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Gallium

GALLIUM -I; m. [from lat. Gallia - France] Chemical element (GA), soft-melting metal silver-white (used in semiconductor production).

(Lat. Gallium), chemical element III of the periodic system. The name from Gallia is the Latin name of France. Silver-white low-melting ( t. pl 29.77ºC) Metal; density (g / cm 3) of solid metal 5,904, liquid 6,095; t. kip 2205ºC. In the air is chemically racks. In nature, it is scattered, meets with Al. Apply mainly (by 97%) in the production of semiconductor materials (GAAS, GASB, GAP, GAN).

Gallium (Lat. Gallium, from Gallia - Latin names of France), GA (Galliya), chemical element with atomic number 31, atomic weight 69,723.
Natural gallium consists of two isotopes 69 Ga (61.2% by weight) and 71 GA (38.8%). Configuration of the external electronic layer 4 s. 2 p. one . The degree of oxidation is +3, +1 (valence I, III).
Located in the group III of the periodic system of elements, in the 4th period.
Radius of an atom 0.1245 nm, Ion radius Ga 3+ 0.062 nm. Energy of successive ionization 5,998, 20,514, 30.71, 64.2 and 89.8 eV. Electricity by Pauling (cm. Paulong Linaus) 1,6.
History opening
For the first time, the existence of this element is predicted by D. I. Mendeleev (cm. Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich) In 1871, on the basis of the open periodic law. He called his ecaluminum. In 1875 P. E. Lekki de Boabodran (cm. Leak de boabodran Paul Emil) allocated gallium from zinc ores.
De Baabodran determined the density of Gallium - 4.7 g / cm 3, which did not match the predicted D. I. Mendeleev's value of 5.9 g / cm 3. The refined value of gallium density (5.904 g / cm 3) coincided with the prediction of Mendeleev.
Finding in nature
The content in the earth's crust is 1.8 · 10 -3% by weight. Gallium refers to scattered elements. In nature is found in the form of very rare minerals: Zengeitis Ga (OH) 3, Gallita Cugas 2 and others. It is an aluminum satellite (cm. ALUMINUM), zinc (cm. Zinc (chemical element)), germany (cm. GERMANIUM), gland (cm. IRON); Contained in Sfallerites (cm. Sfellerite), Nethelin (cm. Netherin), natrolyte, bauxites, (cm. Boxites) Germany, in coals and iron ores of some deposits.
Obtaining
The main source of gallium is the aluminate solutions obtained by recycling alumina. After removing most Al and multiple concentration, an alkaline solution containing Ga and Al is formed. Gallium is isolated by electrolysis of this solution.
Physical and chemical properties
Gallium is a low-melting light gray metal with a bluish tint. The GA melt may be in a liquid state at temperatures below the melting point (29.75 ° C). The boiling point is 2200 ° C, it is explained by the fact that in liquid Gaul a dense packaging of atoms with a coordination number 12. For its destruction it is necessary to spend a lot of energy.
The crystal lattice of a stable A-modification is formed by Dipectual Molecules Ga 2, associated van der Wales forces (cm. Intermolecular interaction), Communication length is 0.244 nm.
The standard electrode potential of the GA 3+ / GA pair is -0.53B, GA is in an electrochemical row to hydrogen (cm. HYDROGEN).
By chemical properties of gallium is similar to aluminum.
In air GA is covered with an oxide film that protects against further oxidation. With arsenic (cm. ARSENIC)phosphorus (cm. PHOSPHORUS), antimony (cm. ANTIMONY) Forms arsenide, phosphide and gallium antimonide, with gray (cm. SULFUR)selenium (cm. SELENIUM), Telllur (cm. TELLURIUM) - Chalcogenides. When heated Ga reacts with oxygen (cm. OXYGEN). With chlorom (cm. CHLORINE) and bromom (cm. BROMINE) Gallium interacts at room temperature, with iodom (cm. Iodine) - When heated. Gallium halides, form GE 2 x 6 dimers.
Gallium forms polymer hydrides:
4lih + GaCl 3 \u003d Li + 3licl.
The stability of ions falls in the row of BH 4 - - ALH 4 - - GAH 4 -. Ion BH 4 - resistant in aqueous solution, ALH 4 - and GAH 4 - quickly hydrolyzed:
GAH 4 - + 4H 2 O \u003d GA (OH) 3 + OH - + 4H 2
When heated under pressure GA reacts with water:
2Ga + 4H 2 O \u003d 2GaOOH + 3H 2
With mineral acids GA, slowly reacts with hydrogen release:
2Ga + 6HCl \u003d 2GaCl 3 + 3H 2
Gallium dissolves in alkalis with the formation of hydroxyogallats:
2Ga + 6H 2 O + 2NAOH \u003d 2NA + 3H 2
Gallium oxide and hydroxide show amphoteric properties, although the basic properties of them compared to Al are reinforced:
Ga 2 O 3 + 6HCl \u003d 2GaCl 2,
Ga 2 O 3 + 2NAOH + 3H 2 O \u003d 2NA
Ga 2 O 3 + Na 2 CO 3 \u003d 2NAGAO 2 + CO 2
When ledgeing a solution of any gallium salt, GE 2 O 3 gallium hydroxide is distinguished. x.H 2 O:
GA (NO 3) 2 + 3NAOH \u003d GA (OH) 3 ї + 3nano 3
When dissolving Ga (OH) 3 and Ga 2 O 3, aquacomplexes 3+ are formed in acids, therefore, from aqueous solutions of salts of gallium are isolated as crystallohydrates, for example, Gallium chloride GaCl 3 · 6H 2 O, Gallean KGA alum (SO 4) 2 · 12H 2 O. Gallium aquacomplexes in solutions is colorless.
Application
About 97% of the produced by the gallium industry is used to obtain compounds with semiconductor properties, such as Gaas Gallium arsenide. Metal gallium is used in electronics for cold soldering of ceramic and metal parts, for doping GE and Si, obtaining optical mirrors. Ga can replace HG in electric current rectifiers. Eutectic alloy gallium with indium is used in radiation contours of reactors.
Features of circulation
Gallium is a low-toxic element. Due to the low melting point of the GA ingot, it is recommended to be transported in polyethylene bags, which is poorly wetted by liquid gallium.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

Watch what is "gallium" in other dictionaries:

Metal, simple body, the existence of which foresaw Mendeleev and who was opened by Lekok de Bobodran. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Gallium is indecomposable mineral, blue blue; Solid, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (Gallium), GA, chemical element III group of periodic system, atomic number 31, atomic weight 69.72; metal. Gallium is open to the French chemist P. Lekkom de Boabodran in 1875 ... Modern encyclopedia

