Gullless (samstaya) Roof - Tree roof with a special supporting structure, equipped from horizontally laid birling ("run"). The ends of the slightly shed into the transverse logs of the Facade of the Farm ("males"). The ace, stacked on the outstand. The roof was built without a single nail and had a very solid construction.

Basic decorative elements of Russian huts

The village as a structure of a rural settlement arose relatively late in Russia. But at the beginning of this century, trends appeared in Russia, which can be characterized as feudal petty state administration. Life began to grow beyond the limits of large cities: agriculture and animal husbandry continued, and it became more independent of the city. Life in the village had its own order. The spring fields were plowed, and then planted. Rye and buckwheat were grown. In the summer, the harvest was cultivated in the fall.

Lemeh.

Lemeh is a wooden tile from a subtle aspen tree used to cover chapters, shekes, barrels, kokoshnikov, tents. For the manufacture of lemhery, the narrow strips of Texa destroyed to short powder, one of the ends of which were made in the form of the island, semicircle or towns. The lower row tightly navalized to each other overlapped the top nearby, forming the "scaly" coating of the architectural element.

He entered, and in the winter lived. The harvest was considered the most important ritual, and the whole village came to mind. During the work, the neighbors of the village recognized each other. Fathers were looking for brides for their sons and men for their daughters, so they always put the most beautiful clothes for the harvest.

He was always married to autumn, immediately after the harvest season. The new family had his own wooden block house - a simple single-storey building from pine, ate or larch with one room. These log houses were built without a single nail and without foundation. The roof was covered with straw and plastered the clay ceiling.

"Red Tem"

Red shape - edged, well-hot boards used on the top, front layer of wooden roofing. The lower ends of the Red Tex could be processed in the form of "truncated peaks", giving the roof the opening. The lace opening of the roof contrasted with the log monolith of the wall and served as a worthy decoration of the construction.

Watch what is a "towel" in other dictionaries

Decor should be strict custom. Russian interior wooden house It was strictly tied to the canon. This should have been observed in the construction of cardinal directions. It was the most illuminated part of the house, since both walls that converged on the corner usually had a window. The saints were placed in the corner of the room so that everyone who entered the room first saw the icon. In the middle of the room was usually lunch. Beckers were installed around it. The bank, which stood in the corner of the icon, was considered the "big bank".

Schelch.

The breed is a board that defended the ends of the logs from excessive moisture. In the northern regions of the breeds richly decorated with carvings. Sacral symbols (waves, messenger lines, circles, crosses, solar sockets), which were the basis of the ornamentation of the breeding, were considered peasants not only as home decoration, but also as a message to the welfare of the owners of the house and to protect the house from the unclean strength and bad eyes.

On him, according to custom, the owner was sitting at home. All other family members sat down to the table by age: the elders next to the owner, and the youngest - a little. An important element of each wooden house was a furnace. It rooted the house where the food was prepared, and then slept in the cold. The oven acquired an almost sacred value. He symbolized the pagan past of the Russian people. Next to the furnace was not allowed to scold and argue.

Hut! The oven constantly worked, even at night his spirit should be present in the house in the form of flaming coal. Efforts were made to convey these coals to any other house, which would mean that prosperity and well-being together with fire can leave the family. It was said that in the oven the spirit of fire and the spirit of the house - Goblin to be sympathizing. Therefore, the angle of the icons was opposite the oven. He served as a kind of homely altar, which compensated for the pagan traditions.

Gable.

FRONTON - upper triangular part of the front facade of the house. The upper edges of the fronton were limited to the rope roofs. The frontaths were a continuation of the wall and made up of the bribed-males on each other on each other. The males were bonded by the longitudinal logs of the roof - next. End down ended far forward for the front wall. Locked on the roof of the roof crowned the design of the fronton and defended the front wall of the house from the weather.

The outer walls of the houses have always decorated. Painted fittings often testified to the richness of the landlord. Doors, windows and walls are decorated with wood carvings. On the roofs of the house you could see the wooden figures of a rooster or horses. It was said that these two animals brought good luck to the house.

In the twentieth century, stormy industrialization began in Russia. Farmers need workers, agriculture was mechanized, and many residents of the village left the house and went to cities. In the remaining places, electricity, water, and then gas pipelines were laid in the village. Their residents began to cancel the furnaces. The architectural refinement of the farm gave way to practical brick and metal structures. Lifestyle has also changed: the cohesion of the village community often collapsed with the launch of the villages.

Хлюпей.

Osloupin (Walking) - a wounded log, crowded structures of the Gullless roof. The top ends of the roofing tower were supplied under the ocell, the outer part of the ohlupnya retained the round shape of the log. The head of the Ohlupun was drawn up with a sacred conifer (cutting in the form of a horse or bird decoration). The Konik had a deep meaning, the ancient pagan beliefs of Slavs about nature were embodied in it. Horse symbolized the sun moving across the sky. In addition, the Konywh was a coated symbol. They believed in the people: "Horse on the roof - in the hut quiet."

Tourists currently have the opportunity to see the traditional decor of the farm, without leaving the capital. The wooden log house in the style of the Kostroma region is recreated in the ethnographic museum of ethnography in Moscow. He also combined traditional household appliances: authentic irons since the beginning of the century, dishes and toys.

