How much energy of the sun comes to the ground. Methods for calculating the power of solar panels. Calculation of the production of solar power plant based on insolation values
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If one of you wondered about the acquisition of solar panels, you probably wondered - how much solar energy can be obtained. How many square meters of batteries you need to power the refrigerator with a TV? And if there is also a vacuum cleaner from time to time, and the electric kettle? In general, questions mass.
So, the amount of solar energy that goes to the ground under ideal conditions, is equal to 1367 watts on square meter. There is even such a concept - solar constant. God comes to the Earth 1000-1100 watts, and this indicator can be varied depending on the angle of installation of the solar battery. It is from this number that we will dance further.
Of course the best option There will be a solar panel with the sun tracking system, but such a system is cumbersome, it is expensive, and therefore is consumed extremely rarely. Best of available options - This is the placement of the batteries at an optimal angle to the Sun, in our latitudes, this angle is equal to forty degrees. Of course, the amount of solar energy that reaches the ground, depends not only on the corner of the battery installation, but also from the geographical position, the transparency of the atmosphere and many other factors, so the exact calculation is somewhat difficult. So that you do not have to mess with the calculator, the table below is presented in which the amount of solar energy you can get. Of course, the indicator for each city would be too troublesome, so the calculation was carried out only on four cities of Russia, but this will be enough to approximately determine how much solar energy you can get.
Number of solar energy obtained in different cities of Russia
City:Astrakhan: 1371 1593 2200
Vladivostok: 1289 - when horizontal installation, 1681 - when installing at an angle of 40 degrees, 2146 - In the presence of a system of tracking the sun.
Moscow: 1020 - when horizontal installation, 1173 - when installing at an angle of 40 degrees, 1514 - In the presence of a system of tracking the sun.
Sochi: 1365 - when horizontal installation, 1571 - when installing at an angle of 40 degrees, 2129 - In the presence of a system of tracking the sun.
These numbers show how many kilowatt-hours of energy can be obtained from one square meter of solar panels, a year. For example, if you have a small panel with one square, in Moscow, while the battery is installed at an angle of 40 degrees, then every light day, you will receive:
1173/65 \u003d 3.2 kilowatta. It would seem great, at the same time a microwave, a kettle and a vacuum cleaner can work, but not everything is so rosy. The efficiency of solar panels, far from stop-center. At the moment, inexpensive solar panels, which are most often used, have efficiency in a modest 14-18 percent. There are more complex multicomponent solar cells whose efficiency reaches 40 percent, but they are too expensive for mass use. Therefore, in the calculations, we will keep in view of ordinary solar cells.
So, the amount of solar energy from one square meter of batteries will be 3.2 * 0.16 \u003d 0.5 kilowatta per hour. In principle, it is also not bad. Paul Kilowatta is a TV and a refrigerator, well, a laptop to a heap. Ten square meters of solar panels, in principle, will be able to provide a small house with electricity, but if everything is so cool, then why the solar batteries do not miss everywhere and everywhere?
How to save the resulting amount of solar energy?
In fact, electricity during the day is not particularly needed, if this is of course the usual residential building, and not production. Electricity is needed in the evening, that is, when the solar panels cease to produce it. It turns out that during the day, electricity is produced, but we do not need it, but in the evening, then the amount of solar energy that produced batteries would be by the way, but where to keep it?Batteries. Here is the main problem of solar energy. At the moment, the batteries are much more expensive than the solar panels, and their duration is extremely low. About a thousand cycles charge / discharge, and the battery comes into disrepair. This is about two or three years of work. Then batteries need to be changed.
Alternatively, you can save energy differently: during the day, solar panels are powered by electric pump, which pumps water from the well to the tank located on the water tower. In the evening, as soon as the electricity generation drops, and the amount of solar energy generated by the batteries is lower than, a water generator is connected.
Water stored during the day, flowing down, and rotates the turbine connected to the generator, that is, it works as an ordinary hydroelectric station. This option seems very promising, but not suitable because of the extreme high cost - all the same, it is necessary to build a huge container for many tons or even many thousands of tons (depending on the power of the generator) of water. In general, while for private users is too expensive. About an ambitious idea - to build solar power plants for all Earth, and transmit energy from the places where it is now, in those parts of the planet where night, do not even consider it. Loss of transmission is too great.
Results:
Solar energy can not yet compete with traditional power plants due to the fact that electricity that they produce is very difficult to keep. At the moment, solar panels will only save electricity in the afternoon. Fully switch to self-sufficiency with electricity, it makes sense only in the areas distant from civilization, where it is simply no possibility to stretch the power line.Our luminaries from the satellite
The solar constant is the amount of electromagnetic radiation that comes from the Sun at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (the average distance from the ground to our star) and falls perpendicular to a certain area. Measured by satellites, the solar constant is 1.366 kilowatt per square meter. Our star emits electromagnetic radiation throughout the spectrum, from radio waves to infrared, from visible light to X-rays.