GA (lat. Gallium * a. Gallium; n. Gallium; F. Gallium; and. Galio), Chem. Element III group periodic. Mendeleev systems, at. n. 31, at. m. 69.73. Contemplates from two stable 69GA isotopes (61.2%) and 71GA (38.8%). Predicted in 1870 D. I. ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

gallium - I, m. Gallium m. From lat. The names of France, where he was opened in 1875 by the Chemist de Baudbodran. ES. Chemical element, soft lectal silver white metal; It is used instead of mercury for the manufacture of pressure gauges and high-temperature ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

Gallium - (Gallium), GA, chemical element III group of periodic system, atomic number 31, atomic weight 69.72; metal. Gallium is opened by the French chemist P. Lekkom de Boabodran in 1875. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

GALLIUM - Chem. Element, GA symbol (lat. Gallium), at. n. 31, at. m. 69.72; silver white metal; Density 5904 kg / m3, tpl \u003d 29.8 ° C, Tkip \u003d 2230 ° C. Gallium as a liquid exists in a very large temperature range, so it is used in ... ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia Dictionary of Synonyms

- (Chem.). The properties of this elementary body, Ga \u003d 69, 86, were reputed (D. I. Mendeleev) the periodic system of elements, ca-aluminum, in 1871. In 1875, Lekki de Baabodran opened G. in Zinc-Owl from Pyerrefite (in Piriniam) with the help of ... ... Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

gallium - GA element III group periodic. Systems, at. n. 31, at. m. 69.72; Silver white light metal. It consists of two stable isotopes with mass numbers 69 (60.5%) and 71 (39.5%). The existence of GA ("EKALUMINIY") and OSN. His ab ... ... Technical translator directory

On an element with atomic number 31 Most readers just remember that it is one of the three elements predicted and the most detailed DI described. Mendeleev, and that gallium is a very low-melting metal: to turn it into a liquid, there is enough heat palm.

However, gallium is not the most ease of metals (even if not counting mercury). Its melting point is 29.75 ° C, and the cesium melts at 28.5 ° C; Only cesium, like any alkaline metal, you will not take in your hands, so the palm is naturally melted to melt it easier than cesium.

Sing the story about the element number 31, we deliberately started mentioning that almost everyone is known. Because this "famous" requires explanation. Everyone knows that Gallium is predicted by Mendeleev, and lectured de Boabodran, but not everyone knows how the discovery happened. Almost everyone knows that Gallium is a slight saline, but almost no one can answer the question why he is a slightwell.

How Gary was opened

French Chemist Paul Emil Lekki de Boabodran entered the story as a discoverer of three new elements: Gallium (1875), Samaria (1879) and dysprosium (1886). The first of these discoveries brought him fame.

At that time, outside of France, he was little known. He was 38 years old, he was mainly spectroscopic studies. The spectroscopic lecture de boabodran was good, and this ultimately led to success: he opened all three elements by the method of spectral analysis.

In 1875, Lekki de Baabodran explored the spectrum of zinc deck, brought from Pierrfita (Pyrenees). In this spectrum, a new purple line was discovered (wavelength 4170 Å). The new line testified to the presence of an unknown element in the mineral, and, quite naturally, leaks de Boabodran attached maximum efforts to allocate this element. It turned out to be not easy to do: the content of the new element in ore was less than 0.1%, and in many respects it was similar to the zinc *. After long experiments, the scientist managed to get a new element, but in a very small amount. So small (less than 0.1 g), which examine its physical and chemical properties of Lekki de Baabodrap could not be fully.

* About how gallium from zinc decking is told below.

Message about the opening of Gallium - so in honor of France (Glisy - her Latin name) was named a new element - appeared in the reports of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

This message read D.I. Mendeleev and learned in Gaul predicted by the five years before Ekualumin. Mendeleev immediately wrote to Paris. "The method of discovery and selection, as well as a few described properties, make it imply that the new metal is nothing more than ekalumin," said in his letter. Then he repeated the predicted property for this element. Moreover, never holding a gallium grain in the hands, without seeing him in the eyes, the Russian chemist claimed that the discoverer of the element was mistaken that the density of the new metal could not be equal to 4.7, as he wrote de Boabodran - she should be more Approximately 5.9 ... 6.0 g / cm 3!

Something strange, but the existence of a periodic law is the first of its affirmative, "strengthening", learned only from this letter. He once again singled out and carefully cleaned gallium grains to check the results of the first experiments. Some historians of science believe that it was done in order to post a self-confident Russian "predictor". But experience has shown the opposite: the recorder was wrong. Later he wrote: "No need, I think, to point out an exceptional value that has a density of a new element regarding the confirmation of theoretical views of Mendeleev."

Almost exactly coincided with the data of the experience and other predicted by Mendeleev properties of the element number 31. "Mendeleev's predictions were justified with insignificant deviations: Ekalayumnia turned into gallium." So characterizes this Event Engels in the "dialectic of nature".

It is necessary to say that the opening of the first of the predicted Mendeleev elements significantly strengthened the position of the periodic law.

Why Gallium Legging?

Predicting the properties of Gallium, Mendeleev believed that this metal should be eased, since its analogues in the group - aluminum and indium are also not different with refractory.

But gallium melting temperature is unusually low, five times lower than that of India. This is explained by the unusual structure of Gallium crystals. Its crystal lattice is formed not by individual atoms (as in "normal" metals), but by diatomic molecules. GA 2 molecules are very stable, they are saved even when transferring gallium into a liquid state. But among themselves these molecules are connected only with weak Vanderwals forces, and it takes quite a bit of energy to destroy their connection.

Some properties of the element No. 31 are associated with dioctivity of molecules. In a liquid state, gallium is denser and harder than in solid. The electrical conductivity of liquid gallium is also greater than solid.

Externally - most of all on tin: silver-white soft metal, it does not oxidize in the air and does not fade.

And for most chemical properties, Gallium is close to aluminum. As with aluminum, at the external orbit of the Half atom three electrons. Like aluminum, gallium is easy, even on cold, interacts with halogens (except iodine). Both metal is easily dissolved in sulfur and hydrochloric acids, both react with alkalis and give amphoteric hydroxide. Constants dissociation reactions

GA (OH) 3 → Ga 3+ + 3oh -

H 3 GAO 3 → 3N + + GAO 3-3

- the values \u200b\u200bof one order.

There are, however, the differences in the chemical properties of gallium and aluminum.

Dry oxygen gallium is noticeably oxidized only at temperatures above 260 ° C, and aluminum, if depriving its protective oxide film, is oxidized by oxygen very quickly.