But in order to test a real village, you must drive at least 150 kilometers from Moscow. The villages of individual houses, the architecture of which resembles the classic wooden log houses. In wooden houses on the first floor with decorated shutters today only pensioners live today. Although their lifestyle often resembles cities, these people feel traditional rural hospitality.

Towel.

A towel is a short, decorated with through thread. The board closed by the joke. The canvas towels were decorated with a sunny socket, symbolized the movement of the sun in the sky. As a rule, there were three towels on the facade of the house, closing the upper and lower joints of the breeding. The sun rising in the east, the sun rose to Zenith and descended in the West, personifying the constant movement and cyclicality of life.

Irina Vladimirovna is a typical resident of the Russian log house. At that time we did not have electricity or gas. The furnace was laid by German prisoners of war. At first, some went to the city, others followed. There are no more farms - just a few houses and a lot of land.

Around the house of Irina Vladimirovna stand rows of country houses. Blinds and fittings were made for us a master from the neighboring village. But now only with us everything remained, as once, - says the old woman. Irina Vladimirovna lives alone. Their children and grandchildren were in the city for a long time and rarely visited them.

Lightweight

The lightweight is a small bright room hiding behind the fronton at home. As a rule, the unheated premises used only in the warm season. In the lighting could be located for the night of youth, guests. It was also stored things outerwear, unnecessary in the summer. The beams in the attic room are actively appearing in the pattern time, when the peasants in the winter were sent to the departure, and home returned to the spring-summer field works. The lifting in the lightweight provided a staircase arranged in the Seine house.

Russian newspaper, Moscow, Russia. Overnight in a mountain hut is a wonderful thing. You can walk until late evening and early in the morning. The ratio of landing approach and time in the mountains is much better than with day trips. Cozy evening hut with friends and a card game are indispensable. For children, overnight in the house is an excellent adventure. And if you sit before the hut, watching the sunset and stars, there is nothing better. And all for relatively small money.

But overnight in the Alpine Club hut is also different from the night in the hotel. You must bring your bathrobe sleeping bags and slippers, you must compromise with comfort, and sometimes you sleep with 20 others unfamiliar people in the room. Here are 10 tips that, I hope, will help you prepare for the first night stay in the cabin.

Cut.

The log house is the base of wooden house-building. It is a quadrilateral in plan "Crate", consisting of rows of chopped logs. For the warming of a church, intended for winter accommodation, moss was laid between the brothers. Large stones or burned wooden pillars were tied as a foundation for a log house. They prevented a log cabin from rapid rot from the bottom. With the same purpose, Beresta was laid between the log worshi and stones. The poor peasants installed the log house of the future dwelling right to the ground.

Especially if you want to go to a hut with a group or if you are looking for a family room, because you want it, you should reserve in advance. Even if you want to spend the night or on weekends in the busy cabins, you should order in advance.

Let me know if you don't come

Like hiking in general, huts also thrive. And the capabilities of the beds on the mountain do not grow so quickly. Fortunately, because no one wants a fully built mountain! And, by the way, you will also learn on request, whether the hut is open in opening time. Others are happy when they get a bed. Nothing more annoying than when the landlord has empty beds, despite demand. There is always a short challenge in this.

Sweet.

Sweet - lower unheated part of the cut. In the northern regions, the height of the liner could reach 2-2.5 meters. The dump truck prevented a human dwelling from excess moisture and snow drifts, from harsh winter cold. The sublock room had a business assignment. Supports were kept here, utensils. In winter, the poultry and cattle could contain in the block.

Good night: bring a sleeping bag for your cottage

As a member of the Alpine Club, you pay significantly less per night, it has about 50% of savings. It would be foolish if you did not understand this, because the identity card at home. Sleeping bag hut is mandatory in most huts, definitely in bed. Because the blanket has nothing to do and is rarely washed at the top of the mountain. Since its own bathrobe is a hygienic cover. When you stay in the room, you sometimes do not need it. Just ask the owner while booking.

Facade.

The facade is the appearance of the outer walls of the building at the right angle of view: exactly front (front facade), on the side (side facades), rear (rear facade). In the decorative design of peasant houses of the XIX - XX century. A painting or coloring of the facade of the building and carved decorations in various colors were used. The paint was applied to flat surfaces, tightly tested. In the northern buildings most often used yellow, red, blue and green colors. Similar decorative design of facades could afford the richest segments of the population.

In addition to the private laundry, you must also bring your towel. The next day, the microfiber towels dried pretty quickly. Those who have a light sleep, and they are awakened by a rapid mountain stream or snoring of a neighbor, must return verified earplugs. If you need to get out at night or you want to go early, you must bring your own.

You do not have to stay in the room with mountain boots or hiking boots, so think about your slippers, slippers or adelets. Many huts have credit shoes, but do you really want to wear them? In any case, ask whether Bello is allowed to come and where it can spend the night. In the room or the campsite is not allowed. In some cabins, dogs can remain in the barn.

Parapet.

Parapet (Franz. - Parapet, Ital. - Parpetto) - Balcony fence, stairs, porch, consisting of railings, balasine or low solid wall.

