The proportion of urine 1010. Causes of increased and reduced urine density in adults and children. It can provoke it

Specific gravity (SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG)

The specific gravity indicator (relative density) is a mandatory point in general urine analysis and refers to the physical properties of urine. This is a simple test, which is determined by a yarreater and characterizes the filtering function of the kidneys.

The proportion of urine It depends on the amount of substances dissolved in it (urea, uric acid, salts), as well as on the amount of urine allocated.

Relative urine density A healthy person during the day can fluctuate in a rather wide range, which depends on the nature of the food, the volume of drunk and selected fluid. Normally, the proportion of urine is 1012-1025 in adults, and children vary depending on age. The relative density of urine in newborns is about 1018, from the 5-6th day it begins to decrease to 1002-1004 and remains so up to 2 years. Then she gradually rises and reaches the indicators of an adult only to 10-12 years.

The proportion of urine is lower than the norm

Low share of urine ( hypostenuria) It can be observed after a rich drink, with a decrease in edema, diuretic reception, glomerulonephritis, with acute and chronic jade, inexpressible diabetes.

The proportion of urine above the norm

Raising specific gravity ( hyperstoreuria) It may be noted with a disadvantage of liquid, diabetes mellitus, certain stages of renal failure. The presence in the urine glucose and protein also causes an increase in the specific gravity. The presence of 10 g / l glucose increases its relative density by 0.004, and 0.4 g / l of protein - approximately 0.001.

A single measurement of the proportion of urine allows us to justify the concentration function of the kidneys. For a more reliable assessment and clarification of the diagnosis, Zimnotsky's sample is used (daily dye fluctuations are evaluated).

The urinary system of a person is designed to withdraw the products of metabolism. The main role of filtration is performed by the kidneys. In any case, the body will be purified from harmful or recycled unnecessary substances accumulated in the filter, regardless of the amount of liquid consumed. But the density of urine depends on how much water is drinking. In medicine, it is called the specific weighing of urinary discharge. Why are analyzes for determining this value?

General studies of urin on relative density show how much the kidneys are capable of concentrating and dilute. This indicator is normal to be 1,005-1.028 units. But the numbers vary depending on the time of day, as the metabolism of people and the amount of water consumed per day constantly fluctuates. Basically, the proportion of urine depends on the following factors:

• Abundant sweating;
• High body temperature or environment;
• Volume of drinking water;
• Eating, which negatively affects metabolic processes (salty, fried, oily);
• Frequency of respiration (this also distinguishes fluid from the body).

Reduced urine density in children at birth will not fall smaller than 1,010. But with age, gradually increases, and the proportion is equal to the norms of mature people.

To study the functionality of the urinary system, the morning fence analyzes produce. It will be the most informative, because at night the human breath slowly, water does not come, and the sweating decreases.

Indicators above the norm: Why is the proportion of urine increases?

Hyperstoreuria arises with certain pathologies in the human body. As a rule, it is accompanied by the edema of the tissues (lower limbs, eyelids), which gradually increases and increases.

Under what diseases or violations of urine tests above the norm?

• Loss of fluid (strong sweating, vomiting, burns, massive bleeding);
• Intestinal obstruction;
• Dysfunction of urinary organs (glomerulonephritis, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome);
• Toxic effect from long-term admission of antibacterial agents;
• Toxicosis in women due to pregnancy;
• Disorders of the endocrine system (hormonal failure, diabetes mellitus);
• Abdominal injuries;
• Water delay in the body.

Hyperstoreuria caused by physiological factors does not require treatment. It will take place independently, as soon as the patient has restored health, metabolism and a sufficient amount of water will go. But with pathological changes, such as violations of the function of the endocrine and urinary system, it is necessary to prescribe therapeutic agents.

How to understand that a person has a specific urinary density of urinary discharge? To do this, it is necessary to assess the state of health and analyze the disturbing symptoms. For example, Hyperstoreuria provokes not only the swelling, but also pain in the lower back. Urine becomes dark, its number decreases, acquires an unpleasant smell. Changes affect general condition, a person is quickly tired, he wants to sleep.

