What planet has the most powerful atmosphere. Do the planets live? Other properties of the atmosphere and impact on the human body

12.08.2020

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The atmosphere of planets atmosphere planets - gas shells planets rotating together with planets scattering and absorbing solar radiation. The atmosphere of the planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune consists mainly of hydrogen, helium and methane, Venus and Mars - mainly from carbon dioxide. The complex composition has an atmosphere of the Earth (N2, O2, AR, CO2, etc.).

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000 .

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, Smirnov Boris Mikhailovich. TutorialCreated by the well-known Soviet and Russian physicist devoted to three key areas of atmospheric physics in its global understanding of atmospheric electricity, stratospheric ...
Physics of the Global Atmosphere. Greenhouse effect, atmospheric electricity, the evolution of climate, Smirnov B.M. The training manual created by the famous Soviet and Russian physicist is dedicated to three key areas of atmospheric physics in its global understanding - atmospheric electricity, ...

Land - Planet of the solar system, located at a distance of 150 million kilometers from the Sun. The land rotates around it at an average speed of 29.765 km / s. Full turn around the sun it makes a period equal to 365.24 average sunny day. Earth satellite - MoonAppeals at a distance of 384,400 km. The slope of the earth's axis to the plane of ecliptic 66 ° 33 "22", the period of circulation around the axis 23 h 56 min 4.1 s. Form - geoid, spheroid. Equatorial radius - 6378.16 km, Polar - 6356,777 km. Surface area - 510.2 million km 2. Earth weight - 6 * 10 24 kg. Volume - 1.083 * 10 12 km 3. The gravitational field of the Earth causes the existence of the atmosphere and the spherical shape of the planet.

The average density of the land is 5.5 g / cm 3. This is almost twice as much as the density of surface rocks (about 3 g / cm 3). With depth, the density increases. The inner part of the lithosphere forms the kernel, which is in the molten state. Studies have shown that the kernel is divided into two zones: the inner core (a radius of about 1,300 km), which is likely to be solid, and the liquid external kernel (the radius of about 3400 km). The solid shell is also heterogeneous, it has a sharp surface of the section at a depth of about 40 km. This border is called the Mochorovichich surface. Area above the surface of Mochorovichich is called korah.lower - mantle. Mantle, like the bark, is in a solid state, with the exception of individual lava "pockets". With a depth, the density of the mantle increases from 3.3 g / cm 3 at the surface of Mochorovichich and up to 5.2 g / cm 3 at the core border. At the border of the core, it jumps to 9.4 g / cm 3. The density in the center of the Earth is in the range from 14.5 g / cm 3 to 18 g / cm 3. At the bottom border of the mantle, the pressure reaches 1 s00,000 atm. When descending into the mine, the temperature quickly rises - approximately 20 ° C per 1 kilometer. The temperature in the center of the Earth, apparently, does not exceed 9000 ° C. Since the temperature increases with a depth of average falls with an approach to the center of the earth, heat sources must be focused in the outer parts of the lithosphere, most likely in the mantle. The only conceivable cause of the heating of the mantle is the radioactive decay. 71% ground surface Oceans are occupied forming the bulk of the hydrosphere. Land - The only planet of the solar system with a hydrosphere. The hydrosphere supplies water vapor into the atmosphere. Water pairs due to infrared absorption creates a significant greenhouse effect, raising the average surface temperature of the Earth by about 40 ° C. The presence of the hydrosphere has played a decisive role in the occurrence of life on earth.

The chemical composition of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level - oxygen (about 20%) and nitrogen (about 80%). The modern composition of the atmosphere of the Earth, apparently, is very different from the primary, which occurred 4.5 * 10 9 years ago, when the bark was formed. Biosphere - plants, animals and microorganisms - significantly affects how overall characteristic Planet Earth and on the chemical composition of its atmosphere.

Moon

The diameter of the moon is less than the earth 4 times, and the weight is less than 81 times. Moon - Heavenly body, closer than the rest located to the ground.

The density of the moon is less than the Earth (3.3 g / cm 3). She does not have a kernel, but a constant temperature remains in the depths. Significant temperature differences are recorded on the surface: from + 120 ° C in the sunflower point of the moon to -170 ° C on the opposite side. This is also explained, firstly, the lack of an atmosphere, and secondly, the duration of the lunar day and the lunar night, equal to two terrestrial weeks.

The relief of the lunar surface includes lowlands and mountainous areas. Traditionally, lowlands are called "seas", although they are not filled with water. From the ground "Sea" are visible as dark spots on the surface of the moon. Their names are quite exotic: the sea of \u200b\u200bcold, the ocean of storms, the sea of \u200b\u200bMoscow, the sea of \u200b\u200bcrisis, etc.

Highlands occupy most of the surface of the moon and include mountain ranges and crater. The names of many lunar mountain ranges are similar to the earth: Apennins, Carpathians, Altai. The highest mountains reach a height of 9 km.

Craters occupy the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe lunar surface. Some of them have a diameter of about 200 km (keys and shikqard). Some are several times less (Aristarkh, Anaximei).

