Views, sources and causes of pollution of the environment. As a person destroys environmental harm to environmental harm

Views, sources and causes of pollution of the environment. As a person destroys environmental harm to environmental harm
Views, sources and causes of pollution of the environment. As a person destroys environmental harm to environmental harm
26.07.2020

the concept used both in international law and nationally. So, in the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" The content of the term V.S. It is revealed as follows: "Negative environmental change as a result of its pollution", which entails the degradation of natural ecological systems and exhausting natural resources. In the constitution Russian Federation Another term was used: "Damage environment"(Art. 36). In the domestic legal literature, it is an opinion that the tough distinction of the scope of the concepts of "damage" and "harm" does not exist. In world legal practice, other approaches are also known to determine the concepts of "harm" and "damage" of the environment: the latter is reduced only to the property (civil-law) field; The first covers all sorts of other measurements of the deterioration of the environment. For example, within the framework of the European Union, V.O.S. It is defined as "any significant deterioration in the state of the environment in terms of physical, chemical or biological properties, which is not considered as property damage" (Directive 84/631 / EES "On observing and controlling transboundary transportation hazardous waste in European communities ").

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Harm to the environment (environmental damage)

negative environmental change as a result of its pollution, which caused the degradation of natural environmental systems and the depletion of natural resources (the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"). The harm is caused by the environment as a result of its pollution, depletion, damage, destruction, irrational use of natural resources, degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes, where degradation (from Franz. Degradation Gradus - step) - gradual deterioration, degeneration, Reducing the level of development, properties and natural economic significance of the natural environment. In criminal legislation, there is a notion of "substantial environmental harm", which is characterized by the occurrence of diseases and the death of aquatic animals and plants, other animals and vegetation on the shores of water bodies, the destruction of fish stocks, spawning places and felling; Mass death of birds and animals, including water, on a certain territory, in which the mortality rate exceeds the average to three or more times; the environmental value of the damaged territory or lost natural object, destroyed animals and wood-shrub vegetation; a change in the radioactive background to the values \u200b\u200bof the danger to the health and life of a person, the genetic foundation of animals and plants; Land degradation level, etc. Environmental harm covers real damage, missed benefits, as well as moral damage.

Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the environment, which cause adverse changes. Pollution can take the shape of chemicals or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Contamination components, or alien substances / energy, or natural pollutants, can be either alien substances.

The main types and causes of environmental pollution:

Air pollution

Coniferous forest after acid rain

Smoke from chimneys, plants, vehicles, or from burning wood and coal make air toxic. The consequences of air pollution are also obvious. The emission of sulfur dioxide and hazardous gases into the atmosphere causes global warming and acid rains, which, in turn, increase the temperature, provoking excessive precipitation or droughts around the world, and complicates life. We also breathe each contaminated particle from the air and as a result increases the risk of asthma, and lung cancer.

Water pollution

It was the cause of the loss of many types of flora and fauna of the Earth. This happened due to the fact that industrial waste dropped into rivers and other water bodies cause imbalance in aquatic environment, which leads to serious pollution and death of aquatic animals and plants.

In addition, spraying insecticides, pesticides (such as DDT) on the plants, pollute the groundwater system. Oil spills in the oceans, entailed significant damage to water bodies.

Eutrophication in the River Potomac, USA

Eutrophication is another important cause of water pollution. It occurs due to raw wastewater and washing the fertilizers from the soil in the lake, ponds or rivers, due to which the chemicals penetrate into the water and prevent the penetration of the sun's rays, thereby reducing the amount of oxygen, and making reservoir unsuitable for life.

Pollution of water resources harms not only by individual aquatic organisms, but also all, and seriously affects people depending on. In some countries of the world, due to water pollution, cholera and diarrhea flashes are observed.

Soil pollution

Soil erosion

This type of contamination occurs when harmful chemical elements fall into the soil, as a rule, caused by the activities of humanity. Insecticides and pesticides suck nitrogen compounds from the soil, after which it becomes unsuitable for plant growth. Industrial waste, and also negatively affect the soil. Since plants can not grow as necessary, they are not able to hold the soil, as a result of what erosion is formed.