Equipment in the cabins is very different. From the rapid hotel standard to the alpine darkness with a flow cold water tap everything is there. See how the hut is equipped before you have any negative surprises. And do not expect that every hut has a shower, hot water or reception mobile phones. You can also find this information in advance on the Internet.

If you do not want to go without it, you need to go out the door. Aldo Catanao and Leticia Carduchci -. The mood is immediately removed when the mind begins to imagine the purpose of the upcoming tourist destination. He appeared on the doors of his room with quite tired air, probably due to the ongoing study of the inevitable analysis analysis 2, but with a key that leaves no doubt. Here is a kitchen door to his mother, and therefore my wife Roseanna.

Shoals.

Kosyaki - Bruks or decks framed window or doorways. Served as the strengthening of holes cut down in the walls. Distribution received in the first half of the XIX century.

With a strong air, strong in a dry cleaning, which holds in his hand, repeats the request of his son: then says Ale, as always in this house you always do what you decide, and this time we go to the country in Southeast Asia? With so much steep areas: Paris, Prague, London, Word, Capital of Europe! If the Golden Buddha Pagoda Mahamuni amazes you with the sweetness of the smile and flickering of your gold, the devotion of people immediately leads you to the calm of their life, as well as the slow pace of peasants who were preparing for rice rice, has a step of harmony.

Pilencated shutters

Wooden shutters - Wooden shutters to the windows, the smooth field of which was decorated with a profiled frame and deep carved recesses (fillets) in the form of rectangles, rhombuses, half-filled, etc.

There are all rooms for have a nice dayAnd so it will be. With a local boat, we cross the river and take us to Ava, where we are waiting for local disasters for full immersion in the forgotten world. I have a very personal idea of \u200b\u200bthe magnitude of feelings and emotions. All this suggests that I have always been clear what the peasant world of my grandparents and grandparents, but only the immediate experience in a similar world allowed me to understand what the song birds are far from the peasants in the sunrise, cries of children in their incessant pursuit Kalamami, hoof horses, and what else is the world of agriculture.

Then, the soft song of the Buddhist prayer immediately causes my attention, and then quickly to find out where they come from. At the foot of the stairs for a moment, leave shoals and socks to see, in which wing of the monastery monks are collected in prayer. These are young monks with studies under the direct control of the nursing monk. Repeat the testimony to unison. Shimmering cameras, color clothes and madness of our behavior are the reason for distinguishing attention, but this is just a simple feedback of the old monk, because the lesson renews in unison.

Deaf thread

Deaf (flat) wood carving is one of the common types of thread. It was used to decorate housing: window trim, doors, facades. This type of thread is characterized by a non-cut (or deaf) background, as well as the pattern remaining almost at the same level with the board. A deaf wood carving is a geometric consisting of circles, triangles, various quadrangles and other figures and elements. In ancient times, it was often empowed in mystical meaning and was considered a faith. Over time, the thread has lost mystical significance and began to be used simply as decoration.

Single thread

Propical carving - a thread at which the pattern on wooden board Or plywood was performed by pass-through propyl and was intended for perception of lumen. Thus processed, whims, and "towels" processed, due to the through ornament, look contrast against the background of the northern sky.

Threads

Threads - the element of the samtaya (weightless) roof.

Test, which was placed on the roof, at the bottom left in the thread (previously wounded for water flow) log.

Chicken

Chicken - the element of the samtaya (weightless) roof. These are firing bars - hooks on which there are streams.

Balcony

House thread

The house carving is designed for housekeeping, differs from the thread used for interiors larger forms. All types of thread are used in the house thread: a flat-grained, flat-strained, embossed, slit and sculptural.

Each region of our country had its own characteristics in the decorative design of the house. In the north of Russia, special attention was paid to the decoration of the stairs leading to the second floor, the porch, goal. The decoration of the platbands was simpler. In the XIX century The house thread of the Volga region, which is a sampling boards with high embossed threads, the so-called ship carving. In addition to relief threads in the central regions of Russia, and then in the Urals and in Siberia, great perfection reached a cross-cutting and openwork house carving (Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Tomsk).

Basic decorative elements of Russian huts

The decorative elements of the Russian huts have a number of differences depending on the design features of the roofing and wall sheat. Any decorative element initially carried out a specific functional load.

Decorative decoration of Russian huts with samstaya roof:

Horse (oven) - covered the joint between the roof boards.

Forty (stamik) - Kunchit fastening lobby to the skate mege.

The breed is a carved board, covering the protruding ends of the slight.

A towel is a carved board, covered joints of the fraud under the skate.

Chicken is a structural element in the form of the letter "r" supporting stream for removal of water, which at the same time kept the roof.

Diagram of the device of the samstaya roof. According to M.V. Krasovsky:

1- chute; 2- Халупенена; 3 - stanik; 4- End; 5-light; 6-printed snow; 7- Pedal Blind; 8-male; 9 - sow; 10-breed; 11 - chicken; 12-skip; 13 - bull; 14 - Gnet

The decorative decoration of the Russian hut with a rafter roof.

