of Derby, and then contributed to his fall, subjected to a brilliant criticism of the budget, which presented the Minister of Finance Benjamin Dizraeli.

In 1852-1856, Gladstone was the Minister of Finance in the Coalition Government of Aberdeen and again took this place in 1859-1866 in the Government of Palmerston. Thanks to him, this post was the second most important in the government. The top of the first stage of his career were the budgets of 1853 and 1860, in which the principles of Laissez Faire were embodied and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe liberation of citizens from the burden of fiscal restrictions. It was during this period that he became one of the leaders of the liberal party (formed on the basis of the Vigi party to which sawders and fritrorer joined). In 1866, Gladstone presented a project of parliamentary reform, which was not adopted. Nevertheless, his performances largely forced displeaseli to formulate a law on electoral reform 1867 in the form in which he was then accepted. At this time, a change in the religious beliefs of Gladstone and his relationship to a high church with her emphasis on authorities and the tradition was occurring. In May 1864, Gladstone proclaimed in the House of Commons, that every person in good health has the right to vote. This led to the rage of the Liberal Leader of Prime Minister Palmerston and cost Gladston, to his chagrin, places in parliament as a representative of Oxford University. In 1865, after the death of Palmerston, Gladstone became the leader of the House of Commons, while remaining the Minister of Finance.

In 1868, Gladston became the Prime Minister. The main task, he considered the implementation of several highly oral acts, such as getting rid of the Balkans from the Turkish Iga, and Irish from British domination. Among the adopted laws of this period: the law on the branch of the Anglican Church from the state in Ireland; Land Act 1870, which provided a number of guarantees Irish tenant farmers; Education Act 1870, introducing a system of primary schools and compulsory education; The law on the abolition of the sale of posts in the army and religious value in Oxford and Cambridge Universities; The law on the introduction of the procedure of secret ballot in elections to Parliament 1872; Law on the provision of Tread-Unions of Legal Rights; The judicial act followed by the reorganization of the entire system of the judiciary.

In 1874 elections, Liberals were defeated, and in 1875 Gladstone left the post of leader of the liberal party, which he held with 1868. Starry hour of the second period of Gladstone's career was his campaign in the Midlotian County in November 1879 and March 1880, during which he uttered speeches against the protuched foreign policy of Dizraeli.

Gladstone again became the Prime Minister in 1880, and his government remained in power until 1885. During this period, land Act 1881 for Ireland and the third law on electoral law reform 1884 were adopted. In the second term of his premiership, Gladstone collided with the crisis of agriculture and trade . Cheap food from America ruined British farmers; Increased tariffs limited British exports and caused unemployment and excitement; Arms growth in Europe created a threat to British security. All this contributed to the emergence of two mass movements in the British public opinion, which required the policy of social reforms within the country and a tough imperial policy beyond. Both of these requirements caused the indignation of Gladstone, who believed, firstly, that the welfare of the country will be undermined if the state takes on the work that each person is obliged to perform independently; He also believed that the military-political and financial ratio of forces would be violated if the United Kingdom would deal with re-equipment or would strive to expand its possessions, compensating for a relative decrease in its influence in Europe. However, the external policy of gladstone was no significant sequence. In particular, in 1882 he sent troops to capture Egypt. Gladstone lost popularity after the defeat in 1884 English troops in East Sudan and an unsuccessful attempt to save General Gordon, killed in Khartoum with Sudanese rebels.