Noise pollution

It appears when unpleasant (loud) sounds of the environment affect the human hearing organs and lead to psychological problems, including voltage, increased pressure, hearing impairment, etc. It can be caused by industrial equipment, airplanes, cars, etc.

Nuclear pollution

This is a very dangerous type of pollution, it comes due to failures in the work of nuclear power plants, improper storage of nuclear waste, accidents, etc. Radioactive pollution can cause cancer disease, infertility, loss of view, congenital defects; It is able to make the soil of non-good, and also negatively affects air and water.

Light pollution

Light pollution of the planet Earth

It occurs due to noticeable overpressure of the region. It is common, as a rule, in large cities, especially from advertising shields, in sports halls or entertainment facilities at night. In residential areas, light pollution strongly affects the lives of people. It also prevents astronomical observations, making stars almost invisible.

Thermal / thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is a deterioration in water quality by any process that changes the ambient temperature. The main cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as refrigerant by power plants and industrial enterprises. When the water used as a refrigerant returns to the natural medium at a higher temperature, the temperature change reduces the flow of oxygen and affects the composition. Fish and other organisms adapted to a specific temperature range can be killed. a sharp change Water temperature (or rapid increase or decrease).

Thermal pollution is due to excessive heat in the environment, creating unwanted changes over long periods of time. This is due to the huge number of industrial enterprises, deforestation and air pollution. Thermal pollution increases the temperature of the Earth, causing sharp climatic changes and the disappearance of wildlife species.

Visual pollution

Visual pollution, Philippines

Visual pollution is an aesthetic problem and relates to the effects of pollution that worsen the ability to enjoy the world around. It includes: advertising shields, open trash storage, antennas, electrical wires, buildings, cars, etc.

The overcrowding of the territory is a large number of objects causes visual pollution. Such pollution contributes to the scattering of attention, eye fatigue, identity loss, etc.

Plastic pollution

Plastic Pollution, India

Includes the accumulation of plastic products in the environment, which have an adverse effect on wildlife, animal habitat or people. Plastic products are inexpensive and durable, which made them very popular among people. However, this material is very slow decomposed. Plastic pollution can adversely affect the soil, lakes, rivers, sea and oceans. Live organisms, especially marine animals, are entangled in plastic waste or suffer from exposure to chemicals in plastics, which cause interruptions in biological functions. People also affect plastic pollution, causing a hormonal failure.

Pollution objects

The main objects of environmental pollution are such as air (atmosphere), water resources (streams, rivers, lakes, sea, oceans), soil, etc.

Pollutants (sources, or contaminants) of the environment

Pollutants are chemical, biological, physical or mechanical elements (or processes) that cause harm to the environment.

They can harm both short-term and long-term perspective. Pollutants originate from natural resources or are produced by people.

Many pollutants have a poisonous impact on living organisms. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is an example of a substance that damages people. This compound is absorbed by the organism instead of oxygen, causes shortness, headache, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases can lead to serious poisoning, and even death.

Some pollutants become dangerous when reactions with other compounds occurring in nature. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides are isolated from impurities in fossil fuel during burning. They react with water vapor in the atmosphere, turning into acid rains. Acid rain negatively affects the aquatic ecosystems and leads to the death of aquatic animals, plants, and other living organisms. Ground ecosystems also suffer from acid rain.

Classification of pollution sources

According to the appearance, environmental pollution is divided into:

Anthropogenic (artificial) pollution

Deforestation

Anthropogenic pollution - environmental impact caused by human activity. The main sources of artificial pollution stands:

  • industrialization;
  • invention of cars;
  • growth of the population of the Earth;
  • deforestation: the destruction of the natural habitat;
  • nuclear explosions;
  • excessive exploitation of natural resources;
  • construction of buildings, roads, dam;
  • creation of explosive substances that are used during hostilities;
  • use of fertilizers and pesticides;
  • mining.