It is important to note that children have figures that exceed the standard of specific gravity are more often caused by congenital or acquired diseases of urinary organs. They are also associated with intestinal infections and reduced immunity.

Indicators below normal: why urine loses density?

After an increase in the volume of the liquid consumed, hypoxenuria occurs. This often happens if the patient suffered an infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and collided with long vomiting or diarrhea. Doctors recommend to fill its reserves, which contributes to the dilution of urine. Then the indicators fall below the norm. Also on the physiological reduction of weight affects the use of diuretics.

Pathological deviations include the following diseases:

• Nonachar diabetes, without therapy leads to constant dehydration (there is neurogenic, nephrogogenic, nervous genesis, in pregnant women);
• Chronic disorders of urinary bodies;
• Acute pyelonephritis;
• Chronic renal failure.

When decreasing indicators to 1,010, doctors can already send a patient to the diagnosis of kidneys. Thus, at an early stage of development of pathology, it is possible to eliminate the problem and prevent major changes in vital organs.

Urine analysis: How is it held?

Urinary selection relate to products of metabolic processes. They are formed from the blood undergoing filtering in the kidneys. An aqueous solution of electrolytes (by 92-99% consisting of water) contains organic particles. It has many components. Every day, renal filters are isolated from the body urea and salt.

Urine analysis diagnoses kidney functionality and whole organism. It also helps to estimate the effectiveness of already designated therapy. Why? Because the exchange processes affecting the proportion of urins pass several stages:

1. The composite elements of the blood are filtered, so the primary urine is similar to the plasma, but contains particulate (glycogen, protein, fat).
2. There is reabsorption in the tubules. That is, useful substances are absorbed back into the bloodstream.
3. The residual fluid generates secondary urine. Just it is derived by urination.

To determine the weight of the urinary discharge in adults or children, use a urgent. But to evaluate the kidney functions, samples are carried out:

• Zimnitsky;

Using the analysis, the activity of renal function is checked in men / women who do not change the drinking mode. Collect allocations every 3 hours. So the day should get 8 images of Urin. Using a ureter, the average value of the indicators is determined. Normally, the value of night diuresis is 30% different from daytime.

• Concentration;

In this case, patients change drinking mode, removing the fully consumption of any fluid per day. In order not to feel hunger, they give protein food. If the patient does not tolerate the mode, then some water is allowed. Collect urin after 4 hours. Watching the specific weight: if they are at level 1.015 or decrease to 1,010, then the renal filters do not cope with the concentration of the selection.

The relative density of urine and its shade: what are they talking about?

Evaluation of urin properties includes not only the diagnosis of its weight. Always take into account the shade of urinary discharge. And it depends on the presence of various components in the urine. What affects her color can be seen from the table.

The intensity varies from the specific gravity and the volume of selection. Often, the color is influenced by the reception of medicines, painting it into a certain shade.

The underestimated relative density always discolor its shade. As mentioned above, most often it is manifested with a non-car diabetes of different origin. Consider the most common forms.

1. Neurogenic.

It occurs with insufficient production of antidiuritic hormone. Filters become unable to keep water, so even without drinking liquid, diuresis continues until completely dehydration. Urin indicators fall to 1.005.

The mechanism for the development of the neurogenic form depends on the pituitary / hypothalamus dysfunction. It decreases or the production of trop and antidiuretic hormones decreases. The reason for such a state is not always clear. Therefore, patients are diaporated by idiopathic type, and it is striking young people who have achieved mature age. Another violation factor becomes head injury, a tumor or surgery traumating the listed areas of the brain.

1. Nephrogenic.

There is an occurrence of parenchymal diseases of the kidneys and their chronic insufficiency. In turn, nephrogenic disorders provoke various metabolic dysfunctions.