Gallium hydride forms hydrides like boron hydrides. Aluminum is capable only to dissolve hydrogen, but not to enter into a reaction with it.

And gallium is similar to graphite, for quartz, water.

On graphite - what leaves a gray trail on paper.

On quartz - electrical and thermal anisotropy.

The amount of electrical resistance of gallium crystals depends on how the axis passes the current. The ratio of the maximum to a minimum is 7 - more than any other metal. The same with the thermal expansion coefficient.

Its in the direction of three crystallographic axes (Gallic crystals) are treated as 31:16:11.

And the water gallium is similar to the fact that, hardening, it expands. The increase in volume is noticeable - 3.2%.

Already one combination of these contradictory similarities is talking about the unique personality of the element No. 31.

In addition, it has properties that are not inherent in any element. Melted, it can remain in a supercooled state for many months at temperatures below the melting point. It is the only metal that remains liquid in a huge range of temperatures from 30 to 2230 ° C, and the volatility of its vapor is minimal. Even in a deep vacuum, it evaporates noticeably at 1000 ° C. Gallium couples, in contrast to solid and liquid metal, single-cats. GA 2 → 2GA transition requires high energy costs; This explains the difficulty of evaporation of Gallium.

The large temperature range of the liquid state is the basis of one of the main technical applications of the element No. 311.

What is Gary for Gary?

Gallium thermometers allow in principle to measure the temperature from 30 to 2230 ° C. Gallium thermometers are available for temperatures up to 1200 ° C.

Element No. 31 goes to the production of low-melting alloys used in signaling devices. Gallium alloy with India melts at 16 ° C. This is the most elbow of all known alloys.

As an element III of a group that contributes to strengthening in the semiconductor "hole" conductivity, gallium (no less than 99.999% purity) is used as an additive to Germany and silicon.

Gallium intermetallic compounds with elements of V group - antimony and arsenic - they themselves have semiconductor properties.

The addition of gallium in the glass mass allows you to get glasses with a high refractive index of light rays, and GA 2 O 3-based glasses are well transmitted by infrared rays.

Liquid gallium reflects 88% of the light falling on it, solid - a little smaller. Therefore, they make very simple in the manufacture of gallium mirrors - a gallium coating can be applied even with a brush.

Sometimes the ability of gallium is used to make solid surfaces well, replacing them mercury in diffusion vaccum pumps. Such pumps are better to "hold" vacuum than mercury.

Attempts were made to apply gallium in atomic reactors, but it is unlikely that the results of these attempts can be considered successful. Not only is gallium quite actively captures neutrons (cross section of the seizure of 2.71 barn), it still reacts at elevated temperatures with most metals.

Gallium did not become atomic material. True, its artificial radioactive isotope 72 Ga (with a half-life of 14.2 hours) is used to diagnose bone cancer. Chloride and Gallium-72 nitrate are adsorbed by a tumor, and, fixing the radiation characteristic isotope characteristic for this isotope, the doctors almost accurately determine the dimensions of foreign formations.

As you can see, the practical capabilities of the element number 31 are quite wide. It is not entirely possible to use them due to the difficulty of obtaining gallium - the element is quite rare (1.5 10 -3% of the weight of the earth's crust) and very scattered. Gallium's own minerals are known a little. The first and most famous mineral, Gallites Cugas 2 was found only in 1956. Later two more minerals were found, very rare.

Usually, gallium is found in zinc, aluminum, iron ores, as well as in stone coal - as a minor impurity. And that is characteristic: the more this impurity, the harder it is to extract, because Gallium is more in the ores of those metals (aluminum, zinc), which are close to him by properties. The main part of the earth gallium is enclosed in aluminum minerals.

Half extraction is the "pleasure" expensive. Therefore, element No. 31 is used in smaller quantities than any neighbor in the periodic system.

It is not excluded, of course, that the science of the near future will open something in Gaul that it will become absolutely necessary and indispensable, as it happened with another element predicted by Mendeleev - Germany. Only 30 years ago he was used even less than gallium, and then the "era of semiconductors" began ...

Searches for laws

Gallic properties predicted D.I. Mendeleev five years before the opening of this element. Brilliant Russian chemist built its predictions on the patterns of changes in the properties of the periodic system groups. But for Lekok de Boabodran, the discovery of Gallium was not a happy random. A talented spectroscopist, he further found regularities in changing the spectra of close to the properties of elements. Comparing the spectra of India and aluminum, he concluded that these elements may be "fellow" whose lines would be filled with a space in the short-wave part of the spectrum. It was such a missing line that he was looking for and found in the spectrum of zinc decking from Pierrfit.

We present to compare the table of the main properties predicted by D.I. Mendeleev Ekalayumnia and Locker de Buabodran Galliya.

Game words?

Some historians of science are seen in the title of the element number 31 not only patriotism, but also the indisputability of its discoverer. It is believed that the word "gallium" comes from Latin Gallia (France). But if you wish, in the same word, you can see the hint of the word "rooster"! Latin "Rooster" - Gallus, in French - Le Coq. Leka de boabodran?

Depending on age

In minerals gallium often accompanies aluminum. Interestingly, the ratio of these elements in the mineral depends on the formation of the mineral formation. In the field splits, one atom of gallium falls on 120 thousand aluminum atoms. In the nebins formed much later, this ratio is already 1: 6000, and in an even more "young" petrified wood - only 1:13.

First patent

The first patent for gallium is taken 60 years ago. Element number 31 wanted to use in arc electrical lamps.

Sulfur displaces gray protected

Interesting is the interaction of gallium with sulfuric acid. It is accompanied by the release of elementary sulfur. In this case, the sulfur envelops the surface of the metal and prevents it from further dissolution. If you wash the metal with hot water, the reaction will resume, and will go until a new "skin" from sulfur will not grow on Gaul.

Bad influence

Liquid gallium interacts with most metals, forming alloys and intermetallic compounds with rather low mechanical properties. That is why the contact with gallium leads many structural materials to loss of strength. The most resistant to the action of gallium beryllium: at temperatures up to 1000 ° C, it successfully opposes the aggressiveness of the element No. 31.

And oxide too!

Malnitious gallium oxide additives significantly affect the properties of the oxides of many metals. So, an admixture of Ga 2 O 3 to zinc oxide significantly reduces its sintering. But the solubility of zinc in such oxide is much larger than in pure. And in the titanium dioxide, when adding GA 2 O 3, electrical conductivity drops sharply.

How to get gallium

Industrial deposits of Gallium ores in the world were not found. Therefore, Gallium has to be extracted from very poorly zinc and aluminum ores. Since the composition of the ore and the content of the gallium of unequal, the methods of obtaining element No. 31 are rather diverse. We will tell for an example, how to remove gallium from zinc decking - mineral in which this element was detected for the first time.