Gladston headed the government and in 1886; It was then that he contributed to the parliament of Bill about Homrule for Ireland, which was rejected. The last time he was in power in 1892-1894. His efforts of this period were directed mainly to the adoption of the draft law on Homrule (which was rejected by the Lords' Chamber in 1893). In the last period of its state activities, the campaign in defense of the draft law on Homrul, Gladstone sacrificed unity in the liberal party: the right wing - the Liberal Unionists (i.e., supporters of the preservation of Ireland with Ireland), and a significant part of them subsequently joined the conservatives; Radicals came out of the government in protest against Gladstone's reforms to authorize moderate social reforms.

english State Affairs and Writer, 41st, 43rd, 45th and 47th Prime Minister of Great Britain

William Gladston

short biography

William Yuart Gladstone (English. William Ewart Gladstone; December 29, 1809, Liverpool - May 19, 1898) - English State Affairs and Writer, 41st (December 1868 - February 1874), 43rd (April 1880 - June 1885), 45- Ya (February - August 1886) and the 47th (August 1892 - February 1894) British Prime Minister.

Early life

William Yuart Gladstone was born in Liverpool. His family was Scottish origin. He was the fifth child (the Third Son) of the six children of Sir John Gladstone (1764-1851), a rich nonsense, a man well-educated and acting participation in public life; In 1819-1827 he was a member of parliament, and in 1846 he became a baronet. Mother Anna McKenzy Robertson instilled a deep religious feeling in William and developed love for poetry in it. From an early age, he showed outstanding abilities, on the development of which the influence of parents was strongly affected.

Father handed him a living interest in public issues, and at the same time a conservative point of view on them. William was not another twelve years, when the father in the conversations with him introduced him to various political harves of the day. John Gladstone was at that time in friendly relations with canning, whose political ideas had a great influence on the young gladstone, part through the father, part of himself.

Gladstone initial education received at home, in 1821 he was placed in the Yaton school, which remained until 1828, and then entered the University of Oxford, whose exchange rate graduated from 1832. The school and the university further contributed to the fact that Gladstone entered into life a supporter of the conservative direction. Remembering Oxford many years later, he said:

I did not take out of Oxford what I had acquired only subsequently - the ability to appreciate the eternal and invaluable principles of human freedom. In the academic environment, some suspicious attitude to freedom prevailed.

In mental terms, he took from ITON and Oxford everything that was possible; Persistent work gave him extensive and versatile knowledge and opened a living interest in literature in him, especially classical. He took an active part in the debates of the Iton Society of Comrades (called The Literati.) And in the edition of Eton Miscellaly, the periodic collection The work of students, being an energetic editor of it and the most active supplier for it of material, in the form of articles, translations and even satirical and humorous poems. In Oxford, Gladstone was the founder and chairman of the literary circle (called its initials - WEG), in which, by the way, read the detailed etud about the faith of Socrates to immortality; He also took a living participation in the class of other Society "Union", where he said a hot deal against Bill about reform - speech, which he himself later called "the mistake of youth." His comrades then expected outstanding political activities from him.

At the exit from the university, Gladstone intended to devote himself to a spiritual career, but his father was opposed to this. Before deciding the question of choosing a profession, he took a trip to the continent and spent half a year in Italy. Here he received from the 4th Duke of Newcastle (the son of which, Lord Lincoln, got close to Gladston in ITon and Oxford) proposal to act as a candidate of the Tori party from Newark, whose representative he was elected on December 15, 1832. With its speeches and ways of action during the election campaign (he had two dangerous opponents) Gladstone paid overall attention.

Career in parliament. Post minister when sawing

The first significant speech in Parliament Gladstone said on May 17, 1833, when discussing the issue of cancellation of slaveness. Since then, he has been an active participant in the debate on the most diverse issues of the current policy and soon compiled a reputation as an outstanding speaker and a very skillful debate. Despite the youth of Gladstone, his position in the Thorian Party's environment was so noticeable that in the formation of the New Cabinet in December 1834 - Robert Pounces appointed him to the younger Lord Treasury, and in February 1835 moved him to the highest post of assistant secretary (minister) colonies. In April 1835, the Ministry of Pilan Palo.

