What is an eraser, and how can he be? The main characteristics of durable cotton material Eraser from which the eraser consists of substance
Hello dear.
Last week, we started a new series of posts:, and I must say that you have shown some interest. So let's try to continue :-)
Well, as last time we talked about pencils, today we will discuss a little and erase. For one, often follows.
By the way, for the first time united 2 of these things in one American Hein Lipman in 1858. It was he who came up with a pencil with an eraser at the end.
In general, the eraser is much more necessary and comfortable, which played in the history of civilization a much more prominent role than it is customary to think. Well, let's say, before the appearance of erases to erase traces of black pencils, they used ..... Bread meakish.
I will traditionally not tell about the creation and development of erasing gum, but a couple of interesting things (I hope) I will give the facts for you.
Like everyone in childhood, I was interested in the question - and how it works. And why? Here we have physics ... Eraser erases graphite due to the resulting static electricity by friction. At the same time, the electrified graphite particles are attracted with the eraser.
If you think that erases are a rubber thing, I want to disappoint you. Most modern erasers do not contain a rubber at all, nor natural, nor synthetic, but completely polymeric. Polymer erasers are no worse, because Modern elastomers by properties are not inferior to rubber. At the same time have additional beneficial properties.
Although, in principle, sometimes there is a modern eraser from which it is possible to determine in its color. Red-blue or gray are manufactured using natural rubber. Such erasure gum is very elastic, can be twisted and stretched, while not deformed, but they are not very good to erase. But purely white or multicolored eraser is made of synthetic polymers, have good abrasiveness and pleasant to the touch.
True, the process of their production is very laborious and its violation leads to obtaining unsuitable erase of erases, which often we can experience on our own experience. Although most often, of course, the color palette is associated primarily with the dye included in it. For example, iron oxide or antimony sulphide - for red elasty, lithopone or zinc are used for white elasty, and so on :-)
In general, the degree of softness or abrasiveness of the elasty is determined by the proportions of sulfur and additives in the process of obtaining rubber. Additional substances are added to the eraser to improve the quality of erasing. For example, an obligatory additive is a plasticizer based on animals or vegetable oils, which is the substance that provides the quality of erasing.
Now modern eraser can be erased and felt-tumbler, and ink, and mascara, and anything, and not just a pencil. But these are modern erasers created using modern technologies. The composition of such gum includes microcapsules with solvent. From friction with paper shell capsules collapses, resulting in a solvent. The solvent-speaking relaxes of the coloring substances, and the traces of the carcasses are discolored, "disappearing" both from paper, so from tracing or plastic.
But one of the main legends of our childhood did not have grounds. Remember this is such a "washing":
It was believed that the red end erases the film, and the blue was ink handles. This is bullshit. Those who believed in this legend drove notebooks and diaries to holes :-) In fact, different ends were used for different types of paper for more dense.
If you remember those erases that I loved, it is probably still the Czech all the same company KOH-I-NOOR HARDTMUTH
Sign-image "Elephant" - one of the oldest registered corporate signs in the world. Famous eraser with an elephant is made on the basis of natural rubber from 1896 to this day.
Well, at the end, I want to say that several settlements are named in the territory of our country in honor of the eraser. 
And on April 15, there is an international unofficial holiday of the day of erasing gum.
That's the way :-)
To be continued...
Have a good day.
Eraser
Packaging "Rubber for Strani", XIX century
Modern erasing tires
Erasing rubber (erasing rubber, rubber for erasure, eraser, styroga,sterashka) - stationery to remove pencil (and sometimes ink) inscriptions with paper and other surfaces for writing. It is a soft piece of non-buckled rubber, sometimes reinforced at the opposite end of the pencil. May be different colors and different density. The gum is softer, the more pleasant and more convenient to use it. There are special handles that can be erased with rubber band.
Principle of operation
During friction of rubber on paper with the inscription, pieces of graphite are erased from paper and stick to the surface of rubber, which in turn is engaged (small pieces). As a result, it is purified as a surface with an inscription (from the inscription) and the surface of the rubber band from the used layer. Drinking and poor-quality gum (in which the used layer is not erased) are dirty paper, since the adhered (and non-layer with a layer of rubber) graphite flashes on paper.
see also
Links
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Synonyms:- Laster Georgia
- Eraser-Klyachka
Watch what is "eraser" in other dictionaries:
eraser - A, m. Gomme Élastique. 1. Gumilastic, rubber, rubber. Dal. Eraser, also that gumilastic, rubber, rubber. Berezin 1875. Nerves, like an eraser, should gradually stretch to a certain limit. Stanislavsky from Zap. book 1 143. How many styles, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language
ERASER - (FR.). 1) Gumilastic, rubber, rubber. 2) smooth melting fabric, satin face; Pit paper atlas. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Eraser 1) Cloth similar to Atlas; 2) Rubber ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
eraser - Bridegroom, bald, gum dictionary of Russian synonyms. Eraser see Rubber Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language. Practical directory. M.: Russian. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011 ... Synonym dictionary
eraser - 1. Eraser, A; m. [from the English Lasting Durable] Cotton fabric with a shiny face, usually used on lining. Coat on the eraser. ◁ LASTIC, AA, OE. La shirt. L OE production. 2. Eraser, A; m. [from Greek. Lastos ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
ERASER - dense thin cotton fabric with a smooth shiny face. Produced predominantly smooth. The variety of elasty is an eraser whisk of elevated weight fabric. The width of 78.5 cm. Applied ch. arr. As much ... ... Brief Encyclopedia
ERASER - (from English Lasting letters. Durable), Easy, silky cotton fabric for lining, tailoring shirts and dresses ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ERASER - 1. Eraser1, elasty, husband. (English Lasting, letters. Durable). Cheap grade paper matter, UPOTR. Preim. On the lining. Coat on the eraser. 2. Eraser2, elasty, husband. (from lat. Elasticus elastic, elastic) (special). 1. Rubber, rubber (tech). || ... ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov
The lasty discovers can be safely considered the Aztecs and the peoples of Maya. Residents of South America found a lot of useful properties of white latex, which produced the evergreen plant of Gevei. The natives called it the "crying tree", and the resin allocated by them - "tears of kaa-o-chu." White latex they used for fastening to the body of jewelry and manufacture of dishes.
Eraser Milan Oval 1012 (Italy)
On April 15, 1770, Joseph is attracted - the British scientist-naturalist, a priest, a philosopher, a theologian, who became a story, primarily as an outstanding chemist, opened oxygen and carbon dioxide, - noted in his diary that he discovered material that was perfect for erasing the inscriptions Pencil on paper. Priestley called it "rubber" (Rubber). Prior to this, the lasty function was performed ... Bishi bread.
By the way, in honor of this event On April 15, there is an international unofficial holiday of the day of erasing gum.
Of course, pieces of rubber had to go through a long way to improve, before becoming a matter of daily use. The fact is that initially this material published an unpleasant smell, suffered from changing weather conditions, the products from it softened in the summer and became too hard in winter.
In 1839, American scientist Charles Chudjir mixed the rubber with sulfur, which became a significant step towards the evolution of the elastic. Chudiir invented the process of vulcanization (named after the volcano - the Roman God of Fire), which significantly improved the quality and strength of the material obtained from natural rubber.
Eraser Erasers often (especially in England) are called "rubber bands". The first erases were made only from rubber, now only part of the erases contains rubber.
To date, the erases are made from a natural or synthetic or even raw rubber, plastic and vinyl.
Mechanical eraser of the Japanese factory Tombow Natural rubber is obtained by coagulation and drying of juice (latex) of rubbing plants (Brazilian Gevei Hevea Braziliensis), while the main component is polyisoprene. By itself, rubber in such erases is only a binder (its content in the eraser does not exceed 20%). Vulcanization of natural rubber is obtained solid and elastic rubber, to which certain fillers are added in the future.
Eraser Faber-Castell (Germany) Erasers designed to remove pencil lines should be soft and weathered in such a consistency so that their small pieces are separated during erasing. Thanks to these properties, the erasing surface of the eraser is constantly replaced and updated. Since small fragments of eats have an adhesive structure, they are easily "glued" to the generating particle line of the griffel and remove them from the working surface.
Eraser Faber-Castell Fancy Rubber erases over time become harder, especially if there are outdoors or under the influence of sunlight. Therefore, they are recommended to be stored in packaging (film, parchment, special boxes). If the storage conditions are correct, the erases retain their qualities for a long time.
Eraser - "Colding" Faber-Castell The degree of softness or abrasiveness is determined by the proportions of sulfur and additives in the process of obtaining rubber. Additional substances are added to the eraser to improve the quality of erasing. For example, an obligatory additive is a plasticizer based on animals or vegetable oils, which is the substance that provides the quality of erasing.
Eraser Koh-I-Noor (Czech Republic) Solid rubber erases designed to remove ink paper contain more abrasive additives and are designed for mechanical removal of painted paper fibers. Therefore, their use requires caution, especially when working with low-quality paper: such erases can erase it to holes!
Japanese erasers in the form of people and animals By the way, there are eraser that can wash tracks not only from pencil or handles, but even from carcass and permanent markers! The composition of such vinyl erases includes microcapsules with solvent. From friction with paper shell capsules collapses, resulting in a solvent. The solvent-speaking relaxes of the coloring substances, and the traces of the carcasses are discolored, "disappearing" both from paper, so from tracing or plastic.
Eraser Derwent (United Kingdom) Eraser from synthetic rubber, vinyl or plastic is the next generation of erases, which appeared in the mid-fifties - the beginning of the sixties of the XX century. They are made of soft vinyl materials containing the minimum amount of abrasive substances. Often, additional softeners are added to them, providing an increase in elasticity.
Faber-Castell Sharnel Such washing gums are used to work with both paper and with a trash or drawing film. They practically do not cause the appearance of static electricity, which significantly reduces the adhesion of the particles of the elasty to the working surface. If, when erasing, the separated particles are obtained wide and long, it means that fewer movements are required to remove lines from paper than you do.
Synthetic erases are of a wide variety of forms and colors, often with bright pictures.
Faber-Castell Grip As a rule, plastic erasers packaged in paper boxes are supplied. This is done so that the softeners contained in them are not transmitted to other synthetic materials when contacting. Unlike rubber erases, vinyl erases are not spoiled over the years.
Today we will tell about another thing, without which pencils in the modern world are already unthinkable. It will be about eraser or how this subject is called the people, a stylish.
The history of the plant, with which pencil inscriptions erased, has more than two centuries. Before that function, this feature was most often performed by bread mistakes, but in 1770, the English chemist Joseph was added to discovered that the rubber (only the rubber was known) can be more successful to erase pencil inscriptions. This is due to the fact that under the friction of rubber on paper there is an electrostatic stress, due to which the particles of graphite are attracted to the eraser.
That's just the natural rubber is short-lived, as it has properties soften in summer, making an unpleasant odor, and harden in winter, becoming fragile. Improve the quality of the emails managed with the opening of the process of communization of rubber Charles Goudier (Charles Goodyear) in 1839. After that, the popularity of rubber erases has sharply increased. So at the end of the nineteenth century, the first factories for the production of stationery erases appeared in Germany and America.
In history, natural rubber lasty has long been the only material from which it was made. It lasted until the middle of the twentieth century, when the synthetic rubber was invented. And in the nineties, eraser began to do from PVC and other polymers.
From which a modern eraser is made, you can determine in its color. Red-blue or gray are made from natural rubber, they are very elastic, can twist and stretch, while not deformed, but they are not completely erased. Pure white or multi-colored erasers are made of synthetic polymers, have good abrasiveness and pleasant to the touch. True, the process of their production is very laborious and its violation leads to obtaining unsuitable to erasing the erase.
It is worth noting such a kind as "munted" eraser, called the "Klyachka" people, manufactured from polyisobutylene, pembassal, soot, calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide. He is very soft, he can give any shape, while along with graphite, it absorbs and fat from fingers, preventing the appearance of spots on paper. For these properties, he is highly appreciated by artists working coal or coal pencils.
The first associations arising with the word "eraser" - elastic, extensive material. But these properties do not belong to this type. It is a cotton canvas with a smooth silky structure obtained by satin weave threads. It does not stretch, possesses all the properties of cotton fabric, may be one-photon or with a printed pattern. It is distinguished by special strength, therefore, the name "Eraser" was called, which is translated from the English "Lasting" (durable). This is the perfect option for sewing bed sets, tablecloths, accessories, children's clothing.
Features and characteristics of eraser fabric, which consists of
Raw materials for production serves a merceerized cotton, its main advantage is improved strength and visual characteristics. Yarn chemical processing technology was developed in 1844 in the UK John Mercer.
Cotton fibers are kept in sodium hydroxide solution, during swelling the threads decreased in length, but the area increased, became stronger and easily painted. Where can be used hemp fabric read.
The process of merserization was improved by the Horace of Lowe, cotton fibers in the processing process, unlike them, was subjected to tensile and eliminate with them, with the result that the fibers acquired shine and smoothness.
Properties
In the production of leaf, the technique of satin weave is used. The main difference between it in the presence of long overlaps of the threads. Materials treated in this way possess the following properties:
- Strength, durability. Subject to the washing recommendations, they retain their strength characteristics for a long time.
- Gigroscopicity.
- Air permeability - the body "breathes".
- Softness. It's pleasant to the touch, things can be sewed without lining.
- Opacity. You can sew shadow curtains.
- Ability to drape. This property allows us to design products with folds that will gently flow, beautifully reflecting the light.
- Lack of electrification. Cotton does not accumulate statistical stress, products do not stick.
- Does not learn and does not give a shrinkage when washing at low temperatures.
Advantages and disadvantages of fiber
Mercerized cotton is difficult to stretch or break, but at the same time the material is characteristic of softness and adherence. Among the advantages - resistance to fading in the sun and maintaining the original color.
Fabric made of merserized fiber hygroscopic, in products you can walk for a long time and do not experience any inconvenience.
Among the shortcomings are shrinkage of products after washing at high temperatures, as well as a long drying time. About the characteristics of tissue Twell Find out.
It does not stretch, it should be considered when modeling clothes, combinations with other tissues, such as, twil.
Production and manufacture of material
Appeared in China, their production was too expensive, the raw material served natural silk. At the end of the 18th century, the production of satin weave cotton fibers was patented. The satin shine is obtained from the twist of the threads than the tightly twisted fiber, the brilliance will appear. Satin weave is formed from two systems. The filaments of the bases running along the canvas and the ducks are located in a certain order. The main threads are superimposed on transverse fibers in such a way that several transverse filaments are served immediately. With such a weave, the spinning density is high, the face of the fabric is more smooth brilliant. About the texture and density of the tissue Denim will tell.
Scope of application: What sew from the fabric
Established for sewing clothes, she sewed shirts, shirts, sets home sets, tracksuits, dresses, skirts, pants. From the smooth-colored sew children's products, additional elements to clothes (cuffs, collars, beaks). From the material it turns out a high-quality lining to the upper clothes (coat, jackets, cloaks). Widely used canvas in home textiles, sew bed kits, curtains, bedspreads, tablecloths, napkins. About the properties of fabric from the sail will tell.
So that things are not deformed, do not learn, you must adhere to the following recommendations:
- things are erased by hand or in a washing machine at average temperatures;
- withstands any mode, it is recommended to install a delicate mode;
- painted things do not wash with chlorine bleach;
- products can be turned off, drying stands in a spaced form to avoid chances;
- it is better to iron in the "cotton" mode, you can apply an excavation;
- due to the high hygroscopicity, it is necessary to store in well-ventilated packages, do not use polyethylene packages.
What does Satin-Jacquard fabric look like in.
Video
About cotton tissue will tell this video:
conclusions
- Eraser - cotton satin interlacing fabric, which has all the properties of cotton.
- Mercerized cotton fiber is used for production.
- Used, like, when sewing clothes, lining to clothing, is used in the production of home textiles, theater costumes, scarves.
- The canvas is durable, wear-resistant, not stretched, not deformed.
- Caring for products from the eraser is the same as for conventional cotton.