The decorative decoration of the Russian hut with a rafter roof was distinguished by the presence of a frontal or cornice board, which covered the gap between the top crown of the house and the pavement.

House from the village of Ilkino Melenkovsky district of the Vladimir region. XIX century

Decorated with a frontal board.

Concubine - covers the wall of the wall and the window frame. The platband consists of: eyeling, submool, craving or columns, sometimes shine.

Coolbands at home. Yekaterinburg

Torch boards It was richly decorated with the corners of the house of the shaped board.

Overting

Decorative design of structural elements In addition to aesthetic load, initially carried into themselves the semantic - the elements of the thread played the role of obers. No wonder mythological creatures on platbands and frieze boards were called "Bereginy".

Coolbands of the Red Window, fragment of herring with "Bereginnaya". XIX century Nizhny Novgorod province

Self-coheline

in a Russian wooden architecture, the board on the facade of the hut (usually carved), which protects the ends of the ends of the ends.

Schelch

Schelin, in the Russian house decoration, the inclined board, imposed on the ends of the undercase run. In addition to purely decorative, there was a utilitarian function, covering the gap between the cook (cm. Fowed) And the roof from the rain and wind. Ends of the Schelin often ended with carved towels (cm. TOWEL). There are often cases when the panels were proper in two or three boards with a displacement, which made it not only to increase its width, but also attached additional decorativeness.
The most interesting the years of the houses of the Nizhny Novgorod province, decorated with embossed images of Lviv, Sirinov, mermaids. In the upper Volga region they are usually covered with border from shallow gear cuts. The northern whims were the narrow long boards with through, uniformly alternating round holes. In the middle lane, Russia from the middle of the last century to the present days, the breeds often decorated with an overhead geometric or vegetable pattern.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

Synonyms:

Watch what is "breed" in other dictionaries:

Schelch - - decorated with threads frontal boards. The breed is covered by the ends of the torn roofing ... Current dictionary

In the Russian wooden architecture, the board on the facade of the hut (usually carved), protecting against moisture ends of the logs shed ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

In a Russian wooden architecture, the board on the facade of the hut (usually carved), which protects the ends of the ends of the ends. (Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing House Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986.) ... Artistic Encyclopedia.

SUT., Number of synonyms: 1 board (74) dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

schelch - (Prieda) (Ukr., Ros.) 1. Rізsblana Doszheka for Zahist Torzya Samtsovo Pokrіvlі on the fronttoni tree of Yanja Budіvlі. 2. It is stuck to rіzblenny doshka, shy snacks "Torchi decks to cook. 3. The upper part of the Visnaya Caucar Calcarus Dzheka over ... ... Architecture І Monumental Mussettva

From ancient times, the wooden structure was the main view of the housing. If you look at the hut, which was built over a hundred years ago, it differs significantly from today's buildings. One of the characteristic features is the presence of a large number of threaded elements adorning the wooden house. Each part is called and carries a certain meaning. One of these decorations of the wooden facade is the coherence. What it is, you can find out if you turn to the ancient building technology.

The meaning of the word "breeding"

The word "breeding" denotes a board that was cut in a certain style or decorated with overhead elements. To understand how the selection looks like, you can present the modern finish of the building facades. This is a sloping board that closes the ends of the roof.

The main task of the parees was to protect the wooden elements from affecting them ambient, moisture. In addition to the decoration and preservation of wood, the decoration of a wooden house carried ethnic meaning. It is no exception and self. What this could tell the ancestors who knew many ways to protect the house from the unclean power.

Legend of the Bog of the Sun

When placing a wooden house were used different methods Decorations, but each element had its purpose and history. What is explained by the emergence of such a decorative element, how is the proprietary? What it is in the ethnic sense can be understood from the legend that speaks of the God of the Sun. It is he who symbolized on wooden houses in the form of a horse similar to a bird. This image is ancient way of the sun. The installation was made on the upper central log, so it seemed from the side that the roofing rates are like wings.

Mythological meaning of the end board

Elements that decorate the roofs of the roof were called heavenly loaves. This is the breeding. What is it and how to understand the meaning of the specified words? The people of that time believed that the sky was located above the ground, in which the sun and the moon are banging, and above are the pests of heavenly. They, according to beliefs, were considered a place from where water to Earth sheds.

Unusual ornaments on the ends of the roof rods emphasized the figurative representation of the heavenly water. Thus, the breed was not only a symbol of the protection of huts from evil spirits, an ethnic element that attracts welfare into the house, but also faced from heavenly rain. But it is worth noting that the end decoration is not a separate structural element of the hut. This is the component of the entire ornament of a wooden house, which together emphasized the true beauty of the structure carrying some mythological meaning.

TO aK greatly entails us a journey. How do you want to go away from the city bustle. The farthest place, the more mysterious and attractive. The deaf brokes and abandoned villages are mounted by old dilapidated temples, ancient stone plates. Touching the history of our distant ancestors ...

But it is not always possible to break from the place and go to distant forests. Often you just need to go to the cottage, urgently accurate the beds, take parents and children with many cumbersome things and so on and the like. And it seems that for mysterious travel, the next weekends are lost. And what sorry ...

