English-Russian translation Peter and Paul Fortress. Presentation in English on the topic "Castle Tower and Peter and Paul Fortress" (Grade 6) Peter and Paul Fortress very briefly in English

St. Petersburg is a Russian port city on the Baltic Sea. It was the imperial capital for 2 centuries, having been founded in 1703 by Peter the Great. The city remains Russia "s cultural center, with its world-famous museums, palaces and theaters.

The Hermitage is one of the largest and oldest museums in the world. It was founded by Catherine the Great. The museum includes masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Picasso, Renoir, Vincent van Gogh, Rembrandt and many others. Experts say it would take 11 years to examine about 3 million exhibits in the Hermitage.

Nevsky Prospekt is the main street in St. Petersburg which was cut through thick woodland in 1718. Kazan Cathedral with its impressive colonnade is located just in the heart of the street. The prospect is lined with numerous cafés, restaurants and shops.

Church of the Savior on the Spilled Blood with its colorful domes and bright mosaics was constructed in the early 20th century on the spot of the 1881 assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Used by the Soviets to store potatoes during the Second World War 900-day siege of the city by Nazi forces, the church was finally reopened to the public in 1997.

Peter and Paul Fortress was one of the first buildings to be erected in St Petersburg in 1703, including the Baroque Peter and Paul Cathedral, which is the final resting place of almost all of Russia's pre-revolutionary leaders (Peter the Great, Catherine the Great , Nicholas II and others). Other sights include an impressive statue of Peter the Great named “The Bronze horseman”, a working mint and the cells where revolutionaries were held.

Mariinsky Theater was first opened in 1860. The theater has long been one of the world’s most prominent venues for ballet and opera. Its dance school trained such world-famous ballet dancers as Rudolf Nureyev and Vatslav Nijinsky.

While the State Hermitage displays fine art from all over the world, the Russian Museum contains home-grown masterpieces. Opened in 1898, the museum exhibits everything from priceless orthodox icons to paintings by such famous artists as Surikov, Vasnetsov, Aivazovsky, Kandinsky. Among outstanding works are “The Last Day of Pompeii” by Karl Bryullov, and Ilya Repin’s “The Zaporozhye Cossacks Writing a Letter to the Turkish Sultan”.

The gold-domed 19th-century St Isaac's Cathedral is one of St Petersburg's most famous landmarks. It offers wonderful views of the city from its gilded viewing platform. Statues of the apostles stand guard at the top of St Isaac’s, while its massive doors are decorated with biblical scenes. Inside, the cathedral boasts a vast ceiling painting by Karl Bryullov as well as St Catherine's Chapel.

Vasilevskiy Island - the largest island in St Petersburg which offers a bizarre selection of attractions including a pair of 15th-century sphinxes from Egypt on the river side and a museum of biological oddities “Kunstkamera” where you can see the skeleton and the heart of Peter the Great's gigantic personal servant. The island is also home to the 19th-century Rostral Columns whose torches are lit on special occasions. It’s a great place to wander along the banks of the Neva river.

St. Petersburg is a Russian port city on the Baltic coast. For two centuries, it remained the state capital, founded in 1703 by Peter the Great. The city is still the cultural center of Russia, with its world famous museums, palaces and theaters.

The Hermitage is one of the largest and oldest museums in the world. It was founded by Catherine the Great. The museum includes masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Picasso, Renoir, Vincent van Gogh, Rembrandt and others. Experts say that it would take 11 years to study the 3 million exhibits of the Hermitage.

Nevsky Prospekt is the main street of St. Petersburg, which was cut through dense forests in 1718. Kazansky Cathedral with its impressive colonnade is located in the very heart of the street. The avenue is built up with numerous cafes, restaurants and shops.