In the following years, Gladstone took an active part in the opposition, and the time free of parliamentary occupation devoted to literature. With a special diligence, he was engaged in Homer and Dante, and read all the writings of Blessed Augustine. The study of the latter was undertaken by him in order to cover some issues on the relationship between the church and the state and had a great influence on the development of those views that he outlined in his book: "The State in ITS Relations to the Church" (1838). This book, in which Gladstone resolutely spoke in favor of the State Church, turned much attention; It, by the way, caused a lengthy critical laying of Macaula, who, however, admitted the author outstanding talent and called him the "ascending hope of harsh and adamant Tory."

Robert drank treated to Gladston's book skeptically, saying: "What kind of hunting to write books, having such a career ahead!" The famous Prussian Messenger, Baron Bunzen, listed the following enthusiastic lines into his diary: "The appearance of the book of Gladstone is a great event of the day; This is since the time of the Borka, the first book, affecting the root of a life question; The author is above his party and its time. "

When in 1841, the new Ministry of Robert Pila was formed, Gladston took the post of Deputy Minister of Commerce in it, and in 1843 he became a minister of commerce, first becoming a member of the Cabinet, aged 33 years. He actively participated in debates on the abolition of bread duties; In 1842, they were working to revise the customs tariff in the spirit of part of the complete cancellation, part of the reduction in duties. Little, gladstone has become a hot supporter of the ideas of free trade.

Chancellor of the Exchequer

In February 1845, Gladston resigned, as a result of disagreement with a sampling on a school issue in Ireland, but in December of the same year he joined the office as Minister of Colonies. According to the existing order, it had to be subjected to re-election, but it turned out to be impossible, since the Duke of Newcastle, continuing to maintain his influence on voters in Newark, was against the candidacy of Gladstone, who is indigrant to his transition to the camp of free trade supporters. Therefore, Gladston has not yet opposed his voters in Newark and as a result, he could not participate in the final conduct of the abolition of bread duties, which, however, did not prevent him from playing an important role in the preparation of Bill on this subject.

In the general election of 1847, Gladstone was elected a deputy from Oxford University and, together with Robert Pill, stood at the head of the Moderate Thoriev group, received by the name of his leader, the name "sawd". The moment of the final gap of Gladstone with the Tori Party can be recognized by 1852, when Gladston refused to accept the offer of Derby and Dizraeli to join the conservative office and even strongly contributed to the rapid fall of this office, performing a decisive opposition against the Dizraeli budget. When a new office of Lord Aberdeen was formed in December 1852, which represented the coalition of Vigov and saws, Gladstone took the post of chancellor of the Treasury (Minister of Finance). He soon showed himself an outstanding financier (his first budget was introduced on April 18, 1853) and his activities in this regard constitutes one of the brilliant pages in the history of his political career, as well as in the history of English finances.

The subsequent activity of Gladstone is inextricably linked with the general history of England; Here, therefore, only a brief overview of it will be presented. The post of Chancellor of the Treasury Gladstone held until February 1855. In 1858, during the Ministry of Count Derby, Gladstone traveled to the Ionian Islands, as a Lorda-Supreme Emergency Commissioner, to find out the issue of the accession of these islands, which were from 1815 under the Protectorator of England, to Greece.

In June 1859, when the Cabinet of Lord Palmerston is formed, Gladstone entered its composition again as the Treasury Chancellor. The introduction of Gladstone in this Ministry of Vigov was understood in the sense of the final accession to the liberal party, and there was a significant opposition to his re-election in Oxford; Nevertheless, he was again elected. In the next common elections, in July 1865, Gladstone was barely backed up in Oxford and was a deputy from South Lancashir.

In October 1865, Lord Palmerston died and the Count Russell became the head of the office. Gladstone, retaining the post of Chancellor of the Treasury, first was the leader of the liberal party in the House of Commons and in this capacity, in March 1866, Bill about the parliamentary reform, rejected by the Chamber. The new conservative office of Derby Dizraeli was forced, however, to speak with his project of parliamentary reform, and in the final developing it in Parliament Gladstone had to play a very significant role; Thanks to his amendments, Bill of 1867 took the character of a wide liberal reform. In the same 1867, Gladston made a statement in favor of the abolition of the State Church in Ireland.