First of all, the ZNS zinc deck is burned, and the formed oxides are leached with sulfuric acid. Together with many other metals, gallium passes into the solution. Zinc sulfate prevails in this solution - the main product to be cleared of impurities, including Gallium. The first stage of purification is the deposition of the so-called iron sludge. With the gradual neutralization of the acidic solution, this sludge falls into a precipitate. It turns out about 10% aluminum, 15% iron and (which is now most important for us) 0.05 ... 0.1% gallium. To remove gallium, the sludge is leached with acid or caustic soda - gallium hydroxide amphoterne. An alkaline mode is more convenient, since in this case you can make equipment from less expensive materials.

Under the action of alkali, aluminum and gallium is moving into a solution. When this solution is gently neutralized, gallium hydroxide falls into the sediment. But the precipitate passes part of aluminum. Therefore, the precipitate is dissolved again, now in hydrochloric acid. It turns out a solution of gallium chloride, contaminated mainly by aluminum chloride. Divide these substances can be extracted. Ether and, in contrast to ALSL 3, GASL 3 almost completely passes into an organic solvent. The layers are separated, the air is distilled off, and the obtained gallium chloride is once again treated with concentrated caustic soda to convert and separate iron from Gallium. From this alkali solution and receive metal gallium. Obtained by electrolysis at a voltage of 5.5 V. Highly precipitate gallium on the copper cathode.

Gally and teeth

For a long time it was believed that gallium toxic. Only in recent decades this incorrect opinion is refuted. Low-melting gallium interested dentists. Back in 1930, it was first proposed to replace gallium mercury in the compositions for dental filling. Further research and with us, and abroad confirmed the prospects for such a replacement. Curler metal seals (mercury replaced by gallium) are already used in dentistry.

Gallium is the element of the main subgroup of the third group of the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 31. is indicated by the GA symbol (lat. Gallium.). Refers to a group of light metals. A simple gallium substance is a soft plastic metal of silver-white color with a bluish tint.

Atomic number - 31

Atomic weight - 69,723

Density, kg / m³ - 5910

Melting point, ° C - 29.8

Heat capacity, KJ / (kg · ° C) - 0.331

Electricity - 1.8.

Covalent radius, Å - 1.26

1st ionizats Potential, eV - 6.00

History of the opening of Gluff

French Chemist Paul Emil Lekki de Boabodran entered the story as a discoverer of three new elements: Gallium (1875), Samaria (1879) and dysprosium (1886). The first of these discoveries brought him fame.

At that time, outside of France, he was little known. He was 38 years old, he was mainly spectroscopic studies. The spectroscopic lecture de boabodran was good, and this ultimately led to success: he opened all three elements by the method of spectral analysis.

In 1875, Lekki de Baabodran explored the spectrum of zinc decks brought from Pierrfita (Pyrenees). In this spectrum, a new purple line was discovered. The new line testified to the presence of an unknown element in the mineral, and, quite naturally, leaks de Boabodran attached maximum efforts to allocate this element. It turned out to be not easy to do: the content of the new element in ore was less than 0.1%, and in many respects it was similar to the zinc *. After long experiments, the scientist managed to get a new element, but in a very small amount. So small (less than 0.1 g), which to study its physical and chemical properties of Lekki de Baabodran could not be fully.

Message about the opening of Gallium - so in honor of France (Glisy - her Latin name) was named a new element - appeared in the reports of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

This message read D.I. Mendeleev and learned in Gaul predicted by the five years before Ekualumin. Mendeleev immediately wrote to Paris. "The method of discovery and selection, as well as a few described properties, make it imply that the new metal is nothing more than ekalumin," said in his letter. Then he repeated the predicted property for this element. Moreover, never holding a gallium grain in the hands, without seeing him in the eyes, the Russian chemist claimed that the discoverer of the element was mistaken that the density of the new metal could not be equal to 4.7, as he wrote de Boabodran - she should be more Approximately 5.9 ... 6.0 g / cm 3! But experience has shown the opposite: the recorder was wrong. The opening of the first of the predicted Mendeleev elements significantly strengthened the position of the periodic law.

The average gallium content in the earth's crust is 19 g / t. Gallium is a typical scattered element with double geochemical nature. The only Gallium mineral is Cugas 2 Gallites very rare. Geochemistry Gallium is closely connected with the geochemistry of aluminum, which is due to the similarity of their physicochemical properties. The main part of Gallium in the lithosphere is enclosed in aluminum minerals. Due to the proximity of its crystal chemical properties with the main rock-forming elements (Al, Fe, etc.) and the wide possibility of isomorphism with them, gallium does not forms large clusters, despite the significant amount of Clark. The following minerals with an increased gallium content are distinguished: sphalerite (0- 0.1%), magnetite (0- 0.003%), cassiterit (0- 0.005%), grenade (0- 0.003%), Beryl (0- 0.003%), Tourmaline (0- 0.01%), SPODEN (0.001 - 0.07%), flogopit (0.001 - 0.005%), biotite (0 - 0.1%), Muskoveit (0- 0.01%), serisite ( 0 - 0.005%), Lepidolite (0.001 - 0.03%), chlorite (0- 0.001%), field spasps (0- 0.01%), Nethelin (0 - 0.1%), Hecmanite (0.01 - 0.07%), natroite (0 - 0.1%).

Perhaps the most famous property of Gallium, it is its melting point, it is 29.76 ° C. This is the second metal melting metal in the periodic system (after mercury). This allows you to melt the metal, holding it in your hand. Gallium is one of the few metals expanding when solidified melt (others - Bi, GE).

Crystalline gallium has several polymorphic modifications, but only one (i) is thermodynamically stable, which has an orthorhombic (pseudotragonal) grille with parameters A \u003d 4.5186 Å, B \u003d 7.6570 Å, C \u003d 4.5256 Å. Other modifications of gallium (β, γ, δ, ε) are crystallized from supercooled dispersed metal and are unstable. At elevated pressure, two more polymorphic structures of Gauli II and III, having, respectively, cubic and tetragonal lattices were observed.

Gallium density in a solid state at a temperature T \u003d 20 ° C is 5.904 g / cm³.

One of the features of Gallium is a wide temperature range of the existence of a liquid state (from 30 to 2230 ° C), while it has a low pair pressure at temperatures up to 1100 ÷ 1200 ° C. The specific capacity of solid gallium in the temperature range t \u003d 0 ÷ 24 ° C is 376.7 J / kg · K (0.09 cal / g · hail.), In a liquid state at T \u003d 29 ÷ 100 ° C - 410 J / kg · K (0.098 cal / g · hail).