The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, with its multi-colored domes and bright mosaics, was built in the early 20th century on the site of the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881. Used by the Soviet authorities to store potatoes during the 900-day Nazi blockade of the city during World War II, the temple was finally opened to the public in 1997

The Peter and Paul Fortress is one of the first buildings erected in St. Petersburg in 1703, including the Baroque Peter and Paul Cathedral, which became the last resting place for almost all Russian pre-revolutionary heads (Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Nicholas II and others). Other attractions include the impressive Bronze Horseman statue of Peter the Great, a functioning mint, and chambers where revolutionaries were kept.

The Mariinsky Theater was first opened in 1860. For a long time, the theater has been one of the most outstanding venues for ballet and opera performances. His ballet school has produced world-renowned ballet dancers such as Rudolf Nureyev and Vaclav Nijinsky.

While the State Hermitage presents works of fine art from all over the world, the Russian Museum contains Russian masterpieces. Opened in 1898, the museum presents everything: from priceless Orthodox icons to paintings by such famous artists as Surikov, Vasnetsov, Aivazovsky, Kandinsky. Among the outstanding paintings one can see "The Last Day of Pompeii" by Karl Bryullov and "Zaporozhye Cossacks Writing a Letter to the Turkish Sultan" by Ilya Repin.

St. Isaac's Cathedral of the 19th century with its golden domes is one of the most famous visiting cards of St. Petersburg. It offers a wonderful panorama of the city from its gilded observation deck. Statues of the apostles stand on the roof of the cathedral, massive doors are decorated with biblical scenes. Inside, the cathedral can be proud of a huge painted ceiling made by Bryullov, as well as the Chapel of St. Catherine.

More meanings of the word and translation of PETROPAVLOVSKAYA FORTRESS from English into Russian in English-Russian dictionaries.
What is the translation of PETROPAVLOVSKAYA FORTRESS from Russian into English in Russian-English dictionaries.

More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for PETROPAVLOVSKAYA FORTRESS in dictionaries.

• PETROPAVLOVSKAYA FORTRESS - Saint Petersburg
  
• FORTRESS - f. stability, strength
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• FORTRESS - Castle
  
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• FORTRESS - strength
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• FORTRESS - Strength
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• FORTRESS - fortress
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• FORTRESS - 1. (fortified place) 1. stronghold 2. military. fortress fortress siege - siege of a fortress 2. f. (v …
  Russian-English dictionary
• FORTRESS - 1. (fortified place) 1. stronghold 2. military. fortress fortress siege - siege of a fortress 2. f. (v …
  Russian-English Smirnitsky abbreviations dictionary
• FORTRESS - strength
  Russian-English Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Automation
• FORTRESS - I wives (fortified place) 1) stronghold 2) military. fortress - siege of the fortress II w. strength; solidity (strength ...
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• FORTRESS - presidio amer., Strength
  Russian-English Dictionary of Construction and New Construction Technologies
• FORTRESS - Castle
  British Russian-English Dictionary
• FORTRESS - soundness
  Russian-English Dictionary of Economics
• STRENGTH - strength, strength) strength military. fortress; transfer bulwark, citadel
  Russian-English Dictionary - QD
• FORTRESS - . The strength of the ethyl alcohol is expressed by the term "proof".
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• FORTRESS - I wives (fortified place) 1) stronghold 2) military. fortress fortress siege II w. strength solidity III wives ...
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• FORTRESS - fortress; strength
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• PETROPAVLOVSKAYA DEFENSE - Siege of Petropavlovsk
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• PETROPAVLOVSK HARBOR - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
  English-Russian Geographical Dictionary
• STRONGHOLD - noun 1) fortress, stronghold, citadel; stronghold of Syn: citadel, bulwark 2) military. stronghold fortress, stronghold, citadel - that city ...
  