The lunar surface is most convenient for observation from the ground in places where the day and night borders, i.e. near the terminator. In general, only one hemisphere of the moon can be seen from the ground, but exceptions are possible. As a result of the fact that the moon moves in its orbita unevenly and its form is not strictly ballotor, its periodic pendulum fluctuations are observed regarding their center of mass. This leads to the fact that about 60% of the lunar surface can be observed from the ground. This phenomenon is called the Lubra Lubra.

There is no atmosphere on the moon. Sounds on it do not apply, because there is no air.

Moon phases

The moon does not have its own luminescence. Therefore, it is visible only in the part where the sunny or reflected land is falling. This explains the Phases of the Moon. Every month the moon, moving in orbit, passes between the Earth and the Sun and addressed to us dark Party (new moon). A few days later, a narrow sickle of a young moon appears on the western sky. The rest of the moon disk at this time is weakly lit. After 7 days, the first quarter comes, after 14-15 - the full moon. On the 22nd day, the last quarter is observed, and after 30 days - again the full moon.

Studies of the Moon

The first attempts to study the surface of the Moon took place quite a long time, but directly flying to the moon began only in the second half of the XX century.

In 1958, the first landing of the spacecraft was held on the surface of the moon, and in 1969 the first people landed on it. These were American astronauts N. Armstrong and E. Olrnn, delivered there with the Apollo-11 spacecraft.

The main goals of flights to the moon was the selection of soil samples and the study of the relief of the surface of the moon. The photos of the invisible side of the moon were first made by the devices "Luna-Z" and "Luna-9". Soil fences were made by the devices "Luna-16", "Luna-20" and others.

Sea tides and flows on Earth.

On Earth, tides and lowers alternate on average every 12 hours 25 minutes. The phenomenon of tides and sings is associated with the attraction of the Earth to the Sun and the Moon. But due to the fact that the distance to the Sun is too large (150 * 10 6 km), solar pills and foals are much weaker than the lunar.

On the plot of our planet, which is addressed to the moon, the force of attraction is greater, and on the peripheral direction less. As a result, the water shell of the Earth is stretched along the line connecting the ground with the moon. Therefore, in terms of land facing the moon, the water of the World Ocean is released (tide arises). Along the circle, the plane of which is perpendicular to the Land Luna line and passes through the center of the Earth, the water level in the world ocean decreases (there is a drop).

Flips and focus inhibit the rotation of the Earth. According to the calculations of scientists earlier, the terrestrial day was no more than a clock.

Mercury

Distance from the Sun - 58 * 10 6 km
Average density - 54,200 kg / m 3
Weight - 0,056 ground mass
Treatment period around the Sun - 88 Earth days
Diameter - 0.4 of the diameter of the Earth
Satellites - no

Physical conditions:
The nearest planet to the sun
There is no atmosphere
The surface is littered with craters
The range of daily temperatures is 660 ° C (from + 480 ° C to -180 ° C)
Magnetic field 150 times weaker ground

Venus

Distance from the Sun - 108 * 10 6 km
Average density - 5240 kg / m 3
Weight - 0.82 mass of land
Treatment period around the Sun - 225 Earth days
The period of appeal around your own axis - 243 days, rotation reverse
Diameter - 12 100 km
Satellites - no

Physical conditions

The atmosphere is denser the earthly. The composition of the atmosphere: carbon dioxide - 96%, nitrogen and inert gases\u003e 4%, oxygen - 0.002%, water vapors - 0.02%. Pressure 95-97 atm., Temperature at the surface - 470-480 ° C, due to the presence of a greenhouse effect. The planet is surrounded by a layer of clouds consisting of drops of sulfuric acid with chlorine and sulfur impurities. The surface is mainly smooth, with a small number of ridges (10% of the surface) and craters (17% of the surface). Soil basalt. There is no magnetic field.

Mars

Distance from the Sun - 228 * 10 6 km
Average density - 3950 kg / m 3
Mass - 0.107 Mass of the Earth
Treatment period around the Sun - 687 Earthy Day
The period of appeal around its own axis - 24 hours 37 min 23 s
Diameter - 6800 km
Satellites - 2 satellites: Phobos, Dimimos

Physical conditions

The atmosphere is sparse, the pressure is 100 times smaller than the earth. The composition of the atmosphere: carbon dioxide - 95%, nitrogen - more than 2%. Oxygen - 0.3%, water vapors - 1%. The daily temperature range is 115 ° C (from + 25 ° C day to -90 ° C at night). A rare clouds and fog are observed in the atmosphere, which indicates the discharge of moisture from groundwater reservoirs. The surface is littered with craters. The soil includes phosphorus, calcium, silicon, as well as iron oxides that give the planet red. The magnetic field is weaker than the earth 500 times.