In the general election of 1868, Gladstone was barelined in Lancashire, but elected from Greenwich.

First Cabinet, 1868-1874

The formation of the new ministry was entrusted to Gladstone (in December 1868), who first became the prime minister. This first gladstone office has existed until February 1874; The most important measures: the abolition of the State Church in Ireland in 1869, the Irish land act of 1870, a fundamental reform in the field of elementary folk education of 1870, the abolition of the sale of posts in the army of 1871, the introduction of a secret filing of votes in 1872, and so on After the fall of the Cabinet, in March 1874, Gladstone, in a letter to Lord Grenville, announced his intention to eliminate the active leadership of the Liberal Party. It is curious that he then considered his political career finished, saying to friends that no one of the premiers managed to make anything outstanding after the 60th age.

In opposition

In January 1875, in a new letter to Lord Grenville, Gladstone formally declared his refusal of leadership. The successor he was elected Marquis Gootarton.

However, already in 1876, Gladston returned to active participation in political life, making a brochure: "Bulgarian horrors" and adopting energetic participation in organizing a social movement against the Eastern Policy of Benjamen Dizraelie Lord Booksfield. The brochure had a significant influence: by refringing the "Turkish race" as "one great anti-copyrighted copy of the human race" Gladstone offered to provide Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria autonomy, as well as stop providing unconditional support to the port.

When, in 1880, Bisconsfield dismissed the parliament, the general elections gave a vast majority of the liberal party. This election was preceded by an amazing in energy and a number of brilliant speeches, the election campaign of Gladstone in Scotland, in the Middotian district of which he set his candidacy.

Second Ministry, 1880-1885

The compilation of the new ministry was instructed to first Gottton (who continued to be considered the leader of the liberal party), then Grenville, but they could not make a cabinet and the queen was forced to instruct it to Gladstone. The second ministry of gladston existed from April 1880 to July 1885. He managed to hold the Irish land act of 1881 and the third parliamentary reform (1885).

Third Cabinet, 1886

In June 1885, Gladstone's office was defeated, but the new Ministry of Lord Salisbury existed for a long time: after general elections, in December 1885, a significant majority turned out to be a significant majority, due to the Irish party to access them, and in January 1886 the third ministry of gladston was formed. By this time, there is a decisive turn in the views of Gladstone to the Irish issue; He set up the main task of his policy to Gomrulya Ireland (internal self-government). Bill made on this subject was rejected, which prompted Gladstone to dissolve parliament; But new elections (in July 1886) gave the majority hostile to him. The failure of Gladstone strongly contributed to the split in the Environment of the Liberal Party: many influential members who formed a group of unionist liberals disappeared from her. There was a long period of the Ministry of Salisbury (July 1886 - August 1892). Gladstone, despite his old age, took the most active participation in political life, leading the party of his adherents, which, since the split in the liberal environment, began to be called the Gladstonian Party. Implementation of the idea of \u200b\u200bHomrulya, he set the title of his life; As in parliament, he vigorously defended the need to give to Ireland of political self-government.

Fourth Cabinet, 1892-1894

Salisbury was not in a hurry with the appointment of general elections, and they took place only in July 1892, that is, in just one year before the expiration of the legitimate seven-year term of office of parliament. The election campaign was carried out with great revival as supporters of Homrulya and his opponents. As a result of elections on the side of gladstonians and the groups adjacent to them, the majority in 42 votes turned out, and in August, immediately at the opening of the new parliament, the Cabinet of Salisbury was defeated; The new, fourth ministry of gladston (this is in the history of England the first time the political figure in the fourth time became the prime minister). Being an appointed prime minister to the eighty-third year of life, Gladstone became the oldest Prime Minister of Great Britain in her entire history.