• STRENGTH - noun 1) strength to build up, develop one "s strength ≈ to develop, build up strength to find strength ≈ to find strength to ...
  Large English-Russian Dictionary
• FORTRESS - noun fortress to besiege a fortress ≈ to besiege a fortress to storm, take a fortress ≈ to occupy a fortress an impregnable fortress ...
  Large English-Russian Dictionary
• FASTNESS - noun 1) tightness, stability, stability; hardness, strength Syn: fixedness, stability 2) a) speed, speed the increased fastness of living ...
  Large English-Russian Dictionary
• DELIVER - chap. 1) release, deliver (from) And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. (Mt 6: 13) ...
  Large English-Russian Dictionary
• ASSAULT
  Large English-Russian Dictionary
• SIEGE OF PETROPAVLOVSK - Peter and Paul Defense
  
• PETER AND PAUL FORTRESS - Peter and Paul Fortress
  American English-Russian Dictionary
• FORTRESS - noun fortress to besiege a fortress - to besiege a fortress to storm, take a fortress - to occupy a fortress an impregnable fortress ...
  English-Russian Dictionary of General Vocabulary

St. Petersburg -Saint Petersburg

St. Petersburg is a large beautiful city in the north-western part of Russia. It is a city of white nights, green parks, numerous channels and bridges, granite embankments and railings. Many famous Russian and foreign architects created the face of the city in the 18th and 19th centuries.

St. Petersburg is a large, beautiful city in the northwest of Russia. It is a city of white nights, green parks, numerous canals and bridges, granite embankments and trellises (fences). Many famous Russian and foreign architects worked on the face of the city in the 18-19th centuries.

The St. Peter and Paul Fortress is located on the Hare Island. The foundation stone was laid by Peter the Great in Mai 1703. The fortress was always used only as political prison and never had any importance for military purposes. Such famous people as Gorki, Chernyshevski, Dostoyevski were also imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The Peter and Paul Fortress is located on the Hare Island. The foundation stone of the fortress was laid by Peter the Great in May 1703. The fortress has always been used as a political prison and has never been of importance for military purposes. Such famous people as Gorky, Chernyshevsky, Dostoevsky were also prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The foundation of the colossal St. Isaak`s cathedral produced many problems because of the soft soil. The construction of the cathedral lasted forty years and was finished in 1858. The French architect Monferrand erected the 101.5 meter building. The interior space of it reaches 4000 square meters.

Erection of the foundations for the colossal St. Isaac's Cathedral caused many problems due to the soft soil. The construction of the cathedral lasted forty years and was completed in 1858. The French architect Montferrand built a 101.5 meter high building. Its internal area reaches 4000 square meters.

There are very many beautiful and interesting places in St. Petersburg. Among them are the Summer Garden with its famous railing, the Hermitage, the Kazan Cathedral, the Russian Museum, the Rostral Columns, the Alexander Nevski Monastery, the Alexander Column, the Palace Square, the Triumphal Arch, the Admiralty, the Field of Mars , etc.

There are many beautiful and interesting places in St. Petersburg. Among them are the Summer Garden with its famous lattice, the Hermitage, Kazan Cathedral, the Russian Museum, Rostral Columns, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, Alexandria Column, Palace Square, Triumphal Arch, Admiralty, Field of Mars, etc.

The Hermitage is one of the most interesting museums in St. Petersburg. It occupies six buildings. The largest and the most important building designed by Rastrelli is the Winter Palace. The St. Petersburger Hermitage has 365 rooms and more than 2.7 million various exhibits. It is the largest art museum in our country and one of the most famous art museums in the whole world.

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Tower Castle in Great Britain and Peter and Paul Fortress in Russia Completed by: 6th grade student of the Pochepskaya Secondary School, Vadim Starodubtsev Head: Druzhina Natalya Igorevna, teacher of the I qualification category

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HYPOTHESIS: 1. The history of the Tower and the Peter and Paul Fortress is similar and closely related to the history of the country; 2. Both monuments keep the traditions of their time. PURPOSE: To compare and analyze two cultural monuments from different countries, to highlight the common and the difference between them. OBJECTIVES: 1. Analyze the theoretical material related to the history and traditions of the Tower and the Peter and Paul Fortress. 2. Conduct a study of the similarities and differences between the Tower of London and the Peter and Paul Fortress.

