What are the building materials list. What are building materials - eco-friendly and harmful
Questions:
1) Main species building materials;
2) Advantages and disadvantages of constructions from reinforced concrete, stone, steel, wood;
The main types of building materials are: reinforced concrete, steel, stone (artificial and natural), wood. Artificial stones include ceramic and silicate brick, and also concrete, slag concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete, polystyrene-concrete, ceramic, etc. Blocks. Natural stones include blocks of tuff, sewer, limestone, boot, etc. Also, for the manufacture of building structures, aluminum, duralumin, polymers, bitumen and dispatch are used.
The diversity of materials and structures used in construction is caused by a large number of requirements for them (strength, deformative, heat engineering, fire-fighting, acoustic, economic, aesthetic, etc.). There is no perfect building material that meets all these requirements.
Constructions from different materials There are their advantages and disadvantages.
Constructions from concretees Even before our era were known. However, this breakthrough in construction was the invention of reinforced concrete in the middle of the last century. Although constructions from reinforced concrete steel used in the 1950s. Concrete is a composite material made with the use of aggregates (gravel, rubble, sand) and a binder (adhesive composition). Reinforced concrete call material consisting of concrete and reinforcement. The term reinforced concrete is traditional, but not entirely correct. The fact is that iron was previously called steel, which is now used for reinforcement. Concrete structures were not widespread due to its serious shortage. Concrete works well on compression, but bad on stretching. The steel on the contrary works well on stretching, and with large compressive stresses loses stability. Therefore, the main principle of designing reinforced concrete structures is the installation of reinforcement in stretched during operation, manufacturing, transportation and installation of the zone. The essence of the preparation of such a highly efficient material is a number of factors:
1) Steel and concrete have approximately the same temperature expansion coefficients;
2) concrete racks to many aggressive impacts and perfectly protects steel from them;
3) Concrete has a high heat capacity, which protects the reinforcement during emergency temperature effects (fires);
4) Concrete and fittings mutually compensate for the shortcomings of each other in case of force (stretching and compression).
Reinforced concrete structures have the following advantages:
1) strength, especially compression and bend;
2) rigidity;
3) durability;
4) fire resistance and refractory;
5) resistance to aggressive impacts;
6) the ability to be made any form;
7) Industriality.
Despite all the advantages, reinforced concrete has a number of shortcomings. Concrete has a high thermal conductivity. From reinforced concrete, it is problematic to perform enclosing structures. There are ways to increase the thermal insulating capacity of concrete: the manufacture of air voids (void blocks), an increase in porosity (foam and aerated concrete), the introduction of heat-insulating materials (polystyrene, slag, ceramzite concrete, etc.). All these methods lead to a change in the worse, the strength and deformative properties of manufactured products and structures.
Reinforced concrete structures have a lot of weight. In this regard, their use in high-altitude and large-spool facilities is difficult.
Reinforced concrete - porous material with open and closed pores. This contributes to its water - and breathability. From reinforced concrete, you can perform tanks and pipelines for some liquids, but it is impossible to do gasgolders.
Collected reinforced concrete structures Require an additional consumption of steel on mortgage parts for their compound. In addition, they often require additional reinforcement due to the peculiarities of transportation and installation. However, prefabricated structures have high industrialism and require less time for making and installation, which reduces construction terms.
Stone structures By the nature of the work under load and on properties are similar to concrete. Stone is one of the ancient building materials. Stone materials work well on compression and badly on stretching. They are racks for aggressive impacts, fire-resistant, refractory, durable. However, such structures have a number of shortcomings:
1) from the stone difficult to produce bending structures and almost impossible - stretched;
2) they cannot take a diverse form;
3) they have low industrialism, which leads to an increase in construction terms;
4) they have high thermal conductivity, which leads to the overflow of the material;
5) They have a lot of weight.
3) large operating costs.
Wooden designs without special events have low durability. In addition, you should remember the weak warperiness of this resource.
In the oil and gas industry, wooden structures are used for temporary buildings, as well as for the production of temporary retaining walls when
In the process of building and operating the building building construction We are exposed to technological, physical, mechanical effects, that is, the durability and stability of the structure directly depends on the literacy of the choice of materials used. A wide range of building materials consists of two categories: the first includes general-purpose substances (concrete, timber, brick, cement), in demand for the construction of most elements of buildings, in the second - materials special purpose (acoustic, thermal insulation, waterproofing, etc.).
Requirements affecting the area of \u200b\u200buse
When choosing building materials, it is necessary to pay attention to 4 groups of their properties affecting the scope of application. Physical properties Determine the density - relative, true, medium, bulk. From mechanical characteristics, the limits of the strength during shift, tension, compression, bending, as well as plasticity, hardness and rigidity are dependent. Chemical properties Reveal the stability of materials for aggressive impact external environment. Technological properties consist in heat resistance, melting speed, drying, solidification.