• Conne syndrome. At the same time increases pressure, muscle fibers weak.
• Hyperparathyroidism. Bones affects, contributes to the development of osteoporosis and nephroalcinosis. Many calciums are found in the discharge, they acquire white color.

Very rarely nephrogogenic unacceptable diabetes is congenital, usually it is purchased in the course of life.

In order to identify such serious disorders in the urinary system and in the body as a whole, healthy people are recommended to take tests twice a year. In the presence of diseases, diagnosis is carried out in the treatment process and periodically in the direction of the doctor.

Anatoly Shishigin

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A.

When contacting the patient, a specialist with any disease is prescribed, first of all, urine analysis for a study by different indicators. This is necessary for maximum informativeness in the diagnosis of the disease, also this analysis indicates the state of various systems in the patient's body.

Urin is estimated at different parameters, transparency, color, impurities and other indicators. One of the most important values \u200b\u200bis the density of urine, which, in the presence of diseases or pathologies, can decrease or increase.

With the growth of indicators of the relative density of urine, specialists in general analysis in the laboratory are detected in the samples under study, dissolved and insoluble substances that are part of a liquid released by man. The more these components are present in the Urin composition, the higher its relative density. If the general studies in the clinical laboratory, an increased urine density is revealed, in such cases, patients are prescribed a number of additional diagnostic procedures.

The most common methods of studying the relative urine density is a Zimnitsky test, which allows other indicators to estimate the kidney function, their concentration and urinary abilities. This technique of diagnostic analysis allows us to find out the density of urine collected during a certain period of time during the day. The increasing density of the test sample also indicates a general analysis, which most often revealing the change in normal parameters.

Morning portion of a liquid selected by the patient, which copied all night in its body, is not investigated. The biomaterial collection begins with the second urination after awakening and further. It is necessary to make a fluid fence every 3 hours, starting from 9 am, thus, on the day, the patient collects 8 servings. Each of them in the laboratory is investigated for certain indicators, including to exceed the norm by density and specific weight. When collecting fluid, a person needs to adhere to the usual diet and be sure to record the amount of the adopted liquid.

Having received results from the laboratory, people are wondering - improved the relative density of urine What does this mean? If after analyzes, the increased density of urins is found (above 1.035), they are diagnosed with hyperstoreurium. This phenomenon means excess of the permissible indicators of the specific weight of the dedicated liquid.

In clinical medicine there are rational indicators that depend on the age of the patient:

• breasts have the first 10 days of life - from 1.008 to 1.018;
• in children under 3 years old these indicators from 1.010 to 1.017;
• at the age of 4-5 years, the indicators vary from 1.012 to 1.020;
• for an adult, the value of the values \u200b\u200bis ranging from 1.010 to 1.025.

During the day, density indicators fluctuate. The reasons are physiological in nature - in the morning, they are higher due to the absence of fresh fluid flow overnight and urin concentration in the body. In the daytime, the specific density is the lowest, since the liquid is highlighted in the largest volumes.

Why increases urine density?

Increased density and specific urine weight, several factors are promoted, which differ for children, pregnant women and adults. Deviations can be both a physiological nature and pathological.

Pathological causes are associated with the development of diseases in the body, and physiological depends on the temporary factors of human vital activity in the form of an increased sweating, taking a significant amount of fluid and so on.

Hyperstoreuria in women in position

A woman who is carrying a child occurs toxicosis, which is a permissible indicator at the same time a state special for its body. It is toxicosis that causes hyperstoreurium, because liquid is delayed in life systems, which connects with specialists with gestosis. The presence of gestosis especially provokes an increase in urine density.

Hyperstoreuria in children

In the child, the proportion of urin increases with kidney diseases and changes in renal tissue. Quite often in the children's body, intestinal infections appear or intoxication occurs due to protracted vomiting or diarrhea.

With these processes, there is strong dehydration of the entire body in a child, which increases urine density. The proportion of Urin is strongly increased in the first days of the infant, but doctors point to the physiological causes of this deviation, during the day the analysis comes to valid indicators.