Natural (natural) pollution

Eruption

Natural pollution is called and occurs naturally, without human participation. It may affect the environment for a certain period of time, but it is capable of regenerated. Natural pollution sources include:

  • volcanic eruptions, gases, ashes and magma;
  • forest fires allocate smoke and gas impurities;
  • sand storms raise dust and sand;
  • the decomposition of organic substances, in the process of which gases are released.

Pollution consequences:

Environmental degradation

Photo on the left: Beijing after the rain. Photo on the right: I was able to in Beijing

The environment is the first victim of the pollution of the atmosphere. An increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to be able, which can prevent the penetration of sunlight on the surface of the Earth. In this regard, it makes it much difficult. Such gases as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause acid rain. Pollution of water from the point of view of oil spill is able to lead to the death of several species of wild animals and plants.

Human health

Lung cancer

Reducing air quality leads to some respiratory issues, including asthma or lung cancer. Pain in chest, inflammation of the throat, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases can be caused by air pollution. Water pollution can create skin-related problems, including irritation and rash. Similarly, noise contamination leads to a loss of hearing, stress and sleep disorders.

Global warming

Male, the capital of Maldives - one of the cities that threatens the prospect of being flooded by the ocean in the XXI century

Greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, leads to global warming. Every day, new industries are being created in industry, new cars appear on the roads, and the number of trees is reduced to make room for new homes. All these factors, directly or indirectly, lead to an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere. CO2 growth entails melting of polar ice hats, which increases the sea level and creates a danger to people living near the coastal areas.

The depletion of the ozone layer

The ozone layer is a thin shield high in the sky, which prevents the penetration of ultraviolet rays to the ground. As a result of human activity, chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons, are released in, which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Unfurred land

Due to the permanent use of insecticides and pesticides, the soil can become non-fermented. The various types of chemicals formed from industrial waste fall into water, which also affects the quality of the soil.

Protection (protection) of the environment from pollution:

International Protection

Many of them are especially vulnerable as they are subject to human influence in many countries. As a result, some States are united and develop agreements aimed at preventing damage or managing anthropogenic effects on natural resources. They include agreements that affect the protection of climate, oceans, rivers and air from pollution. These international environmental treaties are sometimes compulsory documents that have legal consequences in case of non-compliance, and in other situations are used as codes of behavior. The most famous belongs:

  • The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), approved in June 1972, provides for the protection of nature for the current generation of people and their descendants.
  • The UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes (RKIK) was signed in May 1992. The main objective of this Agreement is "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at the level, which will prevent dangerous anthropogenic intervention in the climate system"
  • The Kyoto Protocol provides for a reduction or stabilization of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. It was signed in Japan, at the end of 1997.

State defense

Discussion of environmental issues often focuses at the level of government, legislation and law enforcement agencies. However, in the broadest sense, the environmental protection can be considered as the responsibility of the entire people, and not just government. Decisions that affect the environment will ideally include a wide range of stakeholders, including industrial facilities, indigenous groups, representatives of environmental groups and communities. Environmental protection decisions are constantly developing and becoming more active in different countries.

Many constitutions recognize the fundamental law on environmental protection. In addition, in various countries there are organizations and institutions involved in nature conservation.

Although environmental protection is not just a duty public institutionsMost people consider these organizations paramount in creating and maintaining basic standards that protect the environment and people interacting with it.

How to protect the environment yourself?

The population and technological advances based on fossil fuels seriously affected our natural environment. Therefore, now we need to contribute to eliminating the consequences of degradation so that humanity continues to live in an environmentally friendly environment.

There are 3 main principles that are still relevant and more important:

  • less use;
  • use again;
  • convert.
  • Create a compost bunch in your garden. It helps to dispose food waste And other biodegradable materials.
  • When shopping, use your eco-bags and try to abandon plastic packages as much as possible.
  • Put so many trees as you can.
  • Think about how to reduce the number of trips that you make using your car.
  • Reduce emissions from vehicles by walking or cycling. These are not just excellent driving alternatives, but also health benefits.
  • Use public transport when you can, for everyday movement.
  • Bottles, waste oil, old batteries and used tires must be properly disposed of; All this causes serious pollution.
  • Do not pour chemicals and waste oil to earth or in drains leading to water bodies.
  • If possible, recycle individual biodegradable waste, and work on a decrease in the amount of waste used, which are not subject to recycling.
  • Reduce the amount of meat that you consume, or consider the vegetarian diet.