The specific electrical resistance in solid and liquid condition is equal, respectively, 53.4 · 10 -6 ohm · cm (at T \u003d 0 ° C) and 27.2 · 10 -6 ohm · cm (at T \u003d 30 ° C). The viscosity of the liquid gallium at different temperatures is equal to 1.612 Poise at T \u003d 98 ° C and 0.578 Poise at T \u003d 1100 ° C. Surface tension measured at 30 ° C in hydrogen atmosphere is 0.735 N / m. Reflection coefficients for wavelengths 4360 Å and 5890 Å are 75.6% and 71.3%, respectively.

Natural gallium consists of two isotopes 69 Ga (61.2%) and 71 Ga (38.8%). The cross section of the gripping of thermal neutrons is equal to 2.1 · 10 -28 m² and 5.1 · 10 -28 m², respectively.

Gallium-small-toxic element. Due to the low melting of the melting ingot of Gallium, it is recommended to be transported in polyethylene bags, which is poorly wetted by the gallium melt. At one time, the metal was even used for the manufacture of seals (instead of amalgam). This application is based on the fact that when mixing copper powder with molten gallium, a paste is obtained, which hardens after a few hours (due to the formation of the intermetallic compound) and then can withstand heating to 600 degrees without melting.

At high temperatures, gallium is a very aggressive substance. At temperatures above 500 ° C, it corps almost all metals except tungsten, as well as many other materials. Quartz is resistant to the action of molten gallium up to 1100 ° C, but the problem may arise due to the fact that quartz (as well as most other glasses) is perfectly wetted by this metal. That is, gallium will simply pour on the walls of quartz.

The chemical properties of Gallium are close to aluminum properties. The oxide film formed on the surface of the metal in air protects gallium from further oxidation. When heated under pressure, gallium reacts with water, forming a GaOOH connection by reaction:

2Ga + 4H 2 O \u003d 2GaOOH + 3H 2.

Gallium interacts with mineral acids with the release of hydrogen and the formation of salts, and the reaction occurs even below room temperature:

2Ga + 6HCl \u003d 2GaCl 3 + 3H 2

The reaction products with alkali and potassium and sodium carbonates are hydroellos containing Ga (OH) 4 ions and, possibly, Ga (OH) 6 3- and GA (OH) 2 -:

2Ga + 6H 2 O + 2NAOH \u003d 2NA + 3H 2

Gallium reacts with halogens: the reaction with chlorine and fluorine goes at room temperature, with bromine - already at -35 ° C (about 20 ° C - with ignition), the interaction with iodine begins when heated.

Gallium does not interact with hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon and boron.

At high temperatures, gallium is able to destroy various materials and its action is stronger than the melt of any other metal. Thus, graphite and tungsten are resistant to the action of gallium melt up to 800 ° C, Alund and beryllium oxide Beo - up to 1000 ° C, tantalum, molybdenum and niobium are resistant to 400 ÷ 450 ° C.

With most metals, Gallium forms gallons, the exceptions are bismuth, as well as metals of zinc subgroups, scandium, titanium. One of the gallides V 3 GA has a fairly high transition temperature to the superconducting state of 16.8 K.

Gallium forms polymer hydrides:

4lih + GaCl 3 \u003d Li + 3licl.

The stability of ions falls in the series BH 4 - → ALH 4 - → GAH 4 -. Ion BH 4 - resistant in aqueous solution, ALH 4 - and GAH 4 - quickly hydrolyzed:

GAH 4 - + 4H 2 O \u003d GA (OH) 3 + OH - + 4H 2 -

When dissolving Ga (OH) 3 and Ga 2 O 3, aquacomplexes 3+ are formed in acids, therefore, from aqueous solutions, gallium salts are isolated as crystallohydrates, for example, gallium chloride GaCl 3 * 6H 2 O, Gallean KGA alum (SO 4) 2 * 12H 2 O.

Interesting is the interaction of gallium with sulfuric acid. It is accompanied by the release of elementary sulfur. In this case, the sulfur envelops the surface of the metal and prevents it from further dissolution. If you wash the metal with hot water, the reaction will resume, and will go until a new "skin" from sulfur will not grow on Gaul.

• Ga 2 H 6 - Bat liquid, T pl -21,4 ° C, T Kip 139 ° C. In the ethereal suspension with hydrate of lithium or thallium, liga 4 and Tlgah 4 compounds forms. It is formed as a result of the treatment of tetramethyldigalne triethylamine. There are banana bonds, as in the diverse

• GA 2 O 3 - White or yellow powder, T pl 1795 ° C. There is in the form of two modifications. α- Ga 2 O 3 - colorless trigonal crystals with a density of 6.48 g / cm ³, low-soluble in water soluble in acids. β- Ga 2 O 3 - colorless monoclinic crystals with a density of 5.88 g / cm ³, poorly soluble in water, acids and pitch. It is obtained by heating the metal gallium on air at 260 ° C or in an oxygen atmosphere, or the calcination of nitrate or gallium sulfate. ΔH ° 298 (arr) -1089.10 kJ / mol; Δg ° 298 (arrived -998,24 kJ / mol; S ° 298 84.98 J / mol * k. The amphoteric properties show, although the main properties, compared with aluminum, are reinforced:

Ga 2 O 3 + 6HCl \u003d 2GaCl 2 Ga 2 O 3 + 2NAOH + 3H 2 O \u003d 2NA Ga 2 O 3 + Na 2 CO 3 \u003d 2NAGAO 2 + CO 2

• GA (OH) 3 - falls in the form of a jelly-shaped sediment when treating solutions of trivalent gallium salts by hydroxides and alkali metal carbonates (pH 9.7). It dissolves in concentrated ammonia and a concentrated solution of ammonium carbonate, when boiling is deposited. Heating gallium hydroxide can be translated into GaOOH, then in Ga 2 O 3 * H 2 O, and finally in Ga 2 O 3. It is possible to obtain hydrolysis of trivalent gallium salts.

• GAF 3. - White powder. T pl\u003e 1000 ° C, T Kip 950 ° C, density - 4.47 g / cm³. Multulatory in water. The GAF 3 · 3H 2 O crystallide is known. It is obtained by heating the gallium oxide in the fluorine atmosphere.

• GaCl 3. - Colorless hygroscopic crystals. T pl 78 ° C, T Kip 215 ° C, density - 2.47 g / cm³. Well soluble in water. In aqueous solutions is hydrolyzed. Get directly from the elements. It is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.