But in fact it is not so, you just need to be able to look around. Do not even look so much how much to see. And then the usual road, hung and displaced, as if, through the door eye, unbelievable treasures will open you, a huge reservoir of the oldest culture and the history of our distant ancestors. This is how it happened to me when one day, an amazing find was fascinated in the familiar picture, fascinating me on the most interesting journey.

Driving along the houses, lined up on the road, are involuntarily peering and, in order not to miss, you are looking for distinguishing features in them. Here they did a fashionable siding now and closed old logs under faceless plastic. Here is a new brick house for a high fence. Here is another, cooler, with forged lattices on the windows. But all this is a funny, faceless landscape. And now the look stops on the old hut, which looks somewhat slaughter on the background of neighboring stone houses. And something in it is that it makes it stops, something meaningful, as if you see face, living and expressive.

Calcaris Dmitrov Mount. House with figured banks and bellows.
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

Tubes on the windowsThat's what the look stopped. Carved, different colors, with simple and intricate patterns. And in whatever condition the house is not, you often see - behind the platbands, his master is watching first. We look, the ejection glanced, but the platbands are freshly stained! Tubes on the window - as if the face of the house, his business card. They make every house not like their neighbors.

What made the Russian peasant in the old days, drove a difficult life in the utility of his existence, to pay such reverent attention to such impractical trifles, like carving at home and platbands in particular?

Tree impediment of the centuries played a huge role in the life of a Russian person. Numerous beliefs associated with wood have deep roots. Our usual birch, a secretly considered symbol of Russia, once was the Table tree of the Eastern Slavs. Didn't you get the memory of your sacred tree and such an incomprehensible love for him?

It was believed that the tree kept her magic power With any processing, and could pass them to carpenters. The carpenters had their beliefs and signs that came to us in folk fairy tales and rustic stories. Every tree had own power, And not every tree could be used for the construction of the house. For example, trees growing at intersections and abandoned old roads could not be taken to build houses.

View of Medvedev desert from the Tver Coast.

The symbol of the tree, initially completely pagan, organically fits into the system of Christian ideas about the world. The whole groves and individual trees could be sacred - there were crystal miraculous icons on such trees.

The faith in the sacred power of the tree did not disappear over time, it changed, inspired into the consciousness of man, and reached us in the form of a house thread. The platband on the window in the Russian isa is materialized magic spells that are rooted in deep antiquity. Will we be able to understand the meaning of these spells?

Listen to this word: "Cooling" is "focused on the face." The facade of the house is his face facing the outside world. The face must be washed and beautiful. But the outside world is not always kind and, sometimes, it is necessary to defend himself. Doors and windows are not only a way out, it is an opportunity to get inside. Each owner tried to protect his home, provide family satiety and warmth, security and health. How could he do it? One of the ways of protection is to surround yourself by security signs and spells. And the platbands not only closed the gaps in the window opening from drafts and cold, they defended the house from unclean power.

Despite the enormous variety of house thread patterns, it allocates separate repeating images. The most interesting thing is that the same images can be found in Russian folk embroidery. Towels and shirt prepared for the birth of a child, wedding or funerals, had great importance for our ancestors and were part of rituals. So that the child was healthy, the family is strong and rich, a woman is fruitful, it was necessary to protect them with magical spells. It is these spells that are drawn in the embroidery patterns.

Petushka on the frontone
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

But if that, it means that the patterns on the platbands carry the same magical force in themselves?

The paganism of the Russian village, closely intertwined with Orthodox Christianity, was not a consequence of the darkness and uneducation of the Russian peasant. Simply, unlike a town-dweller, he lived so closely with his nature around him that he had to learn to negotiate with her. Break the peasants in the departure from Orthodoxy naive. Someone, and they kept him to a greater extent. On the contrary, it is us, urban residents have lost the important archaic connection with the Mother-Nature, on which all life is built outside the city.

What was one of the most important events In the life of our ancient ancestors? Probably birth. And the woman mother had to become the main figure.

A figurine with stretched hands and legs is a figure of a woman giving life, personifying the feminine, one of the most frequent images that occupy an important place, both on old embroidery and carved platbands. One of her names is Beregin.

It is very interesting to look for Tigegin figures in carved patterns: sometimes it is determined very clearly, and sometimes it is so distorted that it looks like an amazing interlacing of colors and snakes. But in any case, it can be found - the central symmetry of the figure, head, stretched arms and legs.

Stylized Bereginn figures, different variations of one topic

Another important symbol of the magic signs of our ancestors is the sun. The solar circle was depicted in different kinds, you can find the sunrise and sunset. All signs related to the move of the Sun, to its position in the sky, are called solar and are considered very strong, male signs.

Ascending and setting sun
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

Without water there is no life, harvest depends on it and, as a result, the life and well-being of the family. Waters are heavenly and underground. And all these signs are on platbands. Wave-shaped patterns in the upper and bottom of the platband, the running streams along his side shelves are all signs of water that gives life to the whole living on earth.

The land giving a human crop itself is not ignored. The signs of agrarian magic, perhaps the simplest, one of the most common. Rhombiki with dots inside, crossed double stripes - so painted our ancestors plowed and inhabited field.