Heat insulation materials
Thermal insulation materials are characterized by low thermal conductivity, it allows them to be used for thermal protection of rooms, protection against heating and technical isolation. These materials are inorganic ( mineral wool, glass gaming, foam glass), vegetable (cellulose wool, chipboard, dvp), cork, polymeric (foam, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam) reflecting. thermal insulation materials: Thermal conductivity coefficient, porosity, density, humidity, vapor permeability, water absorption, bioscistance, water resistance, strength, heat capacity, frost resistance.
Lumber
In the construction of larch, spruce, pines and their lumber. Pine is most often used, since it is characterized by an optimal percentage of resins, which are able to prevent dropping even in conditions of high humidity. A spruce is more suitable for carrying structures, since it is less resinous substances. In addition to logs, bars, as well as edged materials and semi-finished products, such as boards, facing and sex racks. Shooting products are platbands, handrails, window sills, plinths.
The wood is customary to divide on types depending on the level of its humidity: absolutely dry, indoor dry, air-dry, wet and natural-wet. Based on the above classification, the appointment of sawn timber in construction is determined.
Facing materials
For outdoor facing - This is composite panels, facade porcelain stoneware, siding, facade cassettes, stoves, plastering mixes, metal cassettes, etc. Facing materials are most often performed by decorative and protective functions. For inner cladding uses natural and artificial materials, adorning halls, stairs, lobby, halls, stations, rooms, distinguished by high humidity.
Decoration Materials
Materials intended for internal and outdoor decoration, Used to strengthen the decorative and operational qualities of structures, protection of structures from external influences. These include concrete and finishing solutions, ceramics, wood products, stone materials (artificial and natural), metal, paper, plastic, glass. A separate group highlighted materials intended for floors.
With the current manifold of products in the market and in stores it is not easy to navigate and make the right choice.
In the following material, on-line construction magazine will talk about safe building materials for a person. We will try to give answers to questions: what materials are environmentally friendly, and which are not, how to make a choice in favor of environmentally friendly products and why it is worth preferred safe for a person For repair and construction.
What materials are considered environmentally friendly
Building materials can be safe (environmentally friendly) or contain harmful substances. For repair and construction it makes sense to choose only safe products. Maximum compliance with safety criteria natural materialswho have been used by a person for a long time. This is a stone and a tree. They are completely safe for health and promote the creation of a favorable climate in the room.
Wood and stone - renewable resource: with reasonable use they are completely restored in nature. But natural materials Not always suitable for modern construction due to existing shortcomings: for example, the tree has low heatproof and resistance. Stone - the material is expensive and at all is not suitable for the construction of multi-storey residential buildings.
In this regard, the materials created on the basis of natural resources - Glass, concrete and similar. This product is safe for human health. There are also a number of materials that distinguish toxic substances when used. This, for example, products with the use of polymers and additives to stabilize their properties: plasticity, strength and other
For example, the heat-insulating plate of polyurethane highlights toxin isocitiyant, and the foam - styrene, developing Myocardial infarction and thrombosis. The extruded polystyrene and expanded polystyrene are collected by hexabromocyclododekan (GBCDD) used to reduce their degree of flammability. The danger of using this substance was recognized as the European Chemical Agency, which found that GBCDD is a bionakaping, sustainable, toxic substance that occupies the first number in the list of 14 similar substances characterized by the property of particular danger to humans.
Popular materials on PVC based - vinyl wallpapers, Linoleum, decorative film - are a source of increased concentration in the air of heavy metals, which have the property of accumulating in the body and provoke the development of tumors. In the first place in the list of hazardous materials there are cheap paints, varnishes, mastic, which includes lead, copper and a number of narcotic substances - xylene, cresol, toluene.
To preserve your health, when choosing building materials, pay attention not only to external characteristics and quality, but also on the safety of the product. It is logical that it arises quite a normal question: how to choose the appropriate material?
What should be taken into account when purchasing building materials?
The product must have the conclusion of a sanitary and epidemiological service. The requirement is related to all products that are implemented in construction stores and in relevant markets. The certificate is issued on the goods that has passed the study, during which it is determined by its compliance with the norms and safety for human health.
It is necessarily investigated whether the product contains harmful substances. This is especially true for building materials, for the manufacture of which chemical additives that give the product the necessary characteristics, for example, strength. Such additives are waste of various kinds of industries - chemical, textile and others. But without them in production, for example, chipboard, bitumen, DVP, polymer-based materials are impossible, therefore, these materials are in the "risk group". After the production successfully passes special testing, if it is recognized by the appropriate admissible standards, it is certified. This document can be asked to familiarize yourself with the supplier or seller.