• GABR 3. - Colorless hygroscopic crystals. T 122 ° C, T Kip 279 ° C Density - 3.69 g / cm³. Dissolves in water. In aqueous solutions is hydrolyzed. In ammonia, a little solvent. Get directly from the elements.

• Gai 3. - Gigroscopic light yellow needles. T PL 212 ° C, T Kip 346 ° C, density - 4.15 g / cm³. Hydrolyzed for warm water. Get directly from the elements.

• Gas 3. - Yellow crystals or white amorphous powder with t 1250 ° C and a density of 3.65 g / cm³. Interacts with water, while completely hydrolyzed. Get gallium interactions with gray or hydrogen sulfide.

• Ga 2 (SO 4) 3 · 18H 2 O - Colorless, well-soluble substance in water. It turns out when the interaction of gallium, its oxide and hydroxide with sulfuric acid. With alkali metal and ammonium sulphates easily forms alum, for example, KGA (SO 4) 2 · 12N 2 O.

• GA (NO 3) 3 · 8H 2 O - colorless, water soluble and ethanol crystals. When heated decomposes with the formation of gallium oxide (III). It turns out the action of nitric acid on gallium hydroxide.

The main source of obtaining gallium is aluminum production. Gallium in the processing of bauxite according to the method of Bayer is concentrated in reverse uterine solutions after highlighting AL (OH) 3. Of such solutions, gallium is isolated by electrolysis on a mercury cathode. From an alkaline solution obtained after treatment with water, the Ga (OH) 3 is precipitated, which is dissolved in alkali and is isolated by gallium by electrolysis.

With a soda-calcareous method of processing bauxite or nephower ore, gallium is concentrated in the latest fractions of precipitation allocated during the carbonization process. For additional enrichment, the precipitate of hydroxides is treated with lime milk. At the same time, the majority of Al remains in the sediment, and gallium goes into a solution, from which the Gallium concentrate (6-8% GA 2 O 3) is separated by the transmission of CO 2; The latter is dissolved in alkali and excrete gallery electrolytically.

The source of gallium can also serve as the residual anode alloy of the refining process of Al according to the method of three-layer electrolysis. In the production of zinc, gallium sources are the sublimates (oxides), which are formed when processing the tails of leaching zinc flames.

The liquid gallium, washed with water and acids obtained by an alkalisum solution, washed with water and acids (HNO 3), contains 99.9-99.95% GA. The cleaner metal is obtained by melting in vacuo, zone melting or stretching a single crystal from the melt.

Gluff use

Gaas Arsenide is a perspective material for semiconductor electronics.

Gallium nitride is used in the creation of semiconductor lasers and blue and ultraviolet LEDs. Gallium nitride has excellent chemical and mechanical properties typical of all nitride compounds.

As an element III of a group that contributes to strengthening in the semiconductor "hole" conductivity, gallium (no less than 99.999% purity) is used as an additive to Germany and silicon. Gallium intermetallic compounds with elements of V group - antimony and arsenic - they themselves have semiconductor properties.

Gallium-71 isotope is the most important material for the registration of neutrino, and in this regard, before appliances, it is a very urgent task of the allocation of this isotope from the natural mixture in order to increase the sensitivity of neutrino detectors. Since the content of 71 Ga is about 39.9% in the natural mixture of isotopes, the highlighting of pure isotope and the use of neutrino as a detector can increase the sensitivity of the registration by 2.5 times.

The addition of gallium in the glass mass allows you to get glasses with a high refractive index of light rays, and GA 2 O 3-based glasses are well transmitted by infrared rays.

Gallium roads, in 2005, at the global market, Ton Gallium cost $ 1.2 million, and due to the high price and at the same time with a great need for this metal it is very important to establish its complete extraction in aluminum production and processing of stone coal on liquid fuel.

Liquid gallium reflects 88% of the light falling on it, solid - a little smaller. Therefore, they make very simple in the manufacture of gallium mirrors - a gallium coating can be applied even with a brush.

Gallium has a number of alloys, liquid at room temperature, and one of its alloys has a melting point of 3 ° C, but on the other hand gallium (alloys to a lesser extent) is very aggressive to most structural materials (cracking and erosion of alloys at high temperature), and As a coolant he is inffective, and often just unacceptable.

Attempts were made to apply gallium in atomic reactors, but it is unlikely that the results of these attempts can be considered successful. Not only is gallium quite actively captures neutrons (cross section of the seizure of 2.71 barn), it still reacts at elevated temperatures with most metals.

Gallium did not become atomic material. True, its artificial radioactive isotope 72 Ga (with a half-life of 14.2 hours) is used to diagnose bone cancer. Chloride and Gallium-72 nitrate are adsorbed by a tumor, and, fixing the radiation characteristic isotope characteristic for this isotope, the doctors almost accurately determine the dimensions of foreign formations.

Gallium is an excellent lubricant. Based on gallium and nickel, gallium and scandium created almost very important metal adhesives.

Metallic gallium also fill quartz thermometers (instead of mercury) to measure high temperatures. This is due to the fact that gallium has a significantly higher boiling point compared to mercury.

Gallium oxide is part of a number of strategically important laser materials.

Gallium production in the world

His world production does not exceed two hundred tons per year. With the exception of two newly discovered deposits - in 2001 in Gold Canion, Nevada, USA and in 2005 in Inner Mongolia, China is not found in industrial concentrations anywhere in the world. (In the last field, the presence of 958 thousand tons of gallium in the corner is the doubling of gallium resources).

Gluff's world resources only in bauxites are estimated to exceed 1 million tons, and in the mentioned deposit in China 958 thousand tons of gallium in the corner - the doubling of world gallium resources).

Gallium producers are not so much. One of the leaders in the gallium market is Geo Gallium. Its main power up to 2006 was made from the enterprise in Stade (Germany), where about 33 tons per year, the plant in Salindres, processing 20 tons / year (France) and Pinjarra (Western Australia) - potential (but not entered in Stroy) Power up to 50 tons / year.

In 2006, the positions of the manufacturer №1 weared - the enterprise in Stade was purchased by English MSR and American Recapture Metals.

The Japanese company Dowa Mining is the world's only manufacturer of primary gallium from zinc concentrates in the production of zinc. Full capacity of the primary material Dowa Mining is estimated to 20 tons / year, in Kazakhstan, the company "Aluminum Kazakhstan" in Pavlodar - full capacity up to 20 tons / year.

China became a very serious supplier. In China, there are 3 major primary gallium manufacturers - Geatwall Aluminium Co. (up to 15 tons / year), Shandong Aluminium Plant (about 6 tons / year) and Guizhou Aluminium Plant (up to 6 tons / year). There are also a number of joint productions. SumitoMo Chemical has created a joint venture in China with a capacity of up to 40 tons / year. The American company AHT created with the largest Chinese aluminum enterprise Shanxi Aluminium Factory Joint Enterprise Beijing Jiya Semiconductor Material Co. With a capacity of up to 20 tons / year.