Jupiter

Distance from Sun - 778 * 10 6 km
Average density - 1330 kg / m 3
Mass - 318 Mass Earth
Treatment period around the Sun - 11.86 years
The period of appeal around its axis - 9 h 55 min 29 s
Diameter - 142,000 km
Satellites - 16 satellites. IO, Hannmed, Callisto, Europe - the largest
12 satellites rotate in one direction A 4 - in the opposite

Physical conditions

The atmosphere contains 90% hydrogen, 9% helium and 1% of other gases (mainly ammonia). The clouds consist of ammonia. The radiation of Jupiter 2.9 times exceeds the energy obtained from the Sun. The planet is strongly flattened by the poles. The polar radius is 4,400 km less equatorial. Large cyclones are formed on the planet over time of life up to 100 thousand years. A large red stain observed on Jupiter is an example of such a cyclone. In the center of the planet, it is possible, there is a solid core, although the bulk of the planet in the liquid state. The magnetic field is 12 times stronger than the earth.

Saturn

Distance from Sun - 1426 * 10 6 km
Average density - 690 kg / m 3
Mass - 95 Mass Earth
Treatment period around the Sun - 29.46 years
The period of appeal around its axis - 10 h 14 min
Diameter - 50,000 km
Satellites are about 30 satellites. Most ice.
Some: Pandora, Prometheus, Janus, Epimeta, Dion, Elena, Mimas, Entselau, Tefnya, Rei, Titan, Ynet, Fea.

Physical conditions

The atmosphere contains hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia. Gets from the sun, 92 times less heat than the earth, 45% of this energy reflects. It highlights heat 2 times more than gets. Saturn has rings. Rings are divided into hundreds of individual rings. Opened X. Guigens. Rings are not solid. Have a meteorite structure, i.e. consist of solid particles of various sizes. The magnetic field is comparable to the earth.

Uranus

Distance from the Sun - 2869 * 10 6 km
Average density - 1300 kg / m 3
Weight - 14.5 masses of the Earth
A period of circulation around the Sun - 84.01
The period of appeal around its own axis -16 h 48 min
Equatorial diameter - 52 300 km
Satellites - 15 satellites. Some of them: Oberon (the most distant and second largest), Miranda, Cordelia (the closest to the planet), Ariel, Umbriel, Titania
5 satellites are moving towards the rotation of the planet near the plane of its equator in almost circular orbits, 10 appeal around uranium inside the orbit of Miranda

Physical conditions

The composition of the atmosphere: hydrogen, helium, methane. The temperature of the atmosphere is -150 ° C on radio emission. In the atmosphere found methane clouds. The planet is hot. The axis of rotation is inclined at an angle of 98 °. 10 dark rings discovered separated by intervals. The magnetic field is 1.2 times weaker than the ET extends 18 radii. There is a radiation belt.

Neptune

Distance from the Sun - 4496 * 10 6 km
Average density - 1600 kg / m 3
Mass - 17,3 Mass Earth
The period of circulation around the Sun is 164.8 years
Satellites - 2 satellites: Triton, Neret

Physical conditions

The atmosphere is extended and consists of hydrogen (50%), helium (15%), methane (20%), ammonia (5%). The temperature of the atmosphere is about -230 ° C by calculations, and on radio emission -170 ° C. This testifies to the hot depths of the planet. Opened Neptune on September 23, 1846. I. G. Gallev from the Berlin Observatory with the help of settlements of Astronoma J. J. Leverier

Pluto

Distance from the Sun - 5900 * 10 6
Average density - 1000-1200 kg / m 3
Weight - 0.02 Mass Earth
Treatment period around the Sun - 248 years
Diameter - 3200 km
The period of appeal around its axis is 6.4 days
Satellites - 1 satellite - Haron, was opened in 1978. J. U. Krnsti from the marine laboratory in Washington.

Physical conditions

Not discovered visible signs of the atmosphere. Above the surface of the planet, the maximum temperature is -212 ° C, and the minimum -273 ° C. The surface of the pluto is supposedly covered with a layer of methane ice, water ice is also possible. Acceleration of free fall on the surface is 0.49 m / s 2. Motion speed of Pluto in orbit 16.8 km / h.

Pluto was opened in 1930 by Clyde Tombo and named by the name of the ancient Gar of the underground kingdom, since it is scarcely lit by the sun. Charon on the representation of the ancient Greeks is the carrier of the dead to the kingdom of the dead across the Stix River.

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Abstract on the topic: "Atmosphere Planet»

Atmosphere of Mercury

The atmosphere of Mercury has an extremely low density. It consists of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, calcium, sodium and potassium vapor. The hydrogen and helium planet probably gets from the Sun, and the metals evaporate from its surface. "Atmosphere" this fine shell can only be called with a large stretch. The pressure at the surface of the planet is 500 billion times less than the surface of the earth (it is less than in modern vacuum installations on Earth).

Maximum surface temperature of Mercury registered with sensors, +410 ° C. The average temperature of the night hemisphere is -162 ° C, and the daily +347 ° C (this is enough to melt lead or tin). The temperature differences due to the change of the time of the year caused by the elongation of the orbit, the daily side reaches 100 ° C. At a depth of 1 m, the temperature is constant and equal to +75 ° С, because the porous soil does not spend heat. Organic life on Mercury is excluded.