Calcaris City of Konakovo Tver region. Snake pattern. The house was transported from Korchev to 1936
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

And how many animal motives can be found on our windows! The spirit captures from horses and birds, snakes and dragons. Each image had its meaning in the magic world of the ancient Slavs. A separate place in animal motifs occupy snakes, closely related to the concept of water, and therefore fertility. The cult of serpentine-guardians, Izhnikov, has deep roots and deserves a separate story.

Miracle Yudo
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

All these patterns and images once had a certain meaning, being essentially security signs. They decorated with antique ritual objects, they also bang on the platbands. The traditional tradition carried these signs through the century. But over time, they have lost their magic meaning and the essence of them forgotten. Ancient archaic patterns turned into decorative elements diluted with modern ornament, not related to their meaning. To read these ornaments, understand their deep meaning and solve magic spells is almost impossible. That is why they are so mounted ...

According to some Russian traditional legends, man a window gave an angel. Here is how it was.

The first houses that people built were without windows. One woman to light her home, began to run with a breather from the courtyard into the house, hoping in the sieve to bring sunlight. Then an angel came to her and said: "Here's a bad woman!", I took the ax and gave the window in the wall.

The woman replied: "All this is good, but now I will have cold in the house." The angel went to the river, caught the fish and tightened the windows with a bubble. The hollow was light and warm. Since then, people build their homes with windows.

When you first get acquainted with this beautiful legend, I had a strange question: how many fish needed to tighten one window with bubbles?

But it turned out that the windows familiar to us in the hut appeared relatively recently, only in the 18th century. And at first, in the house there was only one such window, it was called red. Glass was inserted into the red window, he had a frame and shutters.

And what then gave an angel?

The very first windows were very simple and small in size, they were called the wicked windows. Such a window was cut in two adjacent logs and from the inside was closed with a plate-valve. The window was small to open it, it was necessary to push the valve. It is believed that from the word "drag" and the name of the Volokovoy window went.

Mask window in the Istra Museum of Wooden Architecture.
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

Starting from the 19th century, when glass production in Russia became common, the red windows were universally replaced by ancient wolf windows.

But now they can be found in the villages, on household buildings, in barns and livestock courtyards. Consider, suddenly you will find an angelic window where they did not wait.

But how so? If the red windows appeared only in the 18th century, as archaic magic signs could they get to the platbands? So all our conclusions are so easy to crumble?

But nothing like that. Ancient traditions, preserved in the house thread, were transferred to the red windows. Podzors on the roofs of houses, whims (boards around the edges of the hut), they all carried and now carry the same signs that we read on the platbands. And who said that the waistplaces were not protected from unclean power?

For example, in the twigs, at least one, very, very old wicker window decorated with a carved sun disc. The platband on the wolf window is in the Nizhny Novgorod Museum-Reserve of Wooden Architecture.

Museum of Wooden Architecture at the Shchelokovsky farm in Nizhny Novgorod. Pashkovaya house, mid 19th century.
(Photo. Bobylkov Irina)

In museums, wooden dishes, spinders, carved buckets and ridges are carefully stored. And there are practically no carved platforms. Single and not very old copies - the maximum that you can find.

The answer is surprisingly simple. When people passed from home to the house, they took a spool with them to Prabababuin, but did not take the platbands from the windows. When I had to save the house from the fire, no one was fine with old boards. And carved platbands with magic symbols Died with the house. That is life. The situation has changed no more than two hundred years ago, with the advent of the first collectors of antiquities and the creators of museums.

Houses in Starin, Russian carpenters did not build, but cut bought. It is this term that meets in archival documents and ancient chronicles. Harvested horses, temples and whole cities, masterfully using an ax for this. Such a tool as a saw came to Russia from Europe only in the 18th century under Peter I.

However, this does not mean that Russian men were so dark. What is what, and in carpentry affairs they were not equal. The fact is that when cabing a tree with an ax, its fibers are frozen, closing the pores from the moisture designer for the wooden building. And when processing a saw, fiber, on the contrary, we are torn and easily passed moisture inside the tree.

But under Peter I, another task arises - to build very quickly. This task could not be solved by an ax.

The overwhelming majority of the current house threads are performed in sawn techniques that appeared with a new tool. The new technique made a wide variety in old patterns, binding and modifying them. Starting from the 18th century, old magic signs began to overcome new ornaments. Masters of carpenters whole arteel went in Russia, put at home decorated with platbands, carrying their style from the village to Selu. Over time, whole albums of wooden thread patterns began to be published.

Street in Kusalino. Houses with carved platbands.
(Photo. Filippova Elena)

Of course, the cutters did not drank specially solar patterns or Beregin, or in the 19th century, nor the century before. As however, the embroiderers did not embroider any magical signs. They did the way their great-grandfathers and great-grandparents did, as was customary in their family, in their village. They did not think about magic properties His patterns, but gently carried these knowledge gained by them to inheritance, then in time. This is what is called the memory of the ancestors.

That which mysterious was given can be worn, not leaving for distant edges. A fairly different look at the usual way. And after all, this is not the only miracles, something else is waiting for us by turning?

Filippova Elena

The village house is a kind of cradle of peasant Russia. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of the country's population lived in villages and numerous villages in wooden houses. Tens of generations of ordinary Russian people were born in the village of rustic, the labor of which was created and increased by the wealth of Russia.

Naturally, in our country, an aburred forest, the most suitable material for construction was ordinary wooden logs. The wooden house built in all the rules was enough for the life of two, or even three generations. It is believed that the lifetime of a wooden house is at least one hundred years. On the territory of the Ivanovo region, unfortunately, there are not so many village houses of 19 centuries. These are precious samples of the village lifestyle of the Russian people. It can be noted that the oldest residential wooden house is not only in Ivanovo, but also in the area is the house of the carver manner V. E. Kurbatov 1800, which is on Mayakovsky Street.

Cutter House V. E. Kurbatova. Classic solar sign.
(Photo. Pobedinsky Vladimir)

Nowadays, when the depthint is intensively populated by summer houses not only from Ivanov, but also from Moscow, many houses lose their primary appearance. Instead of amazing wooden platbands, it is often inserted plastic windows, cutting eyes and rotten historical appearance of rustic houses. Therefore, it is very important to preserve their primordial appearance, if not in kind, then at least in the photos, that the younger generation would have an idea, in which houses their grandparents lived.

In the endless expanses of Russia, the peasant house in different areas can differ significantly in shape, construction, construction traditions of its external decoration, various decorative details, thread patterns, etc. Dmitry Alexandrovich Ivanov, Talented Ivanovsky Land-writer, who spent more than twenty years on the study of the ethnography of the Ivanovo land, was compiled a generalized portrait of a peasant house prevailing in the territory of the Ivanovo region. It is a small house in 3-4 windows, with one bright room ahead. Behind the warm part of the house there is a kitchen and a wide corridor, and the household premises are adjacent to the house. Thus, the house is a combined design of the Songy - the courtyard, elongated from the street, the porch is attached on the side. The main feature of such a house is a proportional facade and a certain finish: carved lace, platbands separating windows from the wall at home, with carved or overhead parts, light, less often mezzanine, three-part blades, blocking corner outs of logs folded in "Obla". The frontal bellocks will be pulled forward far ahead and is supported by two pairs of carved pillars, in front of which the lattice is satisfied that creates the impression of the balcony. This fondon is broken by a figured peak image, which is the basic place of the decoration of the facade of a residential building. Local carpenters call this cutout "Cherberry". Balcony grille, whites, frontone subzor are decorated with openwork propyl carvings. The houses of the described structure make up most rural buildings in the territory of the Ivanovo region.

(Photo. Pobedinsky Vladimir)

Tradition to decorate thread elements of the design of residential buildings have arisen quite a long time. The motifs of the drawings carry the national memory of the pagan symbols that have existed in ancient times, chambers. It should be noted that in Russia began 19 V. Several regions whose population was famous for the art of construction from a tree. One of these folk crafts existed in the territory of the Ivanovo region. His center was the village of Yakushi of the modern Pestzyaksky district. Residents of this village and adjacent territories were very skilled carpenters. Every year, he left here to earn up to a seven of the peasants, perfectly owned by carpentry. Their art was so famous and recognized in Russia of the time that the name of the village of Yakushi entered the story. There was even a word included in the dictionary V.I. Dalya - "Jacques", i.e. Build, decorate from wood. These were not just artisans, but artists who decorated residential buildings with a special type of decor - "ship" relief thread. The essence of the Yakushevskaya thread was that the decorative elements were hollowed in a thick board and made convex compared to the wooden surface. Most often, this board takes the frieze of the front facade of the house. The plots of drawings usually served a floral ornament, flowers, charms in the form of images of mermaids, lions, swans. The largest number of houses decorated with "ship" carvings, preserved in Pestzyakovsky, Verkhnerandkhovsky, Savinsky districts, villages and villages of which are beautiful samples of carpentry art Yakushi, they are invaluable monuments of old folk culture. Currently, such houses have not survived at all, they can literally recalculate on the fingers. This largely contributed to the fact that in the 1980s 19 century. A deaf relief thread begins to be crowned with a cross-cutting board - the so-called propyl carvings, which is currently decorated with the absolute majority of rural houses.

Modern construction is often returning to an ancient architecture. If it is detailed to study the ancient architecture, especially wooden huts, you can see a huge amount of carved patterns that are framed literally all elements of the building. Curious, but these are not just decorative decorations, but quite functional parts intended for solving specific tasks.

In addition, each part of the building and even thread, our ancestors attached a certain meaning, and even mystical meaning. One of the mandatory elements of architecture is the proprietary, which we consider in more detail.

What it is?

Let's determine the terms and purpose. If you figure it out in the sense of the word of the quantity, the word "man" is clearly traced here, which means a face / forehead on the Version. This determines the purpose of the element. In fact, the quantity can be considered a roofing molding that protects the end parts of logs from moisture, and other natural phenomena.

So, the breed is the board, located on the facade of the house, which closes the ends of the cut or roofs. Such elements were usually decorated with various ornaments.

What makes modern whims make?