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Tower of London Tower of London is one of the oldest buildings and the most recognizable symbols of not only London, but the whole of Great Britain. This is the historic center of London. The fortress is located on the north bank of the Thames, at the eastern borders of the City. The fall of 1066 was a time of great change for England. Duke William of Normandy, having collected 700 ships and an army of 32,000 people, landed on the southern coast of the island. Having completely defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II at Hastings, he solemnly entered London and was crowned at Westminster Abbey, becoming William I. On the ruins of wooden Anglo-Saxon settlements, the Normans erected stone towers enclosed by high walls. These militarized castles, according to Wilhelm's plan, were supposed to protect the new masters of the country from the hostile local population, and also serve as a means of intimidating the rebellious Anglo-Saxon nobility. An example of such castles is the Tower of London, built at the walls of the City. The chronicles name Gandalf, Bishop of Rochester, as the creator of this "palace fortress". Actually, Gandalf only laid the foundation for the Tower, erecting its "core" - the White Tower, or, in other words, the White Tower. Completed in 1097, this structure was the tallest in all of London.

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WHITE TOWER TOWER The castle was located in the south of what was then London, one side overlooked the Thames. The place for the construction was not chosen by chance, earlier one of the Roman forts was located here, parts of it were used in the Tower. Then the size of the fortress was much smaller, initially the central tower was erected, which later became a citadel. And at the time of construction, the stone tower was surrounded by a palisade, an earthen rampart and a moat. The fortress walls were completed later. It is believed that the Tower began to be built in 1078, this date, although inaccurate, is confirmed by both carbon analysis and excavations and documents. The exact date of completion of the construction is not known, but it is assumed that the Bela Tower was completed no later than 1100. The White Tower gets its name from the color of its walls in 1240.

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BLOOD TOWER Prison accommodation for important or high-ranking prisoners. The Bloody Tower was built at the beginning of 1220. The Bloody Tower was defensive until the construction of St. Thomas's Tower. Located on the banks of the river, it guarded the main entrance to the fortress. After the courtyard and new water gates were built in 1280, the Bloody Tower became the main entrance from the outer courtyard to the inner one. The Bloody Tower was once called the Garden Tower, since it was located next to the Lieutenant Garden. However, in Tudor times it began to be called Bloody, when in 1604, while visiting the Tower, James I was told that it was in this tower that the “Tower Princes” Edward V and his brother Richard were killed. It was built as a living area for the living room or office of the Constable who lived next door. However, the tower was destined to become a dungeon for important or high-ranking prisoners.

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BLACK CROWS TOWER'S SYMBOL The first crow appeared in the castle in 1553. In the 17th century, King Charles II issued a decree that six black ravens should be kept in the castle at all times. It is believed that the Tower and the entire British Empire will fall as soon as the crows leave it. It is known for certain that the first raven appeared in the castle in 1553 during the time of the "nine-day queen" Jane Gray. It was then that the famous “Vivat!” Sounded for the first time, foreshadowing the bad news - Gray was executed. However, crows became iconic during the time of Queen Elizabeth, by whose order her favorite, the Duke of Essex, was imprisoned in a prison cell for a riot. While waiting for the verdict, a huge black raven knocked on the duke's cell window with its beak, and gazing intently into Essex's eyes, shouted "Vivat!" Three times. The duke told the visiting relatives of the bad omen, who, in turn, spread the word throughout London, the sad outcome was obvious to everyone. A few days later, the Duke of Essex was brutally executed. This legend lived on for several centuries - the raven came to the doomed to the scaffold, until the Tower lost its status as a royal prison and became a museum. Since that time, whole dynasties of ravens have settled on the territory of the Tower, and their life on the territory of the castle has acquired a mass of legends. So, one of them still lives - it is believed that the Tower and the entire British Empire will fall as soon as the crows leave it.