Venus atmosphere

Venus's atmosphere is extremely hot and dry. The temperature on the surface reaches its maximum, about the mark of 480 ° C. In the atmosphere of Venus contains 105 times more gas than in the atmosphere of the Earth. The pressure of this atmosphere at the surface is very large, 95 times higher than on Earth. Space ships have to design so that they can withstand a crushing atmosphere, crushing force.

In 1970, the first spacecraft arrived in Venus was able to withstand the terrible heat for only about one hour - it was just enough to send data on the surface on the surface. Russian aircraft who committed landing in Venus in 1982 was sent to the land color photographs depicting sharp rocks.

Thanks to the greenhouse effect, terrible heat stands on Venus. The atmosphere, which is a dense carbon dioxide blanket, holds the heat that came from the sun. As a result, a large number of thermal energy accumulates.

Venus's atmosphere is divided into several layers. The most dense part of the atmosphere - the troposphere, begins on the surface of the planet and extends up to 65 km. The winds in the grilled surface are weak, however, in the upper part of the troposphere, the temperature and pressure decrease to the earth's values, and the wind speed increases to 100 m / s.

The atmospheric pressure on the surface of Venus is 92 times higher than on earth, and comparable to the pressure generated by the water layer at a depth of 910 meters. Due to such high pressure, carbon dioxide is actually no gas, but a supercritical fluid. Venus's atmosphere has a mass of 4.8 · 1020 kg, which is 93 times the mass of the entire atmosphere of the Earth, and the air density at the surface is 67 kg / m3, that is, 6.5% of the density of liquid water on Earth.

The venera troposphere contains 99% of the entire atmosphere of the planet by mass. 90% of Venus's atmosphere is within 28 km from the surface. At an altitude of 50 km, the atmospheric pressure is approximately equal to the pressure on the ground surface. On the night side of Venus, the clouds can be found even 80 km above the surface.

Upper atmosphere and ionosphere

Mesosphere Venus is in the range between 65 and 120 km. Next, the thermosphere begins, reaching the upper limit of the atmosphere (exosphere) at an altitude of 220--350 km.

Mesosphere Venus can be divided into two levels: lower (62--73 km) and upper (73--95) km. In the first layer, the temperature is almost constant and is 230k (? 43 ° C). This level coincides with the top layer of clouds. At the second level, the temperature begins to drop, dropping to 165 to (? 108 ° C) at an altitude of 95 km. This is the coldest place on the daily side of the atmosphere of Venus. Next begins mesopause, which is the boundary between the mesosphere and a thermosphere and is between 95 and 120 km. On the day side of the mesopause, the temperature increases to 300--400 K (27--127 ° C) - values \u200b\u200bpredominate in a thermosphere. In contrast, the night side of the thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with a temperature of 100k (? 173 ° C). It is sometimes called cryosphere. In 2015, with the help of the Vena-Express probe, scientists recorded the thermal anomaly in the interval of heights from 90 to 100 kilometers - the average temperature indicators here above 20-40 degrees and are equal to 220-224 degrees of Kelvin.

Venus has an elongated ionosphere, located at an altitude of 120--300 km and almost coinciding with a thermosphere. High levels of ionization are saved only on the day side of the planet. On the night side, the concentration of electrons is almost equal to zero. Venus ionosphere consists of three layers: 120--130 km, 140--160 km and 200--250 km. There can also be an additional layer around 180 km. The maximum density of electrons (the number of electrons per unit of volume) 3 · 1011 m3 is achieved in the second layer near the sunflower point. The upper boundary of the ionosphere - ionopausa is located at an altitude of 220--375 km. The main ions in the first and second layer are O2 + ions, while the third layer consists of O + ions. According to observations, the ionospheric plasma is in motion, and solar photoionization on the day side and the recombination of ions on the night are processes, mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed speeds. The plasma flow is apparently sufficient to maintain the observed level of the concentration of ions on the night side.

Atmosphere of land

Planet's atmosphere Earth, one of the geopa, a mixture of gases surrounding the Earth, and is contained due to the power of gravity. The atmosphere mainly consists of nitrogen (N2, 78%) and oxygen (O2, 21%; O3, 10%). The remaining (~ 1%) consists mainly of argon (0.93%) with small impurities of other gases, in particular carbon dioxide (0.03%). In addition, the atmosphere contains about 1.3 hours 1.5 h 10kg of water, the main mass of which is concentrated in the troposphere.

According to changes in temperature with a height in the atmosphere, the following layers are distinguished:

· Troposphere - Up to 8-10 km in polar regions and up to 18 km - over the equator. Almost 80% of atmospheric air is concentrated in the troposphere, almost all of water vapor, clouds are formed here and precipitation falls out. The heat exchange in the troposphere is carried out mainly convective. The processes occurring in the troposphere directly affect the life and activities of people. The temperature in the troposphere with a height decreases by an average of 6 ° C per 1 km, and the pressure is 11 mm RT. in. For every 100 m. The conditional boundary of the troposphere is considered to be tropopause, in which the decrease in temperature with a height ceases.