Negative environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activity as a result of impact on it, environmental pollution. Exhausting natural resources, ecosystem destruction creating a real threat to human health, a plant and animal world

  • - English UNEP - United Nations Environment Program), an international intergovernmental program for the study of acute environmental problems, rational use of natural resources and the protection of our nature ...

    Ecological Dictionary

  • - damage or destruction of environmental components, the consequences of which affect the quality of life ...
  • - actual environmental, economic or social losses arising from the violation of environmental legislation, economic activity man, spontaneous environmental disasters, ...

    Dictionary of Terms Seeless Situations

  • - negative environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities and creating a real threat to human health, a vegetable and animal world, material values \u200b\u200b...

    Dictionary of Terms Seeless Situations

  • - See Damage Environmental Environment ...

    Dictionary of Terms Seeless Situations

  • - payment of special economic funds of monetary compensation, which is produced voluntarily or by decision of the court, the arbitral tribunal in accordance with the established procedures approved by the procedure and methods ...

    Encyclopedia lawyer

  • - See compensation for harm to the environment ...

    Encyclopedia lawyer

  • - Development of the foundations and methods of complex scientific. Planning and Management of Biosphere Resources ...

    Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

  • - Assessment in monetary form possible negative effects of pollution of the natural environment, which managed to avoid as a result of environmental protection of territorial bodies ...

    Ecological Dictionary

  • - Justification of well-safe levels of harmful substances in various objects of the environment ...

    Ecological Dictionary

  • - Actual environmental, economic or social losses arising from the violation of environmental legislation, human economic activity, natural ...

    Ecological Dictionary

  • - negative environmental changes as a result of its pollution, resulting in the degradation of natural environmental systems and exhausting natural resources ...

    Dictionary Business Termines

  • - negative environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activity as a result of impact on it, environmental pollution ...

    Dictionary Business Termines

  • - negative changes in the state of the environment as a result of pollution, exhaustion of the natural environment, the destruction of its environmental relations, causing damage to the property interests of nature management in ...

    Dictionary Business Termines

  • - "...: Any actions to restore, rehabilitate or replace damaged protected natural objects, water bodies and soils to achieve a sustainable environment of the environment ..." Source: "GOST R 52104-2003 ...

    Official terminology

  • - Development of the foundations and methods of comprehensive scientific planning and resource management of the biosphere ...

    Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

"Harm Environment Environmental" in books

"Why do Soviet people do not oppose the projects of structures that do irreparable harm to the environment?"

From the book of the USSR. 100 questions and answers author Puttinsky B.

"Why soviet people Do not oppose the projects of structures that do irreparable harm to the environment? " - Recall an example with the construction of forest processing enterprises on the shore of Lake Baikal. These enterprises were built on projects, not

Caring for the Environment

From the book of the author

Caring for the Environment Company began to demonstrate environmental care. Some focused on climate change and broke heads over how to adapt to the upcoming emission control era carbon dioxide. John Hoton, former chapter

Conscious approach to the environment

From the book conscious capitalism. Companies that benefit customers, employees and society Author Syodia Radhendra

Conscious approach to the environment is the first step after you have taken the environment as an important stakeholder, - raising the level of responsibility for your actions and all that is the influence that we exert in nature. It has fundamental

Causes in the Environment

From the book your baby from birth to two years by the author Sirs Marta

The reasons for the ambient temperature and humidity differences are caused. Ensure temperature and relative humidity in the room, which are beneficial affecting sleep. In the first weeks of the child's life, this means that the temperature and humidity should be permanent. When

Respect for the Environment

From the book Jewish wisdom [ethical, spiritual and historical lessons on the works of the great wise men] Author Telushkin Joseph.