Gallium production in Russia

In Russia, the structure of gallium production is determined by the formation of the aluminum industry. Two leading groups that announced the merger - "Russian aluminum" and "SUAL" are the owners of Gallium sites created with alumina plants.

"Russian aluminum": the Nikolaev alumina plant in Ukraine (the classic hydrochemical method of beeer processing tropical bauxite, the capacity of the site is up to 12 tons of gallium / year) and the Achinsky alumina in Russia (processing by sintering the nepheline raw materials - Urrtits Kiya-Shahalerskoye deposit of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Power Power - 1.5 tons of gallium / year).

SUAL: Poles in Kamensk-Uralsky (Bayer-sintering technology of Bauxites of the North-Ural Bauxitrudic District, Power Power - up to 2 tons of gallium / year), on the Boxitogorsk alumina plant (processes boxites of the Leningrad region by sintering, power - 5 tons of gallium / The year is currently canned) and the "Pikalevsky alumina" (processes the method of sintering the nepheline concentrates from apatite-nepheline ores of the Murmansk region, the capacity of the site is 9 tons of gallium / year). Total all RUSAL and SUAL enterprises can produce over 20 tons / year.

Real production is lower - for example, in 2005, 8.3 tons of gallium were exported from Russia and 13.9 tons of gallium of the Nikolaev alumina plant from Ukraine.

When preparing the material, the information of the company "KVAR" was used.

Perhaps the most famous property of Gallium, it is its melting point, it is 29.76 ° C. This is the second metal melting metal in the periodic system (after mercury). Easy melting, as well as low toxicity of metallic gallium allowed to make this photo. By the way, Gallium is one of the few metals expanding when solidifying the melt (others - Bi, GE).

Gallodent, eutectic gallium with tin
Metal gallium is small-toxic, one time it was even used for the manufacture of a seal (instead of amalgam). This application is based on the fact that when mixing copper powder with molten gallium, a paste is obtained, which hardens after a few hours (due to the formation of the intermetallic compound) and then can withstand heating to 600 degrees without melting. Gallium is very fragile (it can be split as glass).

Large gallium crystals
Another interesting feature of Gallium is the ability of his melt to the supercooling. Melted gallium can be cooled at about 10-30 degrees below the melting point, and it remains liquid, but if you throw a piece of solid gallium or dry ice in such a melt, large crystals will begin to grow from it. In the photo - the solidifying ingot of Gallium. The photo clearly shows that crystallization began in three places, and at the same time three large single-crystals began to grow, which were then met and formed ingot (this happened about two hours after shooting).

Gallium spoon
Homemade gallium spoon. Video with melting of this spoon:

High Temperature Gallium Thermometer Quartz Thermometer with Gallium Gallium in Thermometer
But another gallium application.
Gallium is in a liquid state in a very large temperature range, and, in theory, gallium thermometers could be measured as much as much as 2000 degrees. For the first time to apply gallium as a thermometric fluid offered quite a long time. Gallium thermometers already measure the temperature up to 1,200 degrees, but the usual person, to see in the laboratory, these thermometers live is not frequent.
Such thermometers are weakly distributed for several reasons. First, at high temperatures, Gallium is a very aggressive substance. At temperatures above 500 ° C, it corps almost all metals except tungsten, as well as many other materials. Quartz is resistant to the action of molten gallium up to 1100 ° C, but the problem may arise due to the fact that quartz (as well as most other glasses) is perfectly wetted by this metal. That is, gallium will simply pour on the walls of the thermometer from the inside, and it will be impossible to find out the temperature. Another problem may occur when the thermometer is cooling below 28 degrees. When solidified, Gallium behaves like water - it expands and can simply break the thermometer from the inside. Well, the last reason why a high-temperature gallium thermometer is now very rare, this is the development of equipment and electronics. It is no secret that it is much more convenient to use a digital thermometer than liquid. Modern temperature controllers, in a set, for example, with platinum-plating thermocouples, allow measurement temperature in the range from -200 to + 1600 ° C with an accuracy unattainable for liquid thermometers. In addition, the thermocouple can be at a considerable distance from the controller.

Gallium forms low-melting eutectic alloys with many metals, and some of them are melted at temperatures below room.
Gallium alloy with indium melts at a temperature of 15.7 ° C, that is, at room temperature, this is a liquid. To prepare such an alloy, it is not necessary to even heat the willed from the metal to melting, it is enough just to squeeze pieces of gallium and india tightly. The video shows that from the place of contact of two metals (big cylindrik - gallium, small - indium), begins to drip eutectic alloy.

An interesting experiment can be carried out not only with melting, but also with solidification of Gallium. First, Gary is one of the few substances that are expanding during solidification (as well as water), and in the second, the color of the molten metal is quite different from the solid color.
A small amount of liquid gallium, pour into a glass bubble and on top We place a small piece of solid gallium (seed for crystallization, as Gallium is capable of hypother). The video is clearly seen how the metal crystals begin to grow (they have a bluish shade, unlike a silver-white melt). After a while, the expanding gallium bursts the bubble.
The middle part of the video (gallium crystals growth) is accelerated ten times so that the video is not very long.

As well as from mercury, you can make a "beating heart" from the molten gallium, and the truth is due to the fact that gallium is more electric metal than iron, it works on the contrary. When touched by the tip of the nail, drops of molten Galia, it "breaks out" due to the reduction of surface tension. And as soon as contact with the nail is interrupted, the surface tension increases and the drop is collected again, before touching the nail.

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The average gallium content in the earth's crust is 19 g / t. Gallium is a typical scattered element with double geochemical nature. Due to the proximity of its crystal chemical properties with the main rock-forming elements (Al, Fe, etc.) and the wide possibility of isomorphism with them, gallium does not forms large clusters, despite the significant amount of Clark. The following minerals with an increased gallium content are distinguished: sphalerite (0- 0.1%), magnetite (0- 0.003%), cassiterit (0- 0.005%), grenade (0- 0.003%), Beryl (0- 0.003%), Tourmaline (0- 0.01%), SPODEN (0.001 - 0.07%), flogopit (0.001 - 0.005%), biotite (0 - 0.1%), Muskoveit (0- 0.01%), serisite ( 0 - 0.005%), Lepidolite (0.001 - 0.03%), chlorite (0- 0.001%), field spasps (0- 0.01%), Nethelin (0 - 0.1%), Hecmanite (0.01 - 0.07%), natroite (0 - 0.1%). Gallium concentration in sea water 3 · 10-5 mg / l.