· Stratosphere - From the tropopause to Stratozeus, which is located at an altitude of about 50-55 km. It is characterized by a slight increase in temperature with a height, which reaches a local maximum on the upper boundary. At an altitude of 20-25 km in the stratosphere, a layer of ozone is located, which protects live organisms from the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation.

· Mesosphere - Located at 55-85 km altitudes. The temperature gradually falls (from 0 ° C in StratoCouzu to -70 h -90 ° C in mesopausis).

· Thermosphere - runs at altitudes from 85 to 400-800 km. The temperature grows with a height (from 200 k to 500-2000 k in turbopausa). According to the degree of ionization of the atmosphere, it is highlighted in it a neutral layer (neutrofer) - to a height of 90 km, and the ionized layer - the ionosphere is above 90 km. By homogeneity, the atmosphere is divided into a homosphere (a homogeneous atmosphere of permanent chemical composition) and heterosphere (the composition of the atmosphere varies with a height). The conditional limit between them at an altitude of about 100 km is a homopause. Top part The atmosphere, where the concentration of molecules is reduced so much that they are moving mainly by ballistic trajectories, almost without collisions among themselves, is called an exosphere. It begins at an altitude of about 550 km, consisting mainly helium and hydrogen and gradually goes into an interplanetary space.

Atmospheric value

Despite the fact that the mass of the atmosphere is only one millionth share of the mass of the Earth, it plays a decisive role in various natural cycles (cycle of water, carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle). The atmosphere is an industrial source of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, which are obtained by fractional distillation of liquefied air.

Atmosphere Mars

Mars's atmosphere was open before the flight of automatic interplanetary stations to the planet. Thanks to the confrontations of the planet, which happen every three years and spectral analysis, the astronomers already knew that it had a very homogeneous composition, more than 95% of which is CO2.

In the 20th century, thanks to the interplanetary probes, we learned that the atmosphere of Mars and its temperature are very interrelated, because thanks to the transfer of the smallest particles of iron oxide, huge dust storms arise, which can cover half of the planet, simultaneously raising its temperature.

Approximate composition

The gas shell of the planet consists of consisting of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% of argon, and trace amounts of oxygen, water vapor and other gases. In addition, it is very much filled with small dust particles (mainly of iron oxide), which give her a reddish tint. Thanks to the information about the particles of iron oxide, answer the question of what color atmosphere is not difficult.

Why is the atmosphere of the Red Planet consists of carbon dioxide? There are no tactics on the planet for billions of years. The lack of movement of the plates allowed volcanic points to spew magma on the surface of millions of years in a row. Carbon dioxide is also an eruption product and this is the only gas that is constantly updated by the atmosphere, actually this is actually the only reason why it exists. In addition, the planet lost his magnetic fieldThat contributed to the fact that lighter gases were carried out by the sunshine. Due to continuous eruptions, many large volcanic mountains appeared. Mount Olympus, is the largest mountain in the solar system.

Scientists believe that Mars lost his entire atmosphere, due to the fact that he lost its magnetosphere about 4 billion years ago. Once the gas shell of the planet was denser and the magnetosphere protected from solar wind Planet. Sunny wind, the atmosphere and the magnetosphere are strongly interrelated. Solar particles interacts with the ionosphere and takes the molecule from it, reducing the density. This is a randering to the question where the atmosphere is done. These ionized particles were found by spacecraft, in the space behind Mars. This leads to the fact that on the surface pressure on average 600 Pa, compared with average pressure on Earth 101300 Pa.

Structure

The atmosphere is divided into four main layers: lower, medium, upper and ecosphere. Bottom layers are a warm area (about 210 K). It is heated from dust in the air (dust 1.5 μm in the diameter) and thermal radiation from the surface.

It should be noted that, despite the very large rareness, the concentration of carbon dioxide, in the gas shell of the planet, is approximately 23 times more than in our. Therefore, not such a friendly atmosphere of Mars, it is impossible to breathe in it not only to people, but also to other earthly organisms.

The average is similar to earthly. The upper layers of the atmosphere heats up from the solar wind and there the temperature is much higher than on the surface. It warmly causes the gas to leave the gas shell. The ecosphere begins approximately 200 km from the surface and does not have a clear boundary. As you can see, the temperature distribution in height is quite predictable for the planet of the earth group.

Atmosphere of Jupiter

The only visible part of Jupiter is atmospheric clouds and stains. Clouds are located in parallel to the equator depending on ascending warm or descending cold streams, they are bright and dark atmosphere of Planet Mercury Earth

In the atmosphere of Jupiter over 87% by hydrogen and ~ 13% helium, the remaining gases, including methane, ammonia, water vapor are in the form of impurities at the level of tenth and hundredths of the percentage.