If we could fold all the energy of this radiation, we would get the overall radiation of the Sun.
Solar constant
It is the amount of radiation that falls into the area perpendicular to the sun. In fact, the rays that we see at the surface of the Earth are a small share of this constant. This is because the atmosphere of the planet blocks some wavelengths.
Depending on your location on the planet, the amount of the resulting light varies. The sun radiates $ 2 billion times greater than the energy obtained on Earth.
The amount of solar radiation obtained by the Earth also varies depending on its point in orbit. Since the land has a slightly elliptical orbit, at the nearest point of its orbit, the amount of energy obtained is 1.413 kW / m2. In its most remote point, the size of solar radiation is only 1.321 kW / m2.
Rising energy prices in Russia causes interest to cheap energy sources. The most accessible is solar energy. The solar radiation energy falling to the ground is 10,000 times higher than the amount of energy produced by humanity. Problems arise in energy collection technologies and due to uneven energy intake on helix. Therefore, solar collectors and solar panels are applied or in conjunction with energy batteries or as an additional feeding agent for the main energy installation.
The country is extensive and the picture of the distribution of solar energy in its territory is very diverse.
Averaged data of solar energy
Solar Energy Intensity
Zones of the maximum intensity of solar radiation. Over 5 kW comes 1 square meter. hour. Solar energy per day.
In the southern border of Russia from Baikal to Vladivostok, in the Yakutsk district, in the south of the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Buryatia, as it is not strange, for the polar circle in the eastern part of the northern land.
The flow of solar energy from 4 to 4.5 kW. An hour per quarter. meter per day
Krasnodar Territory, North Caucasus, Rostov region, south part Volga region, southern regions of the Novosibirsk, Irkutsk regions, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia, Primorsky and Khabarovsk region, Amur region, Sakhalin Island, extensive territories from the Krasnoyarsk Territory to Magadan, Northern Earth, Northeast Yamalo-Nenets JSC.
From 2.5 to 3 kW. hour per square meter per day
On Western Doug - Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Salekhard, eastern part of Chukotka and Kamchatka.
From 3 to 4 kW. An hour per quarter. meter per day
The rest of the country.
Sunshine duration per year
The greatest intensity of the flow of energy has in May, June and July. During this period in the middle lane of Russia per 1 square meter. The meter of the surface accounts for 5 kW. Hour a day. The smallest intensity in December-January, when 1 kV. The meter of the surface accounts for 0.7 kW. Hour a day.
Installation features
If you install a solar collector at an angle of 30 degrees to the surface, then you can provide energy to the maximum and minimum mode, respectively, 4.5 and 1.5 kW of an hour per 1 kV. meter. in a day.
Distribution of solar radiation intensity in the middle lane of Russia for months
Based on the given data, you can calculate the area of \u200b\u200bflat solar collectors needed to ensure the hot water supply of a family of 4 people in an individual house. Heated 300 liters of water from 5 degrees to 55 degrees in June can provide collectors with an area of \u200b\u200b5.4 square meters, in December 18 square meters. meters. If you apply more efficient vacuum collectors, then the required area of \u200b\u200breservoirs is reduced by about twice.
Coverage of DHW needs to solar energy
In practice, solar collectors are preferably used not as the main source of DHW, but as a device for heating water entering the heating unit. In this case, the fuel consumption is sharply reduced. It provides uninterrupted hot water supply and saving money on DHW and home heating, if it is a house for permanent residence. At the cottages, in summer, for obtaining hot water, various types of solar collectors are used. From the collectors of factory manufacture to homemade devices made of submitted materials. They differ, above all, in efficiency. Factory is more efficient, but it is more expensive. Almost free of charge you can make a collector with a heat exchanger from the old refrigerator.
In Russia, the installation of solar collectors is regulated by the RD 34.20.115-89 " Methodical instructions By calculating and designing solar heating systems, "VNC 52-86 (in RTF, 11 MB format)" Installation of hot solar water supply. Design standards. "There are recommendations on the use of non-traditional energy sources in animal husbandry, feed production, peasant farms and a rural housing sector, developed on the application of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2002. GOST R 51595" Solar collectors. Technical requirements ", GOST R 51594" Solar energy. Terms and Definitions",
In these documents, the schemes of solar collectors used are quite detailed and the most effective methods of their use in various climatic conditions are described.
Solar collectors in Germany
In Germany, the state subscribes the cost of installation of solar collectors, so their use is steadily growing. In 2006, 1 million 300 thousand square meters of collectors were established. From this amount of about 10% more expensive and efficient vacuum collectors. The total area of \u200b\u200bsolar collectors installed to date amounted to about 12 million square meters.