Hyperstoreuria in adults

In an adult patient, an increase in the density of the released fluid occurs for a number of factors. Clinical practice revealed the most frequent reasons:

1. Development of proteinuria and selection in the urine of protein;
2. Increased glucose indicators, which is often with diabetes mellitus. This condition is called glucosuria specialists;
3. Deficiency of the kidneys, glomerulonephritis, jade, cystitis and other infectious pathologies;
4. The course of treatment with medicines, which are removed from the body too intensively. These drugs include all antibiotics and diuretic
5. Dehydration and disadvantage of fluid in the body, especially in cases where the patient takes very little water a day;
6. Dehydration of a sharp organic type associated with finding a hot room with a strong sweating, vomiting and long-term diarrhea.

By and large, the density of urine is the same for all patients, regardless of age and gender. To identify the root causes of violation, it should be done on the Zimnitsky sample, which also indicates the existing kidney problems and explores their functionality.

With a strong reduction in the specific density of urins with respect to permissible indicators, hypoxenuria occurs when the lower boundaries of the specific gravity are significantly lowered relative to the lower boundaries of normal indicators. This condition in a patient has a person who has become significantly increased in the daily volume of fluid in any form - juices, water or tea. The male floor often abuses the beer, which is reflected in urine density.

There may also be influenced by pathology that are present in the body:

• diabetes;
• restoration of infiltrates of edema after inflammation;
• low-calorie diet with a small amount of vitamins and enzymes, dystrophy;
• pyelonephritis in the chronic stage;
• interstitial jade, glomerulonephritis;
• excess dosage of diuretic drugs;
• excessive intake of fluids during the day.

Hypo- and hyperstoreuria cause a mass of negative consequences for the body, which requires it timely detection and treatment. Diagnostics are carried out according to the Zimnitsky method, as well as on general analysis.

Action when changing the density of urin

The treatment is carried out in the hospital or an outpatient basis during the control of the nephrologist or an endocrinologist, as well as a pediatrician in case of illness in children. There are often cases when hyperstoreurium accompanies diabetes mellitus, since high blood glucose provokes consumption of a large volume of water, which disrupts the work of the kidneys and the urinary system organs.

In this case, the patient must strictly follow all the recommendations of the doctor in order not to cause complications and treatment problems. Medicines appointed by the doctor are aimed at the effective elimination of the cause of this disease with minimal impact on the remaining organism systems.

In cases of renal failure, it is necessary to respect the diet recommended by the doctor and adhere to the basic rules of a healthy lifestyle. From the diet exclude spices and salting, smoked and sharp foods that irritate organs and prevent the fluid outflow. In the chronic stage, it is necessary every 2-3 months to hand over blood and urin on the analysis.

The urine analysis is prescribed during a survey on any disease, since it is a very informative diagnostic technique and can tell about the state of many patient organs. Urin is evaluated according to various parameters - color, transparency, the presence of impurities and other indicators. An important value in the diagnosis has the specific urine's share or its density, which, with different pathologies, can be reduced or increased.

Urine density is improved - what does this mean?

Increased relative urine density can be detected with traditional overall urine analysis and is caused by the amount of undeveloped and solutes contained in Urin. The more such components will be present in the composition of urine, the higher its relative density. If with a general laboratory study it turned out that the proportion of urine has deviations from the norm, additional diagnostic procedures are assigned to the patient.

Relative density is measured under various studies, the most famous of which is. Such an analysis of urine, in contrast to the total, it allows you to rather informatively assess the renal functionality (urinary and concentration).

In fact, the sample in the wintering is a diagnostic technique measuring the density of urins assembled at certain hours. At the same time, an increase in urine density may also indicate a general analysis of urine.

Usually the morning urine, which accumulated overnight, do not investigate. Biomaterial collection for research begins with the second after the awakening of urination. They collect urine every 3 hours, for the first time at 9 am, only the day will be 8 servings, and each of them will be examined separately to the necessary indicators, in particular on the proportion or density. In the process of collecting, it is recommended to maintain the former diet, the main thing, write the amount of drunk.