Place of Birth

Gallium deposits are known in Southwest Africa, CIS countries

Get Gallium

For Gallium, a rare Mineral Gallites Cugas2 (mixed sulfide copper and gallium) is known. His trails are constantly meeting with Sfalerite, Chalcopyrite and Germanite. Significantly large quantities (up to 1.5%) were found in the ashes of some stone coal. However, the main source of obtaining gallium is the solutions of alumina production in the processing of bauxite (usually containing insignificant impurities (up to 0.1%)) and nefeline. Gallium can also be obtained by processing polymetallic ores, coal. It is extracted by the electrolysis of the pitch liquids, which are an intermediate product of the processing of natural bauxite on technical alumina. Gallium concentration in alkaline aluminate solution after decomposition during the Bayer process: 100-150 mg / l, according to the sintering method: 50-65 mg / l. According to these methods, gallium is separated from most of the aluminum carbonization, concentrating in the last fraction of the sediment. Then the enriched precipitate is treated with lime, gallium passes into the solution, from where the black metal is highlighted with electrolysis. The polluted gallium was washed with water, then filtered through porous plates and heated in vacuo to remove the volatile impurities. To obtain a high purity gallium, a chemical (reaction between the salts) is used, electrochemical (electrolysis solutions) and physical (decomposition) methods. In a very clean form (99.999%), it was obtained by electrolytic refining, as well as the reduction in hydrogen carefully purified GACL3.

Physical properties

Crystalline gallium has several polymorphic modifications, but only one (i) is thermodynamically stable, which has an orthorhombic (pseudotragonal) grille with parameters A \u003d 4.5186 Å, B \u003d 7.6570 Å, C \u003d 4.5256 Å. Other modifications of gallium (β, γ, δ, ε) are crystallized from supercooled dispersed metal and are unstable. At elevated pressure, two more polymorphic structures of Gauli II and III, having, respectively, cubic and tetragonal lattices were observed.

Density of gallium in a solid state at a temperature of 20 ° C is 5.904 g / cm³, liquid gallium (Tp. \u003d 29.8 ° C) has a density of 6.095 g / cm³, that is, when solidified, the gallium volume increases. Gallium boils at 2230 ° C. One of the features of Gallium is a wide temperature range of the existence of a liquid state (from 30 to 2230 ° C), while it has a low pair pressure at temperatures up to 1100-1200 ° C. The specific capacity of solid gallium in the temperature range T \u003d 0-24 ° C is 376.7 J / kg · K (0.09 cal / g · hail.), In a liquid state at T \u003d 29-100 ° C - 410 J / kg · K (0.098 cal / g · hail).

The specific electrical resistance in solid and liquid state is equal, respectively, 53.4 · 10-6 ohm · cm (at T \u003d 0 ° C) and 27.2 · 10-6 ohm · cm (at T \u003d 30 ° C). The viscosity of the liquid gallium at different temperatures is equal to 1.612 Poise at T \u003d 98 ° C and 0.578 Poise at T \u003d 1100 ° C. Surface tension measured at 30 ° C in hydrogen atmosphere is 0.735 N / m. Reflection coefficients for wavelengths 4360 Å and 5890 Å are 75.6% and 71.3%, respectively.

Natural gallium consists of two 69GA isotopes (61.2%) and 71ga (38.8%). The cross section of the gripping of thermal neutrons is equal to 2.1 · 10-28 m² and 5.1 · 10-28 m², respectively.

Gluff use

Gaas Arsenide is a perspective material for semiconductor electronics.
Gallium nitride is used in the creation of semiconductor lasers and blue and ultraviolet LEDs. Gallium nitride has excellent chemical and mechanical properties typical of all nitride compounds.
Gallium-71 isotope is the most important material for the registration of neutrinos and in connection with this before the technique there is a very urgent task of the allocation of this isotope from the natural mixture in order to increase the sensitivity of neutrino detectors. Since the content of 71Ga is in a natural mixture of isotopes about 39.9%, then the release of pure isotope and using it as a neutrino detector can increase the sensitivity of the registration by 2.5 times.

Gallium roads, in 2005, at the global market, Ton Gallium cost $ 1.2 million, and due to the high price and at the same time with a great need for this metal it is very important to establish its complete extraction in aluminum production and processing of stone coal on liquid fuel.

Gallium has a number of alloys, liquid at room temperature, and one of its alloys has a melting point of 3 ° C (Eutectic in-Ga-Sn), but on the other hand gallium (alloys to a lesser extent) is very aggressive to most structural materials (cracking and cracking and Blur alloys at high temperatures). For example, in relation to aluminum and its alloys, Gallium is a powerful strength durability, (see adsorption decrease in strength, rebeider effect). This Gaul property was brightly demonstrated and studied in detail by P. A. Rebabder and E. D. Shchukin at the contact of aluminum with gallium or its eutectic alloys (liquor-metal embrittlement). In addition, the wetting of aluminum film of liquid gallium causes its rapid oxidation, just as it happens with aluminum, amalgamed mercury. Gallium dissolves at a melting point of about 1% aluminum, which reaches the outer surface of the film, where the air is instantly oxidized. The oxide film on the liquid surface is unstable and does not protect against further oxidation. As a result, the liquid gallium alloy as a thermal interface between the fuel component (for example, a central computer processor) and an aluminum radiator is not used.

As a gallium coolant is ineffective, and often just unacceptable.
Gallium is an excellent lubricant. Based on Gallium and Nickel, Gallium and Scandia are created very important Metal adhesives in practical terms.
Metallic gallium also fill quartz thermometers (instead of mercury) to measure high temperatures. This is due to the fact that gallium has a significantly higher boiling point compared to mercury.
Gallium oxide is part of a number of strategically important laser materials of a group of pomegranates - GSGG, IGG, IGH, etc.

Biological role and features of gallium

Does not play a biological role.

Contact of the skin with gallium leads to the fact that ultra-low dispersed metal particles remain on it. Externally, it looks like a gray stain.
The clinical picture of acute poisoning: short-term excitement, then inhibition, violation of coordination of movements, adamiya, areflexia, breathing slowdown, violation of its rhythm. Against this background, paralysis of the lower extremities is observed, hereinafter - coma, death. The inhalation effect of gallium-containing aerosol at a concentration of 50 mg / m³ causes a kidney damage in humans, as well as intravenous administration of 10-25 mg / kg of gallium salts. There is a proteinuria, azotemia, violation of the blade of urea.
Due to the low melting point of Galli ingot, it is recommended to be transported in polyethylene bags, which is poorly wetted with liquid gallium.