Respect for the environment of cemeteries and raw materials (which spread the stench) should be located at least fifty qubits (30 meters) from the city. The raw material can only be opened to the west of the city (that is, the wind will be smelling from houses). Mishnah

Start of environmental debate

From the book History of Denmark by the author Paldwan Helge

The beginning of the economic debate in the 60s not many thought that industrialization leads to pollution. Ordinary people, taking part in public debates, implied the emission of paper and other waste into the streets, in the forest, to the beaches, and not

Islam and environmental care

From the book of the author

Islam and environmental concern Ecology, society and Islam. The correct perception by the person of his position in the universe and a fair attitude towards the world around the world is of great importance for the formation of the personality of Muslim. Environment is a world full

Caring for the Environment

From the book these strange Danes by the author Dirby Helen

Caring for the environment Danes has long worried to the extent to which one or another policy or activity is Miljovenlig (i.e., friendly to the environment). Being Miljovenlig means to be very responsible for social terms, it is partially included in the concept of healthy

Harm to the environment

From the book of the Encyclopedia of the Lawyer Author author unknown

Damage to the environment, see compensation for harm to the environment

Environmental Sensitivity

From the book Portraits homeopathic preparations, (part 2) Author Coulter Catherine R.

Environmental sensitivity image, which is particularly suitable for ARSENICUM ALBUM, is a string E with a violin, the thinnest, most stretched and most thinly configured from all strings ("hypersensitivity and excessive softness of the NRA", Hanemann). She is not only

The adaptability of rats to the environment

From the book of Rat. Author Iofina Irina Olegovna

The adaptability of rats to the environment All organisms live, develop and multiply, continuously interacting with each other and with the environment. In the process of such a comprehensive interaction on any organism affects many various factors, as

City adapts to the environment

From the book an integral city. Evolutionary intelligences of human hive Author Hamilton Marilyn

The city adapts to the environment now, since we have explored the survival process in the city, let's go to the next quality of vitality - the role of adaptability. Let's look at how differentiating, integration and flexibility allow the city

§ 5. Islam and environmental concern

From the book Islamov Author Kuliev Elmir R.

§ 5. Islam and environmental concern Ecology, society and Islam. The correct perception by the person of his position in the universe and a fair attitude towards the world around the world is of great importance for the formation of the personality of Muslim. Environment is a world

Caring for the Environment

From the book how to lead a ethical lifestyle The author of Gyaco Tenzin

Caring for the environment Thus, another aspect of ethical life is attentive related to the environment, for example, to how we use water. My own contribution may look insignificant, however, for many years I do not take a bath,

Favorable environmental strategies

From the book Favor Four. Costs - Half, Double - Double Author Wezsecker Ernst Ulrich Background

Favorable environmental strategies The purpose of this book is to show the way out of the difficult situation in the struggle for the purity of the environment. In fact, "Factor Four" means the waste is not from the fight against environmental pollution as such, but from excessive concentration

The problem of determining the concept of environmental damage, identifying its characteristic features and specific features is currently undoubted social and legal significance. Its social side is due to the critical state of the environment. There is no doubt that recently there has been a significant change in the social harm of encroachments on public environmental relations, the nature of the damage caused to them is complicated, its objective manifestation has become more multifaceted. In some cases, the actual offensive negative consequences It may take place after enough long time and in a completely different territory, which indicates its transboundary nature.

At the same time, in the theory of environmental right to study the concept of environmental damage, unreasonably less attention is paid.

The need for an in-depth theoretical development of the concepts of "environmental offense" and "environmental harm" in the early 80s paid attention to a widely known scientist S.B. Baisalov. In Kazakhstani legal literature, individual studies have emerged on the problems of legal liability for environmental offenses, which covered certain aspects of the compensation for environmental damage. At the same time, the unified generally accepted definition of the concept of environmental damage does not exist so far.

Consideration of the issue of the concept of harm caused by violations of environmental legislation is closely related to the concept of an object of the appropriate offense, since in the most general form of the object of the offense - this is exactly what harm is caused by committing an unlawful act.

In legal literature, it is rightly emphasized that there is no harmless offense, any offense is harmful, since public relations are acting as an object of encroachment.