Values

If in the process of research it turned out that the density is slightly higher than the norm, i.e. it rises above 1.035, then they speak of hyperstoreurium. It is so called a phenomenon in which the share of urine exceeds the norm.

Normal indicators in accordance with age:

1. Newborn in the first 10 days of life - 1,008-1,018;
2. In 2-3 years - 1,010-1,017;
3. 4-5-year-old - 1.012-1.020;
4. 10-12-year-old - 1.011-1.025;
5. In adults, the density of urins is considered within 1,010-1,025.

Normal phenomenon is the oscillation of daily urine indicators. The morning portion, for example, will be more exceeded, because at night the patient is usually not drinking anything, so the urine is not diluted. The specific density of urine during the daytime, has the lowest density indicators and is highlighted in the largest volumes.

The reasons

There are several factors leading to a relative increase in the specific weight of Urin. In pregnant women, adult patients and children, they can vary somewhat. The causes of deviations are pathological or physiological. Pathological factors that high urine density detects are related to certain diseases, and physiological can be determined by temporary factors like strong sweating, consumption of a large amount of fluid during the day, etc.

In pregnant women

In pregnant women, on the background of their condition, traditional toxicosis occurs, which is the main cause of increasing urine density. In addition, some patients have a fluid delay in the body that doctors are associated with gestosis. This factor also provokes the development of hyperstoreuria in pregnant women.

In children

In a child, the strength increase is often associated with renal diseases and changes in the tissues of the organ. In addition, children often detect intestinal infections or poisoning causing vomiting or diarrhea. These manifestations cause strong dehydration of the body and lead to the urine density large.

The specific weight indicator can be increased in the first days of the life of the newborn, but doctors argue that this deviation is often only physiological character and after a few days, it comes back to normal.

In adults

Hyperstoreuria usually arises against the background of factors such as:

• Presence of protein in Urin or proteinuria;
• Increased glucose content characteristic of diabetics. Such a state, experts are also called glucosuria;
• The presence of kidney problems like their insufficiency, glomerulonephritis, infectious pathologies of the type of cystitis or jade;
• Receiving a large amount of drugs that are actively displayed by urine, for example, diuretics or antibiotics;
• Liquid deficiency, when a person drank a small amount of water per day;
• Sharp organic dehydration associated with abundant sweating, diarrhea or irrepressible vomiting.

In general, the reasons for the fact that urine density above the norm is about the same in all segments of the population. To determine the true causes of such violations, it is recommended to pass the Zimnitsky sample, which will make it possible to study the renal activity in detail and get a more complete picture of their functionality.

In the article, you will read what indicators are included in the overall analysis of urine, which reference intervals of these indicators, which is the norm of leukocytes and red blood cells in the urine, how much can be in the urine of protein and sugar, which epithelium cells are found in the analysis.

Information is prepared by the doctors of laboratories and the CIR clinic.

Generally clinical studies of urine (general urine analysis, OAM) includes the definition of physical properties, chemical composition and microscopic examination of the sediment.

Physical properties of urine

The main physical properties of urine defined by the OAM:

• transparency
• specific gravity
• pH (urine reaction)

Urinary color

The urine color is normal to range from light yellow to a rich yellow and caused by pigments contained in it (Urohrom A, Urochrome B, Uroetrine, Urorezin, etc.).

Reference values:

Interpretation

The intensity of urine color depends on the amount of selected urine and its specific gravity. The urine of a saturated yellow color is usually concentrated, stands out in a small amount and has a high proportion. Very light urine is a little concentrated, has a low proportion and stands out in large quantities.

Color change can be the result of the pathological process in the urinary system, the impact of the components of the diet of the drugs.

Transparency (turbidity)

Normal urine is transparent. Perustion of urine can be the result of the presence of erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelium, bacteria, fat droplets, precipitated salts, pH, mucus, urine storage temperature (low temperature contributes to salts).