Here much depends on the overall architecture of the building and used building materials. In particular, you can meet such options:

Wood. Such elements give almost limitless freedom of creativity - the material is convenient for processing. In order for the panel to serve for many years, an oak or beech can be used. These varieties have a high margin of strength, but more difficult to process. Lipa, male or alder more fuel breeds of wood, but after a few years the board will have to change.

Metal. Typically used leaf iron to which the desired shape and color are applied. Immediately clarify that for wooden buildings this option does not suit, therefore it is used for the buildings of siding.

Plate MDF.. The breeds from this material are rare, but attract the attention of builders to a democratic price and ease of processing. However, the fibrous stove is unable to resist moisture, so it will last long.

Plastic. Practically eternal material, resistant to any environmental impacts. However, plastic elements are very fragile, therefore even a small dynamic load can lead to the formation of chips and cracks.

Note that even brick structures have whims. This is a relief framing of the frontal part of the roof, which goes under the scat. Such elements are usually performed from gypsum or cement-lime mixtures.

Carved breeding in russian

Considering that the board was used not only to protect login, but also the jewelry of the facade, the panels were covered with a rich carvings. These symbols were usually applied:

Wave-like elements.

2. Sun symbols.

   Messenger lines.

Depending on the region of the country, the signs should have protected the owners from a bad eye, carry happiness and well-being in the house. Of course, modern builders do not think about thin matters, so any ornament is applied at the request of the customer.

Let's start with the fact that wooden huts were built on the century, and in the literal meaning of this word. In compliance with all rules, the structure could have to simultane at least 100 years.

Of course, there could not be a single architecture on the extensive expanses of the country, but the mandatory elements are traced in all regions. For example, the buildings always had three tiers:

Underground. At the sacral level, it is an underground world where the souls of the ancestors are resting.

These are residential premises symbolizing the human world.

, roof. Heavenly arch where gods are watching from.

Given that the breeding belongs to the upper level of the hut, it was often referred to as the wakes of heaven. Our ancestors believed that there was heavenly, where the sun and the moon are located, which were respectively the Divities of the Day and Night. Above the heavenly fourth resorts were the heavenly hlyhabi, where water reserves were kept. When the stances turned out (revealed) streams rushed to the ground.

Curiously, but it is protected from moisture and is the main function of the breeds.

If you analyze other elements of the decor of ancient architects, you can pay attention to the horse. The name appeared not from scratch. In the old days, the central log in the roof decorated the carved head of the horse.

According to legends, this is an image of the sun flying on the heavenly chariot. Here the roof rates personify the wings of an amazing horse. Therefore, breeding is not just a decorative element, but a part of a general composition having a certain meaning.

Above mentioned about the vents of the thread, here the wave-like lines emphasized the depth of the hlybay, and the round elements personified water drops, ready to spill onto the earthly sol.

Other Elements of Vine Slavic Architecture

If you have a survey of people on the street on the topic of the names of the elements of a wooden house, the answers will be standard. Most respondents will celebrate the roof, log house and porch, some will remember the subfield, the most advanced will be mentioned about the verandas and balconies.

If you understand in detail in Slavic architecture, it is possible to note in surprise that the legacy of the ancestors is rapidly lost. Our rapids were used to designate elements of the order of about 20 different items, giving each part of the house a special meaning.

Consider the main terms with which Slavs denoted the various parts of the house. We will negate that the names will not be tied to a certain territory or era. It looks like this:

This is the facade part of the structure covering the fully facial part.

The upper part of the hub, usually having a triangular form. The second name of the element is a root. For the designation, the terms of the frontton and nipce can be used. In the first case, there is a cornice between the triangle and the main part of the house, in the second - no.

This is the main decorative element of the hut, often asking the tone of the whole composition. By definition, the podzors are wide eaves, creating a visual distinction between the main part and the attic. In some cases, such a part is called frieze.

This is the bottom of the roof intended for the leading precipitation. The element is usually done narrow, looks like a logical completion of the roof.

This is the name of the decorative framework of window and doorways.

Earth embankment, closing the lower part of the hollows around the perimeter. Hence the second name - bezba. Functional Purpose of Zavaling: Protection of the structure from freezing (thermal insulation). In the summer, Zavaling was removed to ventilate the subfield.

Short board, decorated with a thread, covering the place of the junction of the Schelin. An element is usually decorated with sun symbols. Usually three towels were located on the front of the house: the center and the edges of the breeding. It symbolized the movement of the sun in the sky - sunrise, zenith, sunset.

This is the second name of the choices: the triangular part, which is crowning the facial part of the hut. The frontaths were gained from shocked upwards, closed with the ends of the roofs.

The central log, finalizing the grievous roof. Other names - shell, chop.

A small room located behind the frontal hut. The room was usually not heated, so in the summer was used to accommodate guests, in winter - as a warehouse of not necessary things.

The base of the hut made from the rows of laid birings.

The lower part of the structure is usually not heated. The calbus prevented the penetration of cold air inside the residential premises. Given the practicalism of our ancestors, in the lines kept various homemade utensils, could keep small cattle or bird.

Crowd firing trunks that support streams.

This is not a complete list of terms that our ancestors used during construction. However, the main elements of any wooden hut are listed here.