The main directions of political activities

These are the most important facts of the perennial political career of Gladstone. One of the most characteristic features of it is the gradual change in the political beliefs and ideals of Gladstone, which began its activities in the ranks of Tori and ending it at the head of the advanced English liberals and in alliance with extreme radicals and democrats. Gladstone gap with the Toria Party timed to 1852; But he prepared gradually and for a long period of time. According to his own words, from those with whom he first acted, he "was cut off by a non-any arbitrary act, but slow and irresistible work of the inner conviction." In the literature about Gladstone, you can find the opinion that in essence he always occupied the situation completely independent and actually did not belong to any party. In this opinion there is a lot of faithful. Gladstone himself once expressed that the parties themselves do not make up the benefits that the party organization is needed and indispensable only as a faithful means to achieving one or another high goal. Along with independence, in relation to the issues of the party organization, it is necessary to note, however, another important feature of the political world of gladston, a hint of which is already in the first speech, spoken to them before voters, October 9, 1832: This is a firm conviction that the basis of political events. We must first of all lie "sound general principles". The special properties of his outstanding mind, clarity and logical of thinking developed this characteristic feature in it, early manifested and never weakened. Throughout its activities, he constantly found out and found a fundamental basis for views and events of each given moment. These features served as the source of the coup in political views and the ideals of Gladston, which was accompanied in it as the nearest dating with the life and needs of the people. The political views of Gladstone were constantly in the process of internal evolution, the direction of which was determined by a conscientious and attentive attitude towards the general conditions and requests of the country's cultural growth. The more expanding the circle of phenomena available to his observation, the more clearly the Democratic Movement of the Century acted in front of him, the legitimate demands became more convincing. It could not be missed in the justice and loyalty of those views that the conservative party continued to hold on, in his opposition to a new flow. The desire to find the fundamental basis for all social movements, in connection with his humane world, highly honest views on life and demanding attitude towards himself, helped him come to the right answer to the question where the truth, where justice. As a result of long-term internal work on the understanding of the doubts arising and its final transition to the ranks of the liberal party appeared.

A wonderful feature of the political activities of Gladstone is also the prevailing provision that internal cultural development issues in it always had in front of the interests of foreign policy. This last, in those periods, when he was the first minister, caused particularly strong complaints from his opponents, and in 1885, for example, served as the nearest reason for the fall of his office. In this area, it turned out to be only more vulnerable, but only because it was never inclined to give international questions to the most paramount importance and the views on them, too sharply different from the point of view that prevails in our days in European states. For its indigenous conviction, he is the enemy of war and any violence, whose manifestations are so rich in the region of international politics. While the merits of the famous rival of Gladstone, Lord Bikonsfield, are minimized mainly to a number of deft diplomatic steps and transactions, the list of great acts of Gladstone for the benefit of England is only the questions of the inner life. It is very characteristic to determine the role of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, which Gladstone did back in 1850, in the dispute with Lord Palmerston in Greek cases. The task of him is "the cooling of the world, and one of its first duties is the strict application of the Code of the Great Principles, which is tested to us by the former generations of great and noble minds." This speech he graduated from a hot invitation to recognize the equality of the strengths and weak, the independence of small states and in general to abandon political interference in the affairs of another state.

In his political activities, Gladston, however, not once concerned the interests of other states, intervened in other people's affairs, but this intervention is taught in his peculiar form. So, the winter of 1850-1851 Gladston spent in Naples. At that time, the Government of the King Ferdinand II, for his body of the nicknamed "bomb", made a cruel violence over those citizens who took part in the movement against the unbearable regime: up to twenty thousand people without investigation and court were subjected to imprisonment in gloomy prisons in which the conditions There were existences as terrible that even employees doctors did not decide to enter there, from fear of infection. Gladstone carefully studied the state of affairs in Naples and was filled with indignation at the sight of this coarse barbarism. In the form of "letters to Count Aberdeen" he announced the details of all those horrors as he had to learn and see. Letters of Gladstone made a huge impression in all of Europe and did not remain without influencing further events in Italy.