In cases where urine is muddy, it should be found out whether it stands out immediately muddy, or this cloudy occurs after a while after standing.

Specific urine (g / l)

In a healthy person, throughout the day, it can fluctuate in a rather wide range, which is associated with periodic meals and loss of liquid with the sweat and exhaled air.

Interpretation

The proportion of urine depends on the amount of substances dissolved in it: urea, uric acid, creatinine, salts.

• Reducing the specific weight of urine (hypoxenuria) to 1005-1010 g / l indicates a decrease in the concentration ability of the kidneys, an increase in the amount of urine released, abundant drinking.
• Increased urine specific weight (hyperstorenuria) more than 1030 g / l is observed with a decrease in the amount of urine released, in patients with acute glomerulonephritis, systemic diseases, with cardiovascular failure, may be due to the appearance or increase of edema, large loss of fluid (vomiting, diarrhea ), Toxicosis of pregnant women.

Urine reaction (pH)

pH of urine in a healthy person located on a mixed food mode, sour or weakly acidic.

Interpretation

The urine reaction may vary depending on the nature of the food. The predominance of animal proteins in the food diet leads to a sharply acidic reaction, an alkaline urine reaction with a vegetable diet.

• The acidic urine reaction is observed during fevers of various genes, diabetes in decompensation, starvation, renal failure.
• The urine alkaline reaction is characteristic of cystitis, pyelonephritis, significant hematuria, after vomiting, diarrhea, consumption of alkaline mineral water.

Chemical examination of urine

Currently, the chemical study of urine is carried out on automatic analyzers using the dry chemistry method.

Chemical research includes a definition in the urine:

• squirrel
• glucose
• ketone tel

Protein in the urine, protein rate in the urine

The normal urine contains a very small amount of protein (less than 0.002 g / l), which is not detected by high-quality samples, therefore it is believed that the protein in the urine is not. The appearance of a protein in the urine is called proteinuria.

Interpretation

Physiological proteinuria includes cases of temporary appearance of protein in urine, not related to diseases. Such proteinuria is possible in healthy people after receiving a large amount of food rich in proteins, after strong physical stresses, emotional experiences, epileptic attacks.

Functional proteinuria associated with hemodynamic stress is possible in children against the background of fever, emotional stress, stagnant heart failure or arterial hypertension, as well as after cooling.

Pathological proteins are divided into renal (preenal) and out-of-seeking (launched):

• Exposable proteins are caused by an admixture of a protein that is distinguished by the urinary tracts and genitals; They are observed in cystitis, pyelits, prostatites, urethritis, vulvovaginites. Such proteinuria rarely exceed 1 g / l (except in cases of pronounced pyuria - the detection in the urine of a large number of leukocytes).
• Renal proteinuria is most often associated with acute and chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, nephropathy of pregnant women, feverish states, pronounced chronic heart failure, kidney amyloidosis, lipoid nephrosis, kidney tuberculosis, hemorrhagic fevers, hemorrhagic vasculitis, hypertensive disease.

False-positive results when using test strips can be due to pronounced hematuria, increased density (more than 1.025) and pH (above 8.0) urine.

Determination of glucose (sugar). Glucose rate in the urine.

Also, the urine contains glucose in the form of traces, which are not preserving 0.02%, which also, as well as protein, is not revealed by conventional high-quality tests.

Interpretation

The appearance of glucose in the urine (glucosuria) can be physiological and pathological.

• Physiological glucosuria is observed when eating a large amount of carbohydrates (alimentary glucosuria), after emotional voltage (emotional glucosuria), after receiving some drugs (caffeine, glucocorticoids), with morphine, chloroform, phosphorus.
• Pathological glucosuria can be pancreatic origin (diabetes), thyreogenic (hyperthyroidism), pituitary (Ishchenko-Cushing syndrome), hepatic (bronze diabetes). To properly assess the glucosuria, it is necessary to determine the amount of sugar in the daily urine, which is especially important in patients with diabetes.

Ketone bodies in the urine

Ketone bodies (acetone, acetoxus acid, (in-hydroxymalaic acid)) in the urine of a healthy person can sometimes be detected with very small use of carbohydrates and in large volumes - fats and proteins.

Interpretation

Ketone bodies appear in the urine during starvation, alcohol intoxication, diabetes, in children with vomiting and diarrhea, nervous arthritic diathesis, as well as with severe infectious processes accompanied by a long-term increase in temperature.

Microscopic urine study

Microscopic examination of urine sediment is carried out after determining the physical and chemical properties of urine. The sediment is obtained by centrifuging urine.

Two types of urine precipitate:

• organized (red blood cells, leukocytes, epithelial cells, cylinders) precipitate
• unorganized precipitate (salts, mucus).

Organized precipitate

Organized precipitate is presented:

In addition, in sediment can be: spermatozoa, bacteria, yeast and other fungi.

Reference values \u200b\u200b(in sight):

Interpretation

Normally, erythrocytes are absent in the urine sediment, or single in the drug. The most often hematuria is associated with the pathological process of various etiology (autoimmune, infectious, organic lesion) directly in the kidneys. When detecting in the urine of red blood cells, even a small number is always necessary for further observation and repeated research.

There are no leukocytes in the urine in the urine, or identifies single in the preparation and in the field of view. Leukocyturia (over 5 leukocytes in the field of view) may be infectious (bacterial inflammatory processes of the urinary tract) and aseptic (with glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, chronic renal transplant rejection, chronic interstitial nephritis). Piiraia is considered to be discovered in sediment during microscopy 10 and more leukocytes in the field of view.

Active leukocytes (Stergeemer-Malina cells) are not normal. Detection in the urine of active leukocytes indicates an inflammatory process in the urinary system, but does not indicate its localization.

In healthy people in the urine sediment, single in the field of view of a flat (urethra) and transitional epithelium (lochanks, ureter, urinary bubble) are found. The renal (tubules) of the epithelium in healthy people is absent.

Flat epithelium: Men in the norm only identifies single cells, their number increases with urethritis and prostatitis. In the urine of women, the cells of a flat epithelium are present in more quantities.

The cells of the transition epithelium: may be present in a significant amount of acute inflammatory processes in the bladder and renal diplomas, intoxications, urolithiasis and urinary tract neoplasms.

Cells of renal epithelium: appear in nephritis, intoxications, blood circulation deficiency. The appearance of the renal epithelium in very large quantities is observed in necrotic nephrosis (for example, in case of poisoning with subloga, antifreeze, dichloroethane, etc.).

Normally, the urine sediment may be hyaline cylinders (single in the drug). Grass, wax, epithelial, erythylocyte, leukocyte cylinders and cylindroids are absent. The presence of cylinders in the urine (cylindruria) is the first sign of the reaction from the kidneys on the overall infection, intoxication or for the presence of changes in the kidney themselves.

Bacteria Normally None or their number does not exceed 2000 cells in 1 ml. Bacteriuria is not an absolutely reliable evidence of the inflammatory process in the urinary system. The content of microorganisms is crucial. In the study of the general analysis of urine, only the fact of the presence of bacteriuria is stated.

Unorganized precipitate

Inorganized precipitates include salts crystals, as well as mucus and cystin, tyrosine and lecithin crystals in the pathological urine. The fallout of salts in precipitate depends mainly on the properties of urine, in particular from its pH. This parameter has a slight diagnostic value. The increase in the content of inorganic salts in the urine indirectly indicates a urolithiasis with stones of the corresponding composition.

In acidic urine there are:

• uric acid;
• urates (brine salts, which include bridges of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium);
• oxayless calcium, carbonate calcium).

• tripelphosphates (phosphorous ammonia-magnesia);
• phosphates;
• middle Ammonium.