In this regard, it is necessary to briefly consider the position of scientists on determining the concept of an environmental offense object.

In some cases, under the object of the environmental offense, material and intangible benefits understand, namely natural objects and complexes, as well as the environment in general, protected by law from pollution, depletion and destruction, as well as human health and material values, the state of which depends on the quality of the surrounding Environments, or actually the quality of the latter, in other - environmental interest. Based on approval of an inseparable existence of legally significant social relationship and regulators of their legal norms, some scientists include the elements of the object of the offenses of the norms of environmental and natural resource branches of legislation and the public relations settled by them.

The statement of the stated positions allows us to conclude that in science of environmental law there is no unified understanding of this legal category.

The most rational is the position of those scientists who formulate the concept of an environmental offense object as a complex holistic complex of social relations of an environmental nature.

The changed economic and socio-political conditions determine the need to expand this concept by incorporating public relations into it, developing on the protection of subjective environmental rights (including real rights to natural resources).

Thus, the object of the environmental offense is a set of regulated and protected law of public relations on the environment as a whole and its individual components, which includes property relations and other real rights to natural resources, management relations in the field of environmental management, environmental relations From harmful effects, as well as relations to protect the subjective environmental rights and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen.

Specialists in the field of environmental right noted that harm to environmental relations when performing prohibited by environmental and legal norms of acts is caused, as a rule, by impact on the subject of these relations, therefore the need to determine the relationship between the object and the subject of the environmental offense arise.

The subject of a social relationship is recognized by this or that phenomenon, about which this attitude arose and the cognitive and practical activities of its subjects are carried out. Obviously, in the structure of the environmental treatment, the subject is always material, since the environment, and its components always have a material shell.

The difference between the subject and object of the environmental offense lies in the fact that "not objects of the material world themselves, but items (things) as elements of social relations are protected by law, and encroachment on them there is an encroachment on public relations associated with them."

Consequently, natural objects and the environment as a whole act as material objects, in other words, subject media in which certain parties and the properties of environmental legal relations are manifested.

The circle of natural objects - potential items of environmental delicates, which are taken due to the legal protection, is defined in Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Environmental Protection". As such, there may be: atmospheric air, water, soil, subsoil, animal and vegetable world, as well as climate in their interaction.

Natural objects, being an integral part of the environment, are characterized by the following necessary features: 1) natural origin; 2) interconnection with environmental systems.

It should be noted that the second of the indicated signs is determined, since it is necessary to assign an illegal behavior to the number of environmental, so that at the time of its commission the subject of the unlawful act was in a state of natural relationship with the environment.

It is necessary to show the ratio of the concepts of "harm caused by environmental offenses" and "environmental damage".

First, any encroachment on the right protected public relations means first of all damage to the rule of law as such. Consequently, the commission of an environmental offense in all cases makes harm to the environmental law and order as a whole, understood as the state of orderliness, the organization of social relations, fixed and regulated by the ecological and legal norms. At the same time, in some cases, violation of legal norms is accompanied by a violation of subjective rights, as well as the derivation of the actual subject of offense - property and non-property goods.

Therefore, the legal literature allocate two types of harm - the socio-legal and actual, while paying attention to the possibility of harm in the socio-legal sense in cases where the actual harm (violation of the subjective rights, the derivation of property or non-property good) is absent.

Thus, the violation of social relations protected by environmental and legal norms as the consequence of illegal behavior discloses the social nature of harm caused by the object of the environmental offense. At the same time, in cases where the environmental offense is also subject to direct negative impact, the consequences of such behavior in their physical nature may be material and expressed in damage or destroying emitted objects.

Based on the research data, it can be concluded that not any violation of legal environmental requirements entails causing the actual harm to the environment expressed in the worsening of its qualitative condition or the diminution of quantitative characteristics.

Based on the above, you can offer the following classification of harm caused by environmental offenses:

  • 1) harm caused by the environmental law enforcement as a whole (harm in its socio-legal significance);
  • 2) harm in the actual sense, expressed in a real impairment of the qualitative state of the environment or the diminution of its quantitative characteristics.