The pressure of 1 atm corresponds to the temperature of 170 K. The tropopause is at a level with a pressure of 0.1 atm and a temperature of 115 K. in the entire underlying troposphere of the height temperature of the temperature, the adiabatic gradient in the hydrogen-hydrogen medium can be described - about 2 k per kilometer. The spectrum of the radio emission of Jupiter also testifies to the sustainable growth of radium temperature with depth. Above the tropopause is the temperature of the temperature inversion, where the temperature is up to the pressure of order 1 mbar gradually increases to ~ 180 K. This value is stored in the mesosphere, which is characterized by almost isothermia to a level with a pressure of ~ 10-6 atm, and above the thermosphere begins, turning into an exosphere. With a temperature of 1250 K.

Clouds of Jupiter

Three main layers are distinguished:

1. The topmost, at a pressure of about 0.5 atm, consisting of crystalline ammonia.

2. The intermediate layer consists of ammonium hydrosulfide

3. Bottom layer, with a multiple atmospheres, consisting of ordinary water ice.

In some models, the existence of the lowest, fourth layer of clouds consisting of liquid ammonia is also allowed. Such a model as a whole satisfies the set of existing experimental data and well explains the color of the zones and belts: the light zones located above in the atmosphere contain bright white ammonia crystals, and the deeper belts are red-brown ammonium hydrosulfide crystals.

Like the land and Venus, lightning is registered in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Judging by the light flashes captured in the photos of "Voyager", the discharge intensity is extremely large. It is not yet clear, however, to what extent these phenomena are associated with the clouds, since the outbreaks are detected at large altitudes than expected.

Circulation on Jupiter

The characteristic movement on Jupiter is the presence of zonal circulation of tropical and moderate latitudes. The circulation itself is axisymmetric, that is, almost no differences in various longitents. The speeds of Eastern and Western winds in zones and belts range from 50 to 150 m / s. The wind is blowing in the east direction at a speed of about 100 m / s.

The structure of zones and belts differs in the character of vertical movements on which the formation of horizontal flows depends. In bright areas, the temperature of which is lower, motion ascending, clouds are denser and are located at higher levels in the atmosphere. In more dark (red-brown) belts with a higher downward movement temperature, they are located deeper in the atmosphere and are closed less dense clouds.

Rings Jupiter

Rings of Jupiter, surrounding the planet perpendicular to the equator, are at an altitude of 55,000 km from the atmosphere.

They were opened by the Voyager-1 probe in March 1979, since the Earth has been observed since the Earth. There are two main rings and one, very subtle, internal with a characteristic orange color. The thickness of the rings seems to not exceed 30 km, and the width is 1000 km.

Unlike Saturn's rings, Jupiter Rings are dark (albedo (reflective ability) - 0.05). And, probably consist of very small solid particles of meteoric nature. Jupiter rings particles most likely do not remain in them for a long time (due to obstacles created by the atmosphere and magnetic field). Consequently, once the rings are constant, they must continuously replenish. Small satellite Metis and Adraty, whose orbits lie within the rings, are obvious sources of such replenishment. From the Earth, the Jupiter ring can be seen when observed only in the infrared range.

Atmosphere Saturn

The upper layers of the atmosphere of Saturn consist on 96.3% of hydrogen (by volume) and 3.25% from helium (compared with 10% in the atmosphere of Jupiter). There are impurities of methane, ammonia, phosphine, ethane and some other gases. Ammonia clouds at the top of the atmosphere are more powerful than Jupaterian. The clouds of the bottom of the atmosphere consist of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH) or water.

According to Voyagerov, the Saturn is blowing strong windsThe devices registered air flow rates of 500 m / s. Winds blow mainly in the eastern direction (in the direction of axial rotation). Their strength weakens when removing from the equator; When removing the equator, Western atmospheric flows also appear. A number of data indicate that the atmosphere circulation occurs not only in the layer of the upper clouds, but also at a depth, at least up to 2 thousand km. In addition, the measurements of Voyager-2 showed that winds in the southern and northern hemispheres are symmetrical relative to the equator. There is an assumption that symmetric flows are somehow connected under a layer of visible atmosphere.

In the atmosphere of Saturn, there are sometimes sustainable formations that are heavy-duty hurricanes. Similar objects are observed on other gas planets of the solar system (see the big red spot on Jupiter, a large dark spot on Neptune). The giant "big white oval" appears on Saturn about once every 30 years, for the last time he was observed in 1990 (less large hurricanes are formed more often).

November 12, 2008 Cassini station cameras received images north Pole. Saturn in the infrared range. On them, researchers discovered polar shines, similar to which were never observed in the solar system. Also, these radiances were observed in ultraviolet and visible bands. Polar radiances are bright continuous oval rings surrounding the pole of the planet. Rings are located on latitude, as a rule, at 70--80 °. The southern rings are located on a latitude of an average of 75 ± 1 °, and the northern - closer to the pole by about 1.5 °, which is due to the fact that in the northern hemisphere the magnetic field is slightly stronger. Sometimes rings become a spiral form instead of oval.