In the name of the same ideals of justice and humoring Gladstone elevated a voice against the horrors of Turkish rule found in 1876 in Bulgaria (in the brochure: "Bulgarian horrors and an oriental question"). Gladstone in his speeches expressed the opinion that the Islamic state could not be good and tolerant in relation to "civilized and Christian races", and also that there are followers of "this damn book" (Koran), there will be no peace in Europe. In 1896, he Ryano supported the requirements of an influential Armenian lobby about the military invasion of Britain to the Ottoman Empire as a "Christian debt" of the government. However, the queen condemned such a "unreasonable and polulous attitude of Gladstone." O. A. Novikova (sister N. A. Kireyeva) (sister N. A. Kireyeva), a frequent visitor of the secular salon that he was the frequent visitor to the gladston.

Literary works

Being first of all mainly by the politician, Gladstone accepted and takes great part in the literature. The question of the relationship between the state and the church and subsequently attracted the attention of Gladstone, which significantly changed his original look at him.

His Peru owns a number of etudes on theology of the philosophy of religion. But especially the favorite subject of literary classes were for Gladston's classic poets and more than Homer. In 1858, he published an extensive study under the title: "Studies on Homer and Homeric Age"; In 1876, "Homeric Synchronism", and later - a number of small sketches about Homere. In addition, he wrote a large number of articles on the most diverse issues - philosophical, historical, constitutional, on the phenomena of current literature, about various political injuries of the day, etc. For a separate edition of them, in 1879, it took the seven volumes of the collection, under We call the "Gleaning of Past Years". In 1886, Gladston led a lively journalist with Professor Hxley on the relationship between science and religion. Over the past years, they have written a number of articles on the Irish issue. In the December issues of the NOTES UN QUERIES magazine, in 1892, a detailed bibliography was published in everything written by Gladston, starting from 1827. Gladstone's speeches, both in parliament, and outside it, were published many times, but only in 1892 the publication of a full meeting of his speeches was undertaken, under his personal supervision. As soon as only one volume, the tenth, in which he was printed in 1888-1891, mainly on the Irish issue ("The Speeches and Public Addresses of W. E. Gladstone, with Notes and Introductions").

Personal life

Gladston married Catherine Glinn in 1839 and had three sons from her. Senior, William-Henry (1840-1891) was a member of parliament, held one time the post of Lord Treasury, the second, Stephen, consisted of pastor in the Havarden; The third, Herbert John, was a lecturer history in the University of Oxford, consisted of a private secretary of his father and a member of parliament, in 1905-1910 he was the Minister of Internal Affairs of Great Britain.

Literature

• Water carriers V. V., Dryryzhinsky V. F. Gladstone, William Evart // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg., 1890-1907.
• Georg Barnett Smith., "The Life of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone ";
• G. W. E. Russell, "W. E. Gladstone "(London, 1891);
• James J. Ellis., "W. E. Gladstone "(L., 1892);
• Justin H. McCarthy., "ENGLAND UNDER GLADSTONE 1880-1885" (L., 1885);
• P. W. ClayDen., "England Under The Coalition, 1885-1892" (L., 1892).

\u003e William Gladstone

In 1832, Gladston became a member of the Parliament from the Tori party. In his first speech, in 1833 defended the rights of the West Indian slave owners. In 1834-1835, he held insignificant positions in the Government of Pilia. In 1838, Gladstone's career was threatened. In the book published it, it was proved that the state neglects its duty towards the Anglican Church; He also offered to close access to official posts of nonconformists and Catholics. Makolay made a sharp criticism of these ideas, and the pilot was shocked by the views of his protégé. However, soon he managed to switch the attention of gladstone from theology to the financial sphere.

In 1845, Gladstone lost a place in parliament because of his fritriest glances. In 1843-1845 was the Minister of Trade, in 1845-1846 - Minister of Colonies. In 1847 he was elected to parliament from Oxford University. In 1846, like a pillar, departed from Tori. In 1852, he refused to enter the Government of Derby, and then contributed to his fall, subjected to a brilliant criticism of the budget, which presented the Minister of Finance Benjamin Dizraeli.