Materials and graphs provided by Viessmann
Almost all the energy on the ground comes from the sun. If it were not for it, the earth would be cold and lifeless. Plants grow, because they get the necessary energy. The sun is responsible for the wind, and even fossil fuel is the energy of our star, stored millions of years ago. But how much energy actually comes from him?
As you probably know, in its kernel, the temperature and pressure are so high that hydrogen atoms merge into helium atoms.
Radiation of the Sun.
As a result of this synthesis reaction, the star produces 386 billion megawatts. Most emitted into space. That is why we see stars who are removed for dozens and hundreds of light years from the ground. The radiation power of the sun is equal to 1.366 kilowatt per square meter. About 89,000 Theravatt passes through the atmosphere and reaches the surface of the Earth. It turns out its energy on Earth is about 89,000 teravatt! Just for comparison, the total consumption of each person is 15 terravatt.
So the sun gives 5900 times more energy than people are currently producing. We just need to learn to use it.
Most effective method Use the radiation of our star is this photo cell. As such, this is the transformation of photons into electricity. But energy creates a wind that makes the generators work. The sun helps to grow cultures that we use for the production of biofuels. And, as we have already spoken fossil types of fuel, such as oil and coal are concentrated solar radiation collected by plants for millions of years.
The sun is an inexhaustible, environmentally friendly and cheap source of energy. According to experts, the amount of solar energy that enters the surface of the Earth during the week, exceeds the energy of all world reserves of oil, gas, coal and uranium 1. According to Academician J.I. Alferova, "Humanity has a reliable natural thermonuclear reactor - the sun. It is a class of class "L-2", very moderate, which in the galaxy up to 150 billion. But this is our star, and it sends huge power to Earth, the transformation of which allows you to satisfy almost any energy requests of mankind for many hundreds of years. " Moreover, the solar energy is "clean" and does not negative effect on the environment of Planet 2.
An important point is the fact that the raw material for the manufacture of solar panels is one of the most common elements - silicon. IN earth Kore Silicon is a second element after oxygen (29.5% by weight) 3. According to many scientists, silicon is the "oil of the twenty-first century": for 30 years, one kilogram of silicon in a photovoltaic station produces so much electricity as 75 tons of oil on a thermal power plant.
However, some experts believe that the solar energy cannot be called environmentally friendly due to the fact that the production of pure silicon for photobatars is very "dirty" and very energy-intensive production. Along with this, the construction of solar power plants requires a leading of extensive lands comparable in area with reservoirs of hydropower plants. Another disadvantage of solar energy, according to specialists, is high volatility. Ensuring the effective operation of the power system, the elements of which are solar power plants, possibly provided:
- availability of significant reserve facilities using traditional energy carriers that can be connected at night or on cloudy days;
- carrying out large-scale and expensive upgrades of power grid 4.
Despite specified flawSolar energy continues its development in the world. First of all, in view of the fact that radiant energy will be cheaper and in a few years will be a significant competition of oil and gas.
Currently there are photoelectric installationstransforming solar energy into electric based on the direct conversion method and termodynamic installationsin which solar energy is first converted to heat, then in the thermodynamic cycle of the heat machine is converted to mechanical energyAnd in the generator is converted to electrical.
Solar elements as an energy source can be used:
- in industry (aviation industry, automotive industry, etc.),
- in agriculture,
- in the household sphere,
- in the construction sphere (for example, eco-house),
- on solar power plants,
- in autonomous video surveillance systems,
- in autonomous lighting systems,
- in the space industry.
According to the Institute of Energy Strategy, the theoretical potential of solar energy in Russia is more than 2,200 billion tons of conditional fuel, economic potential - 12.5 million. T.T. The potential of solar energy coming into the territory of Russia for three days, exceeds the energy of the entire annual production of electricity in our country.
Due to the location of Russia (between 41 and 82 degrees of northern latitude), the level of solar radiation varies significantly: from 810 kW / m 2 per year in remote northern regions up to 1400 kWh / m 2 per year in southern regions. The level of solar radiation is influenced by large seasonal fluctuations: on the width of 55 degrees, solar radiation in January is 1.69 kW / m 2, and in July - 11.41 kW-hour / m 2 per day.
The potential of solar energy is most large in the southwest (North Caucasus, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Black and Caspian Seas) and in Southern Siberia and the Far East.