Building materials should not disseminate specific odors in the room. If the material publishes a sharp "chemical" smell, it probably emits toxins into the air. A strange smell is the "indicator", which suggests that this product may be dangerous for humans. But it should be known that most of the "harmful" products of a suspicious smell does not publish, so you need to familiarize yourself with the sanitary and hygienic conclusion (certificate) of the right product and find out the reputation of the manufacturer's company. Products of famous firms are more reliable.
Before going to the store or to the market for building materials, it is advisable to hold a full analysis of the information: to find out which manufacturers are leading in the manufacture of the materials you need, which products meet environmental standards and your requests, and after the price is compared.
Thanks to the Internet, this procedure has become possible to spend quickly - all the leading manufacturers have now sites with detailed information About their products, price and supply to the place of sale. The manufacturer's website is usually provided with complete documentation, including a sanitary and hygienic certificate.
Suppose you need to find wallpapers, thermal insulation and floor covering in the bedroom and children's room.
The first step is to find the most frequently used species of materials on the market.
The second step is to identify the features of the materials and the scope of their application.
The third step is to choose the manufacturer suitable for you by the required parameters.
Wallpaper
Wallpaper from vinyl dense, well wash, but are not eco-friendly. They can be suitable for the kitchen and hallway. Wallpaper from textiles (contain fabric fibers) resistant to fading, aesthetic, but it is hard to glue them. Supports such wallpapers for residential rooms, with the exception of analogs made of foam rubber with inlet synthetic threads.
Original and durable linker, but its composition includes the presence of mastic (usually chlorvinyl and similar), which limits the scope. Wood-based wallpapers (based on reed, bamboo, crutches, jute) are completely safe, durable and can be used even in the bedroom. Paper wallpaper is valuable in that they are "breathing" and are made of fully safe materials. The paper option is characterized by the optimal price-quality ratio and is often used in living rooms, children's and bedrooms.
For example, the oldest and reliable European wallpaper manufacturers Eco Tapeter and As Creation are used in the production process of the Rare varieties of Belgian and French paper. Products of these manufacturers are extremely high quality.
Paul coatings
Parquet board and parquet are the most durable and eco-friendly floor coating. But for him it is very important to correctly choose a varnish, which should be safe as possible. Then the parquet can be treated in all residential premises, including children's rooms and bedrooms.
Carpet is absolutely safe, but can cause allergies and for microorganisms that can start in its fibers.
Laminate looks good, "under parquet", but there is a risk of excavation in the air of harmful connections.
The least environmental linoleum. Of particular danger represents the rein, nitrolinoleum and linoleum based on polychlorvinyl. Even high-quality samples similar products You can use exclusively in the bathroom, in the kitchen and in the hallway.
Ceramic tile is reliable, durable and safe material, but use it when finishing a bedroom or an entrance hall.
It turns out that for residential rooms, we choose between the parquet board, parquet and cork coating. Last, by the way, quite recently began to gain popularity. The German company Meister and its technology are considered to be advanced in this area.
Insulation
Ceramzite gravel (ceramzite) is a durable, safe material, but it is complicated in use and is ineffective. For interior premises not used.
Glasswater - extreme effective insulationBut "Saws" over time, leaving the tight sections and lifted.
Polystyrene foam, foam foam is durable, available, but do not remove the pair from the premises, forming fungus and condensate on the walls. Also, these substances are combustible and distinguish harmful substances when contacting the fire.
Mineral wool based on stone (stone wool) well retains heat and protects from cold, environmentally friendly and recommended for use in wellness institutions, residential and children's premises. Is an non-combustible materialwhich does not distinguish toxins when contacting with fire.
The above list of products is not finished and complete. Before you go to the store, you need to study in detail the composition of the goods you are interested in and check the availability of the seller the necessary documentation.
Why it is necessary to give preference to safe building materials
The problems of applying environmentally friendly construction materials during construction began to be discussed by society not so long ago. Perhaps the main reason for the attention of the media to this important topic was the facts of circulation of people to doctors with complaints of nausea, headache, eye irritation and similar manifestations of allergies.
Patients unites one factor - accommodation in newly renovated or new apartments that were built using non-environmentally friendly building materials. Acute and first reaction to toxins allocated harmful materials, It is called "housing syndrome", but its symptoms disappear over time. If you continue to live in this room, health will be constantly deteriorating in connection with the accumulation of harmful substances in the body.
But, if you find out in advance, from which materials a house or cottage is built, where your apartment is located, all this may not be. It is always necessary to remember that high-quality and safe products can not be cheap, but is there a sense in saving to family health and own security?