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TOWER GUARDS A special raven guardian has been appointed. The castle is constantly served by guards, yeomen, who are called "beefeaters". Surprisingly, in the 17th century, King Charles II issued a decree, according to which it was clearly stated that there should be six black ravens in the castle at all times. A special guardian-keeper of the ravens was assigned to oversee this, whose duties included the complete maintenance of the birds. This tradition is still alive today. Since then, practically nothing has changed seven black ravens (one is a spare) live in excellent conditions in the fortress - in spacious enclosures. The castle is constantly served by guards, yeomen, who are called "beefeaters". They are responsible for guarding the castle, keeping the regalia and overseeing the prisoners who have not been in the castle for a long time.

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The Queen's Keys ceremony God Save Queen Elizabeth has been held for 700 years on the territory of the Tower, which is called the Queen's Keys. Every day at 22.00, the Keeper of the Keys with a lantern in his hands, dressed in clothes from the times of the Tudor dynasty, leaves the Byward Tower. The Key Guard, dressed in the uniform of beefeaters, walks towards him. The guards lock the main gate and go under the arch of the Bloody Tower. The Keeper of the keys takes off his hat and says, "God save Queen Elizabeth." Everyone answers: "Amen." The chief watchman then takes the keys to the curfew, where they are kept until morning. This ceremony has never been interrupted for 700 years of its existence. For nearly a thousand years, the Tower of London has been the home of England's history. As the saying goes: “Whoever owns the Tower rules”. The Tower of London is the largest and most durable fortress in Europe. It took 200 years to build it. Today tens of thousands of tourists from all over the world strive to visit a place full of secrets and legends.

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Peter and Paul Fortress The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg is considered the oldest architectural monument of the city. The first construction work began on May 27, 1703, the day of the Holy Trinity. The construction of the fortress was carried out according to the drawings developed by Peter the Great himself on a small island at the mouth of the Neva. After the capture of the Swedish fortress Nyenskans, Peter I and his entourage, circling the islands of the Neva delta in search of a place for a new Russian fortification, drew attention to this conveniently located island. According to legend, as soon as the Russian ships landed on the island, a royal bird - an eagle - appeared over it. Taking this for God's blessing, the tsar went ashore, cut out two strips of turf with a spade, folded them with a cross and, as the essay of an anonymous author of the 18th century narrates. “On the conception and the building of the reigning city of St. Petersburg”, “having made a cross of wood and placing it in the sod, he deigned to say:“ In the name of Jesus Christ, in this place there will be a church in the name of the supreme apostles Peter and Paul ... ”Thus, construction began the fortress of St. Petersburg (as it was called at the beginning, and only later, when a new city arose around it, the name St. Petersburg began to denote the city, and the fortress began to be called Peter and Paul).

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GREAT PETER I May 16 (May 27, new style) 1703 Peter I laid a new fortress on Hare Island May 16 (May 27, new style) 1703 Peter I laid a new fortress on Hare Island, which was supposed to protect the during the Northern Land War. This date went down in history as the birthday of the city, which was rapidly developing under the cover of an impregnable fortress. The plan of the fortress was developed personally by the emperor. He made it in the form of an irregular hexagon with protruding corner fortifications-bastions, which are interconnected by curtain walls. Initially, the fortress was made of wood, but already in 1706, under the leadership of the architect Trezzini, the replacement of old buildings with new ones - brick - began.

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SYMBOL "Bronze Hare" The hare indicated a place for the future fortress The terrible Peter and Paul Fortress begins with an unexpectedly touching symbol: at the breakwater of the boardwalk Ioannovsky Bridge (approximately the same were the first St. Petersburg bridges) a bronze hare "fleeing from the flood" crouched on a wooden post. This is how they honored the memory of that legendary hare from the Yenisaari Island, who jumped on the boot of Tsar Peter, thereby indicating the place for the future fortress.