The most promising regions in terms of using solar energy: Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory, Rostov region, Krasnodar region, Volgograd region, Astrakhan region and other regions in the south-west, Altai, Primorye, Chita region, Buryatia and other regions in the south-east. Moreover, some of the regions of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East exceeds the level of solar radiation of the southern regions. For example, in Irkutsk (52 degrees of northern latitude), the level of solar radiation reaches 1340 kWh / m 2, while in the Republic of Yakutia-Sakha (62 degrees of northern latitude), this indicator is 1290 kWh / m 2. five
Currently, Russia has advanced technologies for the transformation of solar energy into electric. There are a number of enterprises and organizations that have developed and improving photovoltaic converters technologies: both on silicon and multi-income structures. There are a number of development of concentrating systems for solar power plants.
The legislative base in the field of support for the development of solar energy in Russia is in its infancy. However, the first steps have already been made:
- July 3, 2008: Government Decree No. 426 "On the qualifications of a generating facility operating on the basis of the use of renewable energy sources";
- January 8, 2009: Order of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1-R "On the main directions of state policy in the field of increasing power efficiency of electric power industry based on the use of renewable energy sources for the period up to 2020
Target indicators were approved to increase the share of Russian energy supplies to 2.5% and 4.5%, respectively, 6% by 2015 and 2020.
According to different estimates, at the moment in Russia, the total volume of the introduced powers of solar generation is no more than 5 MW, most of which fall on households. The largest industrial facility in the Russian solar energy is the solar plant in the Belgorod region with a capacity of 100 kW (for comparison, the largest solar power station in the world is located in Canada with a capacity of 80,000 kW).
At the moment, two projects are being implemented in Russia: the construction of sunny parks in the Stavropol Territory (power - 12 MW), and in the Republic of Dagestan (10 MW) 7. Despite the lack of support for renewable energy, a number of companies implement small projects in the sphere of solar energy. For example, Sakhaenergo installed a small station in Yakutia with a capacity of 10 kW.
There are small installations in Moscow: in Leontyevsky Lane and on Michurinsky Prospect, the entrances and yards of several houses are illuminated with solar modules, which reduced the cost of lighting by 25%. On Timiryazevskaya Street, solar panels are installed on the roof of one of the bus stops that provide the work of the reference and information transport system and Wi-Fi.
The development of solar energy in Russia is due to a number of factors:
1) climatic conditions: This factor affects not only a year to achieve a network parity, but also to choose the solar installation technology, which is best suited for a particular region;
2) governmental support:the presence of legislatively established economic incentives of solar energy has decisive importance on
Its development. Among the types of state support, which have been successfully used in a number of countries in Europe and the United States, can be distinguished: a preferential rate for solar power plants, subsidies for the construction of solar power plants, various options for tax benefits, compensation for the cost of maintenance of loans for the purchase of solar plants;
3) SFEU cost (solar photovoltaic installations):today, solar power plants are one of the most expensive electricity production technologies. However, as the cost of 1 kW * h produced electricity, solar energy becomes competitive. From lowering the cost of 1W installed power SFEU (~ $ 3000 in 2010) depends on SFEU. The reduction in cost is achieved by increasing the efficiency, reducing the technological costs and reducing the profitability of production (the influence of competition). The cost reduction potential of 1 kW power depends on technology and lies in the range from 5% to 15% per year;
4) environmental norms: The solar energy market may have a positive effect on the tightening of environmental norms (restrictions and fines) due to the possible revision of the Kyoto Protocol. Improving emission quotas sales mechanisms can give a new economic incentive for the SFEU market;
5) balance of the supply and supply of electricity: The implementation of existing ambitious plans for the construction and reconstruction of generating and power grid
The capacity of companies stated from RAO UES of Russia during the industry reform will significantly increase the supply of electricity and can increase pressure on the price
In the wholesale market. However, the disposal of old capacity and the simultaneous increase in demand will entail an increase in the price;
6) Availability of technological connection problems:delays with the implementation of applications for technological connection to the centralized power supply system are an incentive to transition to alternative energy sources, including SFEU. Such delays are defined as an objective shortage of capacity and the ineffectiveness of the organization of technological connection with network companies or a lack of financing technological connection from the tariff;
7) initiatives of local authorities: Regional and municipal governments can implement their own programs for the development of solar energy or, more widely, renewable / non-traditional energy sources. Today, such programs are already implemented in the Krasnoyarsk and Krasnodar Territories, the Republic of Buryatia, etc.;
8) development of own production: Russian SFEU production may have a positive effect on the development of Russian solar energy consumption. First, thanks to its own production, the general awareness of the population about the presence of solar technologies and their popularity is increasing. Secondly, the cost of SFEU for end users is reduced by reducing intermediate links of the distribution chain and by reducing the transport component 8.
6 http://www.ng.ru/energy/2011-10-11/9_sun_energy.html7 The organizer is the company "Hvevel", the founders of which are the Renov Group of Companies (51%) and the State Corporation "Russian Nanotechnology Corporation" (49%).