In contrast to Jupiter, the polar shining of Saturn is not associated with the uneven rotation of the plasma layer in the outer parts of the magnetosphere of the planet. Presumably, they arise due to magnetic reinforcement under the action of solar wind. The shape and type of polar shiny Saturn change greatly over time. Their location and brightness are strongly connected with the pressure of the solar wind: the more, the shiny is brighter and closer to the pole. The average value of the power of polar beam is 50 GW in the range of 80--170 nm (ultraviolet) and 150--300 GW in the range of 3--4 microns (infrared).

During the storms and storms on Saturn there are powerful lightning discharges. The electromagnetic activity of Saturn, caused by them varies over the years from the almost complete absence of up to very strong electric storms.

On December 28, 2010, Cassini photographed the storm resembling a cigarette smoke. Another, especially a powerful storm, was recorded on May 20, 2011.

Uranian atmosphere

Uranium's atmosphere, as well as the atmosphere of Jupiter and Saturn, consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. At high depths, it contains significant amounts of water, ammonia and methane, which is a distinctive feature of the atmospheres of uranium and Neptune. The inverse picture is observed in the upper layers of the atmosphere, which contains very few substances heavier than hydrogen and helium. Uranium's atmosphere is the coldest of all planetary atmospheres in the solar system, with a minimum temperature of 49 K.

The atmosphere of uranium can be divided into three main layers:

1. Troposphere - takes a period of heights from? 300 km to 50 km (for 0, the conditional boundary is taken, where the pressure is 1 bar;) and the pressure range from 100 to 0.1 bar

2. Stratosphere - covers heights from 50 to 4000 km and pressures between 0.1 and 10? 10 bar

3. Exosphere - extends from a height of 4000 km to several radii of the planet, the pressure in this layer when removing from the planet tends to zero.

It is noteworthy that in contrast to the earth, the atmosphere of uranium has no mesosphere.

In the troposphere there are four cloud layers: methane clouds at the boundary corresponding to the pressure of about 1.2 bar; hydrogen sulfide and ammonia clouds in the layer of pressures 3-10 bar; Ammonium hydrosulfide clouds at 20-40 bar, and finally, water clouds from ice crystals below the conditional pressure limit of 50 bar. Only two upper cloud layers are available to direct observation, the existence of the underlying layers is predicted only theoretically. Bright tropospheric clouds are rarely observed in uranium, which is probably due to the low activity of convection in the deep regions of the planet. Nevertheless, observations of such clouds were used to measure the speed of zonal winds on the planet, which reaches 250 m / s.

The atmosphere of uranium currently has less information than about the atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter. As of May 2013, only one spacecraft, Voyager 2, studied uranium from a close distance. No other missions for uranium are currently planned.

Atmosphere Neptune

In the upper layers of the atmosphere, hydrogen and helium are detected, which make up 80 and 19%, respectively at this height. Also observed traces of methane. Nice methane absorption bands are found at wavelengths above 600 nm in the red and infrared spectrum. As in the case of uranium, the absorption of red light is methane is an essential factor that gives the atmosphere of Neptune Blue Tint, although the bright Neptune Azure is different from the more moderate aquamarine uranium. Since the content of methane in the atmosphere of Neptune is not much different from such in the atmosphere of uranium, it is assumed that there is also some, while unknown, an atmosphere component that contributes to education of blue color. Neptune's atmosphere is divided into 2 main areas: a lower troposphere, where the temperature is reduced along with a height, and the stratosphere, where the temperature is height, on the contrary, increases. The boundary between them, the tropopause, is at the pressure level of 0.1 bar. The stratosphere is replaced by a thermosphere at the pressure level below than 10? 4 - 10? 5 microbar. The thermosphere is gradually moving into the exosphere. Neptune Triposfer models allow us to believe that depending on the height, it consists of clouds of variable compositions. Top-level clouds are in the pressure zone below one bar, where the temperature contributes to the condensation of methane.

When pressure between one and five bars, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide clouds are formed. With a pressure of more than 5 bar, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper, with a pressure of approximately 50 bar, there may be clouds of water ice, at a temperature of 0 ° C. It is also possible that in this zone there may be clouds from ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Neptune's high-altitude clouds were observed along the shadows discarded on the an opaque cloud layer below the level. Among them are the cloud stripes, which are "wrapped" around the planet on constant latitude. In these peripheral groups, the width reaches 50--150 km, and they themselves are 50--110 km above the main cloud layer. Studying the Spectrum of Neptune suggests that its lower stratosphere is clothed due to the condensation of the products of ultraviolet photolysis of methane, such as ethane and acetylene. The stratosphere also found traces of cyanogenoda and carbon monoxide. Neptune stratosphere is more warm than the stratosphere of uranium due to a higher hydrocarbon concentration. For unexplained reasons, the planet is an abnormally high temperature of about 750 to .. for such high temperatures The planet is too far from the sun, so that it can heat the thermosphor of ultraviolet radiation. Perhaps this phenomenon is a consequence of atmospheric interaction with ions in the magnetic field of the planet. According to another theory, the basis of the warming mechanism are waves of gravity from the internal areas of the planet, which are dissipated in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon monoxide and water, which fell there, possibly from external sources, such as meteorites and dust.

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Venus

Venus has a very dense atmosphere consisting of carbon dioxide. The surface temperature reaches 450 ° C, which is explained by the constant greenhouse effect, the pressure of about 90 atm. Venus size equals 0.815 ground size. The core of the planet is composed of iron. There is a small amount of water on the surface, as well as many methane seas. Venus lack satellites.

Planet Earth

The only planet in the Universe, on which life exists. Almost 70% of the surface is covered with water. The atmosphere consists of a complex mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and inert gases. Gravity of the planet has an ideal value. If it would be smaller - oxygen would be, if more - hydrogen would gather on the surface, and life could not exist.

If you increase the distance from the ground to the Sun for 1% - the oceans will freeze, if we reduce 5% - boil.

Mars

Because of the large content of iron oxide in the ground, Mars is bright red. Its size is 10 times less than the earth. The atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide. The surface is covered with craters and extinct volcanoes, the highest of which Olympus, its height is 21.2 km.

Jupiter

The largest of the planets of the solar system. Large ground 318 times. Consists of a mixture of helium and hydrogen. Inside, the Jupiter is kept, and therefore vortex structures predominate in its atmosphere. It has 65 famous satellites.

Saturn

The structure of the planet is similar to Jupiter, but first of all, Saturn is known thanks to the rings system. Saturn is 95 times larger than the earth, but its density is the smallest among the solar system. Its density is equal to the density of water. It has 62 famous satellites.

Uranus

Uranus larger land 14 times. Unique with its rotation "on the side". The inclination of its axis of rotation is 98O. The uranium core is very cold, as it gives all the heat into space. He has 27 satellites.

Neptune

Larger than 17 times. Rades a large amount of heat. Shows low geological activity, there are geasers from. It has 13 satellites. The planet is accompanied by so called "Neptune Trojans", which are asteroid bodies.

In the atmosphere of Neptune contains a large amount of methane, it gives it a characteristic blue color.

Features of the planets of the solar system

A distinctive feature of the planets of the solar system is the fact of their rotation not only around the Sun, but also along its axis. Also, all planets are more or less warm heavenly bodies.

For many years, scientists are asked by issues relating to the planetary atmosphere. So, why the planets, the gravity of which is much weaker than ours, have a pressure of the atmosphere, hundreds of times greater than the earth (for example, Venus)? On the other hand, there are planets, such as titanium, having a smaller gravity, but the atmosphere is four times tight here than on Earth. Happens and so that some heavenly bodies With gravity, only three times weaker than the earthly, possess the atmosphere, is hundred times more rarellied. What are the reasons? The great set of hypotheses on this score is advanced, but their character is mutually exclusive.

Astronomers from the Andalus Institute of Astrophysics, headed by José Luis Ortis, with the help of three telescopes, were detailed in detail behind the surface of Mchamak in the light of the stars, which became on the imaginary line between her and our planet, while a short time eclipsed her. As a result, the observation was reliably: the dwarf planet Mchamak atmosphere has no.

As José Luis Ortiz himself explained, Mchamak, passing between the star and the earth, temporarily tanned her light from us, as a result of the star first disappeared from sight, and then again suddenly appeared, which indicates the absence of any significant atmosphere on the dwarf planet. Until now, Mchamak was considered a frozen world with an orbit located in the external regions of the solar system and having a full-fledged global atmosphere close to it close to him, although thin.

Mchamak is a dwarf planet, which was opened in 2005. Its size is about two thirds of the diameter of the pluto. However, it rotates around the Sun on a much remote orbit: further pluton, but closer to Erides. The diameter of the planet, according to the latest data, varies between 1,430 plus-minus 9 km to 1,502 plus-minus 45 km. It is not excluded that both figures are correct, and the form of the planet is not entirely correct. Albedo of the planet at the same time equals 0.77 plus-minus 0.03 (relatively close to Pluto), which is in approximate accordance with the dirty snow and indicates the similarity of these objects. The density of the planet is also not lower than 1.7 plus-minus 0.3 g / cm³ (15% less than at Pluto). But despite this, on the surface of McCameca, the maximum atmospheric pressure does not exceed 12 billionth of the earth. This is practically a vacuum, which is especially strange, based on the considerations that the temperature of the planet (half of the surface of McCameca, at least heated to 50 K) - is quite high for the transneptune object without an atmosphere, which relative to the cool pluto is in a significant distance from the Sun .

According to scientists, this may be due to the absence of one of the most important sources of atmospheric gas sources as nitrogen or a huge slope of the planet's axis. In this case, the formation of a sustainable atmosphere is very difficult.

And yet it is not excluded that nevertheless, in some way on Mchamak, there is an atmosphere, for example, in areas possessing a smaller albedo, in which the transition of surface substances into a gaseous state is not excluded. Check this theory during the next eclipse.

What planet has the most powerful atmosphere. Do the planets live? Other properties of the atmosphere and impact on the human body

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