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The Peter and Paul Gates symbol The Peter and Paul Fortress is the symbol of the Peter and Paul Gates, built in 1714. In 1720, the coat of arms of Russia, a two-headed eagle, was fortified over the gate span. In 1703, the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress began. The Peter and Paul Fortress became the main defensive line of the city. The spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral rose above St. Petersburg, as a symbol of the establishment of Russia on the Neva banks, as a symbol of its exit to the expanses of the Baltic. Already in 1704, they began to erect wooden and stone walls. Later, the Peter and Paul Fortress was fortified for a long time with stone and granite blocks. This fortification was completed only in 1787.

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The ensemble of the Peter and Paul Fortress The ensemble of the Peter and Paul Fortress includes the Commandant and Engineer Houses, the Artillery Workshop, the Mint, the Main Treasury, the Botny House, the guardhouse and other historical buildings. Most of the buildings of the Peter and Paul Fortress are characterized by long-term construction. Several generations of architects worked on many buildings that make up the composition of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The building of the Mint is one of the oldest industrial enterprises in the city, which minted coins, orders and medals. He was transferred here from Moscow by decree of Peter I in 1724 and before the construction of a special building occupied the Trubetskoy and Naryshkin bastions. The mint works to this day, as before, issuing Russian coins, medals and awards. The manufacture of these products requires secrecy, so visitors are not allowed inside the Mint.

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The political prison Peter and Paul Fortress was built as a defensive structure, but it has never fulfilled its main functions in its history. For two centuries, the fortress served as a political prison. One of the first prisoners of the dark casemates of the fortress was Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Peter I. The famous princess Tarakanova was imprisoned in the prison of the Peter and Paul Fortress, posing as the daughter of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna and claiming the Russian throne. The leaders and participants of the Decembrist uprising, organizers of the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II, writers Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Maxim Gorky and many others were imprisoned in the bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The prison was famous for the fact that it was impossible to escape from it: in its entire history there has not been a single escape from it. The prison was subject to a special secrecy regime. Even the guards themselves did not know who they were guarding - they were not given the names of the prisoners, whom they called by the cell number. Sometimes the prisoners tapped each other using a special prison alphabet, reminiscent of Morse code. A person who was caught doing this was severely punished - he was transferred to an icy dark punishment cell, where he was kept on bread and water.

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Peter and Paul Cathedral Peter and Paul Cathedral in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul. The spire of the bell tower was crowned with the figure of an angel with a cross. A special place in the ensemble of the fortress is occupied by the Peter and Paul Cathedral, built in 1713-1733 according to Trezzini's project on the site of a wooden church founded in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul. The cathedral is decorated with a gilded spire with a height of 122.5 meters, which is crowned with the figure of a flying angel, which has become a symbol of the city on the Neva. For a long time, the Peter and Paul Cathedral served as the burial vault of Russian monarchs. The founder of the city himself, Peter the Great, is buried at the southern wall of the cathedral. The unique tombstones of Alexander II and his wife Maria Alexandrovna, which differ from other tombstones in the tomb, are made of jasper and eagle. The last burial in the Peter and Paul Cathedral took place in the summer of 1998, on the 80th anniversary of the execution of Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children and servants. The last Russian emperor and his family were buried in the Catherine limit of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. First of all, at the request of the king, a high bell tower with a spire was erected. Peter needed it as an observation deck from where he could see the approach of the Swedes. In addition, its construction had a political meaning - it was supposed to become a dominant feature, to approve the return of the Neva lands to Russia. Peter I personally often went up with foreign guests to the bell tower standing in the woods and showed them a panorama of the city under construction from there.

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HOLY CATHEDRAL In the center - the royal gates with the figures of the apostles, on either side of them - the sculptures of the good messenger the archangel Gabriel with a lily in his hands and the patron saint of the army of the archangel Michael with a sword. The altar canopy is visible behind the gates, supported by carved spiral columns. Today, there are several permanent museum exhibitions on the territory of the fortress. In the Commandant's House, visitors can get acquainted with the history of Petersburg-Petrograd from 1703 to 1917, and in the Trubetskoy Bastion everyone will be told about the main political prison of tsarist Russia. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, where the necropolis of the imperial Romanov family is located, is very popular among tourists. The idea to turn the cathedral into an imperial tomb belonged to Peter himself. The first tomb in the still wooden Peter and Paul Church was installed when the two-year-old daughter of the Tsar, Catherine, died. Then, even before the completion of the construction of the stone church, the wife of Tsarevich Alexei, Crown Princess Charlotte, sister of Peter I, Maria, and Tsarevich Alexei himself, who died in the casemates of the fortress, were buried here. They are buried at the entrance under the stairs to the bell tower. 43 icons for the iconostasis were created in St. Petersburg by an artel of Moscow artists.

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Currently, the main buildings of the Tower are the museum and the Armory, where the treasures of the British crown are kept; officially continues to be considered one of the royal residences. There are also a number of private apartments in the Tower. Today, there are several permanent museum exhibitions on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In the Commandant's House, visitors can get acquainted with the history of Petersburg-Petrograd from 1703 to 1917, and in the Trubetskoy Bastion everyone will be told about the main political prison of Tsarist Russia. The Peter and Paul Cathedral is very popular among tourists.

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Do you know about such sights as: Tower and Peter and Paul Fortress? Questioning of students in grades 7-11 Who were the founders of the Tower and the Peter and Paul Fortress?

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CONCLUSION Castles and fortresses are the national, cultural and spiritual heritage of the peoples of Great Britain and Russia, which we must preserve and pass on to descendants. The history of the Tower of the Peter and Paul Fortress are similar and closely related to the history of their country. Both monuments keep the traditions of their time. Although the original meaning of the existence of castles has now been lost, they continue to play an active role in the life of states, recalling their rich history, keeping numerous museums, libraries, ancestral tombs and unsolved mysteries within their walls, thus serving as an impregnable and beautiful reminder of the past. Having familiarized ourselves with the history of the appearance of castles and fortresses, we found out that most of the castles in Britain and fortresses in Russia were built in the period from the 11th to the 13th century for a defensive purpose. Having studied the features of the location of castles and fortresses, we came to the conclusion that both the fortresses of Russia and the castles of England were built in places inaccessible to enemies, such as islands, hills and hills, rocky coasts of rivers and seas. The founders of castles and fortresses were generals, monarchs, priests, wealthy feudal lords. In the course of the historical development of castles and fortresses, their purpose and functions changed from defensive fortifications to a museum.

St. Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (population nearly 5 million), formerly Leningrad, is Russia "s second largest city. Only Moscow, the capital, has more people. St. Petersburg is a major Russian port and one of the world" s leading industrial and cultural centers ... The city lies in north-western Russia, at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea.

St. Petersburg was the first Russian city built in imitation of western European cities. Its magnificent palaces, handsome public buildings, and wide public squares resemble those of such cities as London, Paris, and Vienna. In the early 1800 s, a commission that included noted Italian architect Carlo Rossi established a design for the center of the city that includes a series of squares.

The city has had three names. Czar Peter I (the Great) founded it in 1703 as St. Petersburg. After Russia went to war against Germany in 1914, at the start of World War I, the name was changed to Petrograd. The country "s officials chose this name, which means Peter" s City in Russian, to get rid of the German ending burg.

In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed under the leadership of Russia. In 1924, the Soviet Unions Communist government renamed the city in honor of V. I. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Communist Party. In 1991 - as Communist influence in the Soviet Union declined - the people of the city voted in a nonbinding referendum to restore the name St. Petersburg. In September 1991, the Soviet government officially approved the name change. In December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and Russia became an independent nation.

The city lies on a marshy lowland where the Neva River empties into the Gulf of Finland, at about 60 ° north latitude. Because of its far northern location, St. Petersburg has very short periods of daylight in winter. For about three weeks in June, it has "white nights" during which the sky is never completely dark.

The center of St. Petersburg is on the southern bank of the Neva. This area includes the main business district and most of St. Petersburg "s famous buildings. Many fine examples of baroque and neo-classical architecture have been preserved in the area, and few modern structures have been built there. The city has about 900 small rivers and canals and about 400 bridges.

The historic Winter Palace (now the Hermitage Museum) »completed in 1762, stands in the center of the city. The palace was the winter home of the czars. The General Staff Building, designed by Rossi and completed in 1829, stands across Palace Square from the Winter Palace. Several blocks away is the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia, whose massive golden dome dominates St. Petersburg "s skyline. The Peter and Paul Fortress, begun in 1703, is the oldest building in St. Petersburg. Many Russian czars are buried in a cathedral at the fortress.

The center of St. Petersburg is surrounded by old residential areas that have stone or brick apartment buildings. Near the outskirts of the city there are thousands of modern concrete apartment buildings. The western section of St. Petersburg is the chief industrial district of the city.

Several luxurious palaces built in the 1700 s still stand in three suburbs of St. Petersburg-Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, and Pushkin. These palaces, famed for their architectural excellence, were summer homes of the czars. Today, they are popular resorts and tourist attractions.

St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg (population almost 5 million), formerly Leningrad, is the second largest city in Russia. Only in Moscow, the capitals, more people live. St. Petersburg is the main Russian port and one of the leading industrial and cultural centers in the world. The city is located in northwestern Russia, in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea.

St. Petersburg was the first Russian city to be modeled after Western European cities. Its magnificent palaces, sumptuous public buildings, and wide squares are reminiscent of those in cities such as London, Paris and Vienna. In the early 1800s, a commission headed by the eminent Italian architect Carlo Rossi approved the city center design, which included a number of squares.

The city had three names. Tsar Peter I (the Great) founded it in 1703 as St. Petersburg. After Russia entered the war with Germany in 1914, at the beginning of World War I, the name was changed to Petrograd. The country's officials chose this name, which means City of Petra, to get rid of the German ending -burg in the name in Russian.

In 1922, the Soviet Union was created under the leadership of Russia. In 1924 the communist government of the Soviet Union renamed the city in honor of V. I. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Communist Party. In 1991, as soon as the communist influence in the Soviet Union diminished, the population of the city voted in a referendum to restore the name of St. Petersburg. In September 1991, the Soviet government officially approved the name change. In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia became an independent state.

The city is located in a swampy area where the Neva River flows into the Gulf of Finland, approximately 60 ° north latitude. In winter in St. Petersburg, due to its northern location, the days are very short. In June, there are “white nights” for about three weeks when the sky never completely darkens.

The center of St. Petersburg is located on the southern bank of the Neva. This area includes the main business district and most of the famous buildings of St. Petersburg. Many fine examples of Baroque and neoclassical architecture have been preserved here, and several modern structures have been built alongside them. The city has about 900 small rivers and canals and about 400 bridges.

The historic Winter Palace (now the Hermitage Museum), completed in 1762, is located in the city center. The palace was the winter residence of the kings. The Admiralty building, designed by Rossi and completed in 1829, is located across Palace Square from the Winter Palace. A few blocks away - the Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatinsky, whose massive golden dome rises above the skyline of St. Petersburg. The Peter and Paul Fortress, begun in 1703, is the oldest building in St. Petersburg. Many Russian tsars are buried in the cathedral of the fortress.

The center of St. Petersburg is surrounded by old residential areas "with stone or brick residential buildings. Thousands of modern concrete residential buildings are located near the outskirts of the city. The western part of St. Petersburg is the main industrial area of ​​the city.

Several luxurious palaces, built in the 1700s, still stand in three suburbs of St. Petersburg - Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets and Pushkin. These palaces, famous for their architecture, were the summer residences of the kings. Today, they are popular resorts and attractions.