The actual harm caused by environmental offenses is also heterogeneous in its structure. Some violations of environmental legislation, such as illegal extraction of animals, birds, fish, illegal rod of forest, etc., do not entail negative environmental consequences from the point of view of the qualitative environment and maintaining environmental equilibrium, but cause property damage to the state as the owner of natural resources or Separate nature user.

Therefore, for the classification of such harms, it should be considered more consideration of which negative environmental impacts have a pronounced ecological "color".

Since environmental damage is considered not just like any, including a minor, diminution of the quantitative characteristics of individual natural objects, but above all, as negative changes in the qualitative state of the environment as a whole, that is, what needs to be understood under the quality of the environment.

The quality of the environment is characterized by a combination of the following criteria:

  • 1. In the biological plan, the criterion of environmental quality is its condition that is favorable for the life and human health. Taking into account the relationship and interconnectionality of phenomena and processes in nature, a person interacts with the medium of its natural habitat. Separate elements of nature are direct sources of satisfaction of the natural physiological needs of a person - breathing, thirst for thirst, nutrition. This means that in a biological aspect to preserve the conditions of reproduction of humanity as such, the environment must first correspond to such a criterion as purity (unpollity);
  • 2. In an economic aspect, the environmental quality should ensure that human needs (development of industry, agriculture, energy, transport, etc.) are satisfied with the development of humanity. Therefore, the economic indicators of a favorable environment of the environment are resource-intensity (inexhaustibility) and the productive ability of natural resources.
  • 3. In a social aspect, the environmental quality must meet the aesthetic, recreational, scientific, cultural needs of a person, since in the process of communicating with nature a person satisfies not only physiological and material, but also spiritual needs. In this aspect, the environmental quality must comply with such criteria as species diversity and aesthetic wealth.
  • 4. In a structural and functional aspect, the environment must comply with such criteria as environmental stability (the balance of environmental components), the preservation of natural environmental ties.

Thus, the indicators of environmental quality is:

  • 1) purity (unpollity) of the environment;
  • 2) resource-intensity (inexhaustibility) and the productive ability of natural resources;
  • 3) species diversity and aesthetic wealth;
  • 4) Environmental sustainability and preservation of natural environmental ties.

It follows from this that there is either social and cultural or economic or biological aspects in the structure of environmental damage caused by the environment. There are also their various combinations. The emergence of structural and functional disorders of natural environmental bonds leading to the loss of ecological equilibrium depends on the degree of severity of economic and (or) biological aspects.

It should be emphasized that any of the above-mentioned aspects of environmental damage is necessarily accompanied by negative material consequences for society as a whole or a separate nature user, manifested in the losses of previously embedded reproduction costs and improving natural objects, forced costs for its recovery, incomplete income. Therefore, I fully share the opinion of A. Khadzhiyev, who claims that the causing environmental harm is inevitably accompanied by negative economic consequences. However, his further conclusion that economic harm caused by nature cannot not lead to environmentally affecting consequences, I can not support.

For example, in assessing the harm caused by illegal rejection from the natural environment of animals, birds, fish on which fishery is produced, environmental criteria are absent. Since the anti-paragraph of such actions is only in the absence of appropriate permission, it is no reason for the occurrence of any negative environmental consequences in this case.

Therefore, in cases where the presence of actual harm, expressed in the derivation of the quantitative characteristics of natural resources, does not lead to their exhaustion or other negative environmental consequences, it should be told about causing property harm to the state or nature user.

The same position occupies D.L. Baydeldinov, offering to consider economic and environmental damage as independent varieties of harm caused by nature. He writes: "There is a classification of damage to environmental and economic harm to nature. Economic harm affects the property interests of nature users and is amenable to material expression. Restoration of such harm is made according to the general reasons for civil liability. Environmental harm affects the very state of nature ... Restoration of environmental damage is possible not by cash payments, but to carry out work on the restoration of the natural object in nature. "

Thus, under environmental harm it is necessary to understand the deterioration of the qualitative environment of the environment, caused by a violation of environmental protection legislation, or such a decrease in its quantitative characteristics, which can cause negative environmental consequences, as well as the associated any diminution of the law protected and intangible good, including human life and health.