In 1852-1856, Gladstone was the Minister of Finance in the Coalition Government of Aberdeen and again took this place in 1859-1866 in the Government of Palmerston. Thanks to him, this post was the second most important in the government. The top of the first stage of his career were the budgets of 1853 and 1860, in which the principles of Laissez Faire were embodied and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe liberation of citizens from the burden of fiscal restrictions. It was during this period that he became one of the leaders of the liberal party (formed on the basis of the Vigi party to which sawders and fritrorer joined). In 1866, Gladstone presented a project of parliamentary reform, which was not adopted. Nevertheless, his performances largely forced displeaseli to formulate a law on electoral reform 1867 in the form in which he was then accepted. At this time, a change in the religious beliefs of Gladstone and his relationship to a high church with her emphasis on authorities and the tradition was occurring. In May 1864, Gladstone proclaimed in the House of Commons, that every person in good health has the right to vote. This led to the rage of the Liberal Leader of Prime Minister Palmerston and cost Gladston, to his chagrin, places in parliament as a representative of Oxford University. In 1865, after the death of Palmerston, Gladstone became the leader of the House of Commons, while remaining the Minister of Finance.

In 1868, Gladston became the Prime Minister. The main task, he considered the implementation of several highly oral acts, such as getting rid of the Balkans from the Turkish Iga, and Irish from British domination. Among the adopted laws of this period: the law on the branch of the Anglican Church from the state in Ireland; Land Act 1870, which provided a number of guarantees Irish tenant farmers; Education Act 1870, introducing a system of primary schools and compulsory education; The law on the abolition of the sale of posts in the army and religious value in Oxford and Cambridge Universities; The law on the introduction of the procedure of secret ballot in elections to Parliament 1872; Law on the provision of Tread-Unions of Legal Rights; The judicial act followed by the reorganization of the entire system of the judiciary.

In 1874 elections, Liberals were defeated, and in 1875 Gladstone left the post of leader of the liberal party, which he held with 1868. Starry hour of the second period of Gladstone's career was his campaign in the Midlotian County in November 1879 and March 1880, during which he uttered speeches against the protuched foreign policy of Dizraeli.

Gladstone again became the Prime Minister in 1880, and his government remained in power until 1885. During this period, land Act 1881 for Ireland and the third law on electoral law reform 1884 were adopted. In the second term of his premiership, Gladstone collided with the crisis of agriculture and trade . Cheap food from America ruined British farmers; Increased tariffs limited British exports and caused unemployment and excitement; Arms growth in Europe created a threat to British security. All this contributed to the emergence of two mass movements in the British public opinion, which required the policy of social reforms within the country and a tough imperial policy beyond. Both of these requirements caused the indignation of Gladstone, who believed, firstly, that the welfare of the country will be undermined if the state takes on the work that each person is obliged to perform independently; He also believed that the military-political and financial ratio of forces would be violated if the United Kingdom would deal with re-equipment or would strive to expand its possessions, compensating for a relative decrease in its influence in Europe. However, the external policy of gladstone was no significant sequence. In particular, in 1882 he sent troops to capture Egypt. Gladstone lost popularity after the defeat in 1884 English troops in East Sudan and an unsuccessful attempt to save General Gordon, killed in Khartoum with Sudanese rebels.

Gladston headed the government and in 1886; It was then that he contributed to the parliament of Bill about Homrule for Ireland, which was rejected. The last time he was in power in 1892-1894. His efforts of this period were directed mainly to the adoption of the draft law on Homrule (which was rejected by the Lords' Chamber in 1893). In the last period of its state activities, the campaign in defense of the draft law on Homrul, Gladstone sacrificed unity in the liberal party: the right wing - the Liberal Unionists (i.e., supporters of the preservation of Ireland with Ireland), and a significant part of them subsequently joined the conservatives; Radicals came out of the government in protest against Gladstone's reforms to authorize moderate social reforms.