The history of the creation of AES is brief. Brief description and features of AES. Countries that have expressed interest in participating in APEC

And a regional type, within which the business sector plays a central role. One such organization is APEC. The decoding of the abbreviation sounds like Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

History of creation

The APEC association began its existence in 1989. The states that created the association had an identical desire - to improve the standard of living in the Asia-Pacific region by stimulating the economy and strengthening trade.

The community began with industry and trade negotiation programs. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation includes 21 states. These are Australia and Brunei, Vietnam and Hong Kong, Indonesia with Canada, China and the Republic of Korea, Malaysia with Mexico, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, Peru and Russia, Singapore and the USA, Thailand and Taiwan, the Philippines, as well as Chile and Japan.

After Russia, Peru and Vietnam were included in the list of countries participating in the association (in 1997), the community introduced a 10-year moratorium on the future expansion of the list of community members.

Origins of the formation of the association

The APEC union, which stands for Asia-Pacific, was initially viewed not as a union of states, but as a tandem of economies. The organization was initially aimed at solving not political, but exclusively economic issues. APEC was formed as a forum that did not have and was not supported by any bureaucratic apparatus. Even today, the association's secretariat, located in Singapore, includes 23 diplomats. Each of the representatives was chosen by the participating economies of the project. The secretariat also employs 20 local employees. In comparison with the WTO, APEC, which is explained above, is not based on the rules for the formation of organizations that provide for enforcement powers in the event of trade disputes.

Partnership specifics

The specifics of the work are consultations and the desire to reach consensus. The partnership process between states is built on the open exchange of information between countries and the public. The community is based on collective and individual action plans created by the members of the association that help achieve the goals of each state. The plans include detailed data on 15 sectors of activity. These include tariffs and non-tariff measures, services and investment, standards and compliance, customs processes and intellectual property rights protection, competition policy and government procurement, product release rules and direct mediation of disputes, business mobility, and information gathering and concentration.

APEC's global role

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation covers about 40% of the population. The total GDP of all participating countries exceeds $16 trillion, which corresponds to 60% of world GDP. APEC leaders have become the main instrument for promoting open trade and initiating economic cooperation in the region. The participating countries account for at least 42% of total world trade. The role of the group has greatly increased over the past 20 years. Community members are currently active:

• carry out trade liberalization;
• assist anyone;
• provide mutually beneficial economic and technical partnership;
• deal with youth and women's issues.

General ideas and preferences

APEC, which has already been explained above, is based on the assertion that business is the basis of work, and to achieve success it must be stimulated. At the first stages of the community's work, systematic consultations were carried out with the best representatives of the business segment in the Asia-Pacific region.

In 1995, it was decided to create a Business Advisory Council, which became a key body for the work of the entire community. All APEC member countries appointed at least 3 people to the council who could express the interests of national business. Annual ABAC summits are held to ensure that state representatives present generalized recommendations on the following issues:

• implementation of community program documentation, which is associated with the liberalization of not only the trade but also the investment regime;
• development of economic and technical partnerships;
• identifying community positions regarding business problems.

Each of the reports is prepared not separately by each state, but in close cooperation with experts from government agencies.

First effective steps

APEC, whose list of countries is constantly growing, made its first productive decisions in 1990-2000. The emphasis was placed on simplifying visa formalities for business people of the economies of the member states of the association. Barriers to the free movement of not only goods, but also investments were lowered. The expansion of strategic initiatives in the field of business partnerships was stimulated. The ABAC Task Force has begun active efforts to integrate internationally acceptable material standards. Active efforts have been made to build capacity and strengthen the financial system at the international level.

A task force of experts within the community is working hard to activate e-commerce. A set of measures was developed to reduce the “digital gap” between APEC economies. The list of countries participating in the association allows you to see how different the level of integration of virtual technologies into the business sphere was in different countries. Today this problem has already been completely resolved.

First summit in Russia

In May 2001, the first meeting was held in Moscow within the framework of the APEC Forum. It was attended by 100 representatives of the business elite of the Asia-Pacific region. Russia, for its part, initiated the creation of the APEC Business Club, which includes more than 50 large-scale domestic firms and banks that focus their activities on the Asia-Pacific region.

According to the Russian President, the country intends to take an active part in the development of the community's activities, including the adaptation of the country's legal framework while simultaneously developing democracy. The government of the great state is well aware that it has excellent prospects for prosperity within the dynamically developing trading region.

2014 Beijing Summit

The last APEC summit took place in November 2014 in Beijing. The result of the negotiations was a 24-page declaration. The leaders of the participating states decided to engage in stimulation and continue to be active in the direction of abandoning protectionism.

The APEC summit in Beijing became the basis for the association's members to continue the fight against the fragmentation of regional trade. The community has set its sights on developing online finance. Moreover, an almost unanimous agreement was adopted regarding the development of areas of partnership with which in the future should prevent the spread of the Ebola epidemic.

The APEC summit in Beijing was focused on resolving the issue of development during a crisis period. The emphasis was placed on the fact that each country should independently search for the driving forces for its economy.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is the world's largest economic association, whose members account for about 60% of global GDP and approximately half of world trade. APEC was founded in 1989 in Canberra (Australia) on the initiative of the prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand. APEC does not have a charter, therefore it cannot be called an organization, and therefore acts as an international forum, an advisory body for discussing economic issues. The goals of the organization are to strengthen cooperation between the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and ensure free and open trade conditions there.

APEC unites 19 countries (Australia, Brunei, Vietnam, Canada, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Chile, Philippines, South Korea, Japan) and two territories (Hong Kong, which is part of the People's Republic of China, and Taiwan), therefore its participants are officially called not APEC member countries, but APEC economies. Russia joined APEC in 1998.

Initially, APEC's highest body was the annual ministerial meeting. Since 1993, the main form of APEC organizational activity has been the annual summits of APEC economic leaders, during which declarations are adopted summarizing the overall results of the Forum's activities for the year and determining the prospects for future activities.

Russia views APEC as one of the most important and promising integration institutions in the “Pacific Ring” region. In terms of its economic and geographical scope and “presidential” format, the Forum is the most representative and unparalleled multilateral structure for dialogue and interaction in the Asia-Pacific region on key issues of trade, investment, economic and technical cooperation, as well as the most pressing global problems and challenges.

Russia is interested in participating in integration projects in the Asia-Pacific region, in which Siberia and the Far East play a special role, primarily in the energy and transport fields. They can become a kind of “land bridge” between the countries of the so-called Pacific Rim and Europe. The most important milestone of Russian participation in APEC was the designation of Vladivostok as the capital of the summit in 2012.

On November 10–11, 2014, the 22nd annual meeting of APEC economic leaders was held in Beijing (China). At the end of the summit, the participating countries adopted a 24-page declaration, which contains many details about how interaction will develop in the future, for example, a plan was developed to strengthen interconnectivity in 2015-2025. APEC countries also once again confirmed their commitment to the principle of non-protectionism.

After negotiations between Russia and China, 17 documents were signed relating to the oil and gas sector, hydropower, joint infrastructure projects and equipment supplies. Along with the already signed agreement in May 2014 on gas supplies to China through the eastern route “Power of Siberia”, a memorandum and framework agreement were signed to increase gas supplies to the PRC by almost 2 times due to the capacity of the western route “Altai”. After the implementation of all signed agreements on natural gas supplies, China will become the No. 1 importer of Russian gas in the world.

In the field of finance, Russian Vnesheconombank (VEB) also reached new agreements. The bank, together with Chinese partners, will create a fund to attract private Chinese investment. In addition to creating the fund, VEB plans to attract several billion dollars of foreign investment for the construction of economy-class housing in Russia.

During the APEC summit, the US President promoted the idea of ​​​​creating a Trans-Pacific Partnership, the terms of which were not fully disclosed, but the intention was visible - to limit further economic growth of China and to gather around him - and against China - all the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The Trans-Pacific Partnership, according to the organizers, should become an international trade and economic organization with the possible introduction of a free trade zone in the region. This idea was proposed in 2003 by New Zealand, Singapore and Chile. The United States became interested in the project in 2008. However, neither the United States nor other countries have yet signed an agreement establishing a trans-Pacific partnership, but are negotiating.

The Russian leader, in an interview with Chinese media, spoke out against the US plans. “It is obvious that the Trans-Pacific Partnership is another attempt by the United States to build a beneficial architecture for regional economic cooperation. At the same time, I believe that the absence of such major regional players as Russia and China among its participants is unlikely to make it possible to build effective trade and economic interaction. It is still difficult to assess what has actually been achieved within the framework of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This initiative is being promoted behind closed doors, even for business and the public of the contracting states themselves, not to mention other countries,” said V. Putin.

In general, the summit can be called successful - cooperation between APEC countries continues and continues successfully. This is evidenced by the data that Vladimir Putin cited in his speech: “In recent years, the expansion of trade relations in the Asia-Pacific region has been accompanied by a noticeable growth in the economies of our countries. Today, APEC accounts for 37% of world trade, and the living conditions of the population have also improved significantly. This is also a fact that is objective. This is largely the result of economic integration developing in the Asia-Pacific region. Last year, APEC passed a qualitative milestone: for the first time, trade volumes within our association exceeded the volumes of export-import transactions with non-regional countries. To maintain such positive dynamics, it is necessary to further deepen trade and investment cooperation between our countries, more actively eliminate the excessive administrative barriers that we constantly talk about, and improve access to markets.”

According to Chinese customs statistics, trade turnover between Russia and China in 2013 amounted to $89.21 billion, an increase of a symbolic 1.1%. The main items of Russian exports are still “mineral fuel, oil and petroleum products” (67.9% of the total volume), timber (7.1%), ore raw materials (5.3%), non-ferrous metals (4.3%) , as well as chemical products (3.8%). In turn, the main items of Chinese exports to Russia at the end of 2013 were mechanical and technical products (38.0%), chemical products (8.4%), “textile clothing” (6.8%), “knitted clothing” ( 6.5%), as well as shoes (6.1%).

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation- — Telecommunications topics, basic concepts EN Asia Pacific economic cooperationAPEC… Technical Translator's Guide

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation- ... Wikipedia

ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION- (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation) An intergovernmental organization of 21 states in the region, including the USA, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, China, South Korea, ASEAN countries, etc., created in 1989 on the initiative of... ... Foreign economic explanatory dictionary

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)- ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) A regional economic bloc formed in 1990 with the aim of creating a free trade zone. The group included: Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Canada, China, Republic of Korea, Malaysia,... ... Dictionary-reference book on economics

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)- a regional grouping created in 1989. The association includes states of the Pacific Ocean, which differ greatly in their level of economic development. In 1995, a program was adopted providing for the creation of a free trade zone and... ... Geoeconomic dictionary-reference book

Forum "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation" Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Forum Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation- In connection with the upcoming APEC Summit of Heads of State and Government, November 18-19. The intergovernmental forum "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation" (APEC) was created in November 1989 at the first ministerial conference... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum) is an interstate forum created to promote economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia Pacific region.… … Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Asian-Pacific area- Countries of the Asia-Pacific region The Asia-Pacific region is a political and economic term denoting the countries located along the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean and the numerous island states in itself ... Wikipedia

APEC- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an international (regional) economic organization. APEC is the largest economic association (forum), accounting for over 60% of world GDP and 47% of world trade volume... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Yesterday, today, tomorrow, the book continues a series of publications devoted to the development of the macroregion, under the general title “Strategy for the development of the Far East and the Baikal region”. The second book in the series attempts to answer... Category: Enterprise Economics Series: GSL Library Publisher:, Manufacturer: Far Eastern University Publishing House, Buy for 2750 UAH (Ukraine only)
• Asia-Pacific economic cooperation: yesterday, today, tomorrow, Kurilov V.I. , The monograph continues a series of publications devoted to the development of the macroregion, under the general title 171; Strategy for the development of the Far East and the Baikal region 187;. It attempts to answer... Category: Foreign policy. International relationships Series: Publisher:

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum of 21 economies in the Asia-Pacific region (APAC) for cooperation in the field of regional trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. APEC was created in 1989. APEC's goal is to enhance economic growth and prosperity in the region and strengthen the Asia-Pacific community.

The participating economies are home to approximately 40% of the world's population, account for approximately 54% of GDP and 44% of global trade.

APEC works to improve living standards and education through sustainable economic growth and promotes a sense of community and an appreciation of common interests among countries in the Asia-Pacific region. APEC comprises the newly industrialized countries (NIEs) and aims to create opportunities for ASEAN economies to explore new destinations for natural resource exports such as natural gas, as well as regional economic integration (industrial integration) through foreign direct investment.

APEC's annual meeting is attended by economic leaders, usually the heads of government of the organization's member economies, and only Taiwan is represented by a ministerial-level official. The location of the summit changes annually among the participating economies, and proud traditions, then for most (but not all) summits, include the leaders of the participating economies dressing up in the national costumes of the host country.

APEC currently includes 21 countries, including most of the countries on the Pacific coastline. However, the criterion for membership is that the member is a separate economy and not a state. As a result, APEC uses the term member economies rather than member countries to refer to its members. One result of this criterion is that the forum includes Taiwan (officially the Republic of China, participating under the name "Chinese Taipei"), along with the People's Republic of China, as well as Hong Kong, which entered APEC as a British colony but is now a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. APEC also includes three official observers: ASEAN, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council.

APEC member countries

Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, USA, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Hong Kong (China), People's Republic of China, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Peru, Russia, Vietnam.

Countries that have expressed interest in participating in APEC

India requested participation in APEC and received initial support from the US, Japan and Australia. However, officials have decided not to allow India to join for now for various reasons. It was decided not to allow any more participants into APEC until 2010. Moreover, India does not border the Pacific Ocean, unlike all current members. However, India was invited as an observer for the first time in November 2011.

In addition to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Macau, Mongolia, Laos, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador wish to join APEC. Colombia applied to participate in APEC back in 1995, but its proposal was rejected as the organization stopped accepting new members from 1993 to 1996, and the moratorium was extended until 2007 due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Guam also wants to be a separate participant, citing Hong Kong as an example, but the request is opposed by the US, which currently represents Guam.
APEC and trade liberalization

When APEC was created in 1989, the region's average trade barrier was 16.9 percent, but it was cut to 5.5 percent in 2004, according to the organization itself.

History of APEC

The association was formed in 1989 in Canberra on the initiative of the prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand.

APEC was formed as a free consultative forum without any rigid organizational structure or large bureaucracy. The APEC Secretariat, located in Singapore, includes only 23 diplomats representing APEC member countries, as well as 20 local employees.

Initially, APEC's highest body was the annual ministerial meeting. Since 1993, the main form of APEC organizational activity has been the annual summits (informal meetings) of APEC economic leaders, during which declarations are adopted summarizing the overall results of the Forum’s activities for the year and determining the prospects for future activities. Sessions of the ministers of foreign affairs and economics are held with great frequency.

Main working bodies of APEC

Business Advisory Council, three expert committees (committee on trade and investment, economic committee, administrative and budgetary committee) and 11 working groups in various sectors of the economy.

In 1998, simultaneously with the admission of three new members to APEC - Russia, Vietnam and Peru - a 10-year moratorium was introduced on further expansion of the Forum's membership. India and Mongolia have applied to join APEC.

APEC goals and objectives

In 1994, the creation of a free and open trade system and a liberal investment regime in the Asia-Pacific region by 2020 was announced as a strategic goal. The most developed economies must liberalize by 2010. Each economy independently determines its status and timing of the introduction of new regimes based on individual action plans.

APEC Bogor Goals

The Bogor Goals of APEC were proclaimed in the Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the participating economies following their meeting in Bogor (Indonesia) in 1994 - one of the main program documents of the Forum. The goals set a long-term benchmark for APEC activities - the formation of a system of free and open trade and investment in the region: for developed economies by 2010, for developing economies - by 2020. The principle of voluntariness is especially stipulated - each country individually determines the pace of its movement towards these goals, as well as commitment to the ideas of “open regionalism”, i.e. eliminating barriers to trade and investment in relation not only to APEC partners, but equally to all other countries.

In 2005, based on individual action plans of the participating economies and with the involvement of representatives of the business and scientific communities of the region, the so-called mid-term review of progress towards the Bogor Goals. Based on its results, a draft report by APEC senior officials was prepared with recommendations to ministers and heads of state/government.

The main conclusion of the review is the recognition, on the one hand, of the significant contribution of APEC to the economic growth and well-being of the region through the liberalization of trade and investment terms and, on the other hand, the need to continue concerted efforts in this direction, taking into account the new challenges of both global and regional economic development .

To achieve the Bogor Goals, APEC is working in three main areas:

1. Liberalization of trade and investment.
2. Business assistance.
3. Economic and technical cooperation.

Russia in APEC

Russia is interested in participating in integration projects in the Asia-Pacific region (APR), in which Siberia and the Far East play a special role, primarily in the energy and transport fields. They can become a kind of “land bridge” between the countries of the so-called Pacific Rim and Europe.

Russia applied to join APEC in March 1995. Later that year, a decision was made to join Russia in APEC working groups. The procedure for Russia's entry into the organization was completed in November 1998.

From September 2 to September 8, 2012, the APEC summit was held in Russia, in Vladivostok on Russky Island.

APEC and business simplification

APEC has long been at the forefront of reforms in the area of ​​business simplification. From 2002 to 2006, business transaction costs in the region fell by 6%, thanks to the APEC Trade Facilitation Action Plan (TFAPI). Between 2007 and 2010, APEC hoped to achieve an additional 5% reduction in business transaction costs. To this end, a new trade facilitation action plan was approved. As part of its trade costs and project facilitation, increasing transparency in the region's trading system is critical if APEC is to achieve its Bogor goals, according to a World Bank study published in 2008. The APEC Business Travel Card, a travel document for visa-free business travel in the region, is one of the specific measures to facilitate business. In May 2010, Russia joined the scheme, thereby completing the circle.

Free Trade Area of ​​Asia (FTA)

APEC economies first officially began discussing the concept of creating a free trade area in the Asia-Pacific region at the 2006 summit in Hanoi. However, the preconditions for the creation of such a zone have existed since at least 1966, when the Japanese economist Kiyoshi Kojima first proposed an agreement on a free trade area of ​​the Pacific. While the idea was not welcomed with open arms, it led to the formation of the Pacific Trade and Development Conference and then the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council in 1980, and then APEC in 1989.

In more recent times, a proponent of an Asia-Pacific free trade agreement was economist S. Fred Bergsten. His ideas convinced the APEC Business Advisory Council to support the concept.

The FTA proposal arose in response to the lack of progress in the Doha round of negotiations on the World Trade Organization, and as a way to overcome the "spaghetti bowl" effect resulting from obstacles and contradictory elements of countless free trade agreements between individual countries.

There are currently around 60 free trade agreements in existence, with another 117 under negotiation in Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. The FTAAP is more ambitious in scope than the Doha round, which limits itself to reducing trade barriers. The FTAAP will create a free trade area that will significantly expand trade and economic growth in the region. Economic expansion and trade growth may exceed expectations of other regional free trade areas such as ASEAN plus three (ASEAN + China, Japan and South Korea).

Some critics note that changing trade rules in APEC will create imbalances, market conflicts and complications in relations with countries in other regions. The development of the FTAAP is expected to take many years and will involve major studies, assessments and negotiations between participating economies. The process may also be affected by a lack of political will, mass unrest, and lobbying against free trade in domestic politics.

APEC Training Center Consortium

In 1993, APEC leaders decided to create a network of APEC Research Centers between universities and research institutions in member economies. Notable centers are: Australian APEC Training Centre, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia; Berkeley Study Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Taiwan APEC Research Center, Taiwan Economic Research Institute, Taiwan; APEC Research Center (HKU), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Kobe APEC Research Center, Kobe University, Japan; Nankai APEC Research Center, Nanjing University, China; APEC Philippine Training Center, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Philippines; APEC Canada Training Centre, Canada Asia Pacific Foundation, Vancouver, Canada; Indonesian APEC Training Centre, APEC Training Centre, University of Indonesia, Indonesia.

APEC Business Advisory Council

The APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC) was formed at the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 1995 to provide advice on ways to achieve the Bogor Goals and other specific business sector priorities, and to provide a business perspective on specific areas of cooperation.

Each country nominates up to three private sector members to the ABAC. These business leaders represent a wide range of industries. ABAC provides an annual report to APEC economic leaders, containing recommendations for improving the business and investment climate in the Asia-Pacific region and business views on priority regional issues. ABAC is also the only non-governmental organization that attends the official meetings of APEC economic leaders.

APEC summit

APEC Summit - annual meeting of APEC leaders:

APEC Summit 2007 (Australia)
APEC Summit 2008 (Peru)
APEC Summit 2009 (Singapore)
APEC Summit 2011 (Honolulu, USA)
APEC Summit 2012 (Vladivostok, Russia)
APEC Summit 2013 (Bali, Indonesia)

APEC's goal is to enhance economic growth, regional prosperity, and strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. The participating economies are home to approximately 40% of the world's population, account for approximately 54% of GDP and 44% of world trade.

APEC members

There are currently 21 countries in APEC, including most of the countries with a coastline near the Pacific Ocean. One of the few international organizations that Taiwan has joined with full Chinese approval. As a result, APEC adopted the term participating economies, but not participating countries.

History of APEC

APEC was formed as a free consultative forum without any rigid organizational structure or large bureaucracy. APEC does not have a charter, therefore, from a legal point of view, it cannot be called an organization and acts as an international advisory body. The APEC Secretariat, located in Singapore, includes only 23 diplomats representing APEC member countries, as well as 20 local salaried staff.

Initially, APEC's highest body was the annual ministerial meeting. Since 1993, the main form of APEC organizational activity has been the annual summits (informal meetings) of APEC economic leaders, during which declarations are adopted summarizing the overall results of the Forum’s activities for the year and determining the prospects for future activities. Sessions of the ministers of foreign affairs and economics are held with great frequency.

The main working bodies of APEC: Business Advisory Council, three expert committees (committee on trade and investment, economic committee, administrative and budgetary committee) and 11 working groups in various sectors of the economy. The APEC Chairman, elected at the forum's conferences, changes annually on a rotational basis. Its functions are carried out by the country in which the next summit will be held. Administrative and technical functions are performed by the secretariat created in 1992.

Since 2001, the agenda of the summits has included the topic of combating international terrorism, primarily through economic and financial means. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to other aspects of security, including in the areas of trade, finance, energy, healthcare and transport, united under the general term “personal security”.