The lack of direct indication of damage to individual natural objects is due to the fact that the negative impact on any particular component of the environment is inevitably reflected in its state as a whole. Thus, the harm caused by the natural object appears as a manifestation of harm to the environment.

Environmental harm has pronounced specifics.

Firstly, negative anthropogenic effects often causes not only the direct damage caused to a specific object of nature, but also the harm caused to other objects with the objects or the environment as a whole, expressed in the loss of environmental connections of a damaged or destroyed object with the entire natural system.

From a natural science point of view, any artificial environmental change inevitably leads to the development of natural chain reactions aimed towards neutralizing the changed changes or the formation of new natural systems, the formation of which with significant changes in the medium can take irreversible.

Secondly, not all harmful effects are manifested immediately, many of them are potential.

Thirdly, a significant feature of environmental damage is that its economic assessment should precede the determination of the physical volume of the consequences of negative anthropogenic effects. Therefore, environmental damage can be recognized only those negative changes that can be detected and measured in accordance with the scientific and technical capabilities existing on this stage.

Fourth, environmental harm has specific manifestation forms, which will be described in detail below.

So, to argue that the main harm of the environment causes unlawful behavior, it means to contradict the actual position of things. Many scientists reasonably believe that its current critical state is the result of the massive impact of legitimate behavior.

Environmental harm environmental

Harm to the environment Environmental negative environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities as a result of impact on it, environmental pollution. The depletion of natural resources, the destruction of ecosystems, creating a real threat to human health, a plant and animal world.

Ecological Dictionary, 2001


  • The age composition of the population
  • Harmful substance

Watch what is "environmental environmental environment" in other dictionaries:

    Negative environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activity as a result of impact on it, environmental pollution. The depletion of natural resources, the destruction of ecosystems, creating a real threat to human health, ... ... Business Terms Dictionary

    Harm to the environment (environmental damage) - negative environmental change as a result of its pollution, resulting in the degradation of natural environmental systems and the depletion of natural resources (the Federal Law on Environmental Protection). The harm is caused by the environment in ... Big Law Dictionary

    Responsibility for harm to the environment caused by activities in the past - - the problem, in world legal practice, is solved in different ways. The most famous for the US experience, in particular, adopted in the United States in 1980, the general law on environmental restoration measures, compensation and responsibility (comprehensive ... ... Legal Glossary for Complex Management Coastal Zones

    Ecological - 23. Ecological passport of the thermal power plant: Title \u003d Ecological passport of the thermal power plant. The main provisions of LDNTP. L., 1990. Source: P 89 2001: Recommendations for the diagnostic control of filtration and hydrochemical ... ...

    ecological harm - 3.1.49 Environmental harm: damage (damage) of human health, property or environment in disruption of the environmental situation. Source: GOST R 54906 2012: security systems Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation

    Harm caused by environmental offenses - 1) (in a narrow meaning) only the harm caused to the environment, natural objects, natural resources and natural complexes of environmental damage, the amount of which is calculated on special techniques, taxes, etc.; Ecological harm ... ... Ecological Law of Russia: Dictionary of Legal Terms

    GOST R 54003-2010: Environmental Management. Evaluation of the past, accumulated in places of deployment of organizations, environmental damage. General provisions - Terminology GOST R 54003 2010: Environmental Management. Evaluation of the past, accumulated in places of deployment of organizations, environmental damage. General Provisions Original Document: Validation (confirmation): Process due to which an appraiser ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation

    Ecologically Australia Environmental Protection ... Wikipedia

    Payment of Special Economic Funds of Monetary Compensation, which is produced voluntarily or by decision of the Court, the Arbitration Court in accordance with the approved taxes approved in the established procedure and methods for calculating the damage, and when they ... ... Encyclopedia lawyer

    inflicted in the past environmental damage; Historical pollution - 3.21 crushed in the past environmental damage; Historical pollution: the consequences of the economic activity of people in places of deployment of enterprises and organizations, which was carried out in the past and led to the current pollution of the territories, ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation