Industrial microwave oven. Features of professional microwave stoves
The microwave appeared relatively recently and in a short time managed to gain tremendous popularity, both at home kitchen and among professionals. Today professional microwave ovens Used in cafes, restaurants, snack bars, buffets, outlets and in other public catering. Their main purpose is a fast and high-quality heating of finished dishes, defrosting of semi-finished products, as well as their preparation with the help of a high-frequency electromagnetic field.
Preferably, this amino group is a primary amino group, that is, it contains two hydrogen atoms. In another preferred embodiment, the amine suitable according to the invention contains three or more amino groups, of which at least one is primary, at least one secondary and at least one tertiary.
A is a bivalent hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to 50 carbon atoms. And it is preferable to an alkylene radical containing from 2 to 50 atoms with a cycloalkylene radical, containing from 5 to 12 ring members, an arylene radical with from 6 to 12 members of a ring or a heteroarylene radical having from 5 to 12 ring members. It is particularly preferably an alkylene radical having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
Constructive and technical features:
Any microwave oven, designed to work in restaurant conditions, by its device and the principle of work is similar to household models. It is a metal chamber equipped with a transformer, microwave emitter and a fan. The chamber concentrates high-frequency radiation, on average about 2500 MHz, thanks to which the products placed in it are heated. Additional elements are the control unit, timer, indication unit and a rotating table for uniform thermal processing of the prepared dish.
Cyclic radicals, which are preferred for the structural element A, can be monocyclic or polycyclic and contain, for example, two or three annular systems. Preferred annular systems have 5, 6 or 7 ring elements. In a specific embodiment, structural elements A are formed from arylene radicals. If a is a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, substituents carrying amino groups or amino groups are preferably in an ortho or para-position relative to each other.
Stainless steel is used material manufacturer. External cladding is usually made of the same material or plastic. The internal volume does not have seams, which greatly facilitates the care of the equipment.
Distinctive features of professional devices are higher, compared to domestic, operation speed and a spacious chamber, which allows you to process large amounts of products at the same time. In addition, a microwave professional type is designed for more intensive loads during operation. It is capable of working continuously for a long time without any overload. Professional models Reliable, economical and durable. They, as a rule, have a larger set of programs that meet the requirements of the restaurant menu and allow you to achieve high quality cooking and warm-up.
The cyclic system can be mono, di - or polycyclic. Also suitable are nitrogen-containing heteroaliphatic compounds whose nitrogen atoms do not contain any protons and, for example, are all saturated with alkyl radicals. In the method according to the invention, fatty acids and amine may interact with each other in any desired ratios.
Fatty acid turns almost quantify in the main amide. It is easy to understand here that the amine has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure, preferably below 200 ° C, for example below 150 ° C, and therefore it can be driven out of the amide by distillation.
Another technical feature of restaurant models is reinforced shielding. That is why such furnaces do not pass electromagnetic radiation in external environment, allowing you to use the internal volume of the chamber as rationally as possible.
Types of equipment:
Depending on the design features, models are highlighted:
VMK-S laboratory chamber furnaces with a controlled atmosphere
The preparation of amides according to the invention is carried out by the interaction of fatty acid and amine to obtain ammonium salt and the subsequent irradiation of salt microwaves. The duration of microwave exposure depends on various factors, such as the reaction volume, the geometry of the reaction space and the desired degree of transformation. Usually, microwave irradiation is carried out over a period of less than 30 minutes, preferably from 0, 01 to 15 minutes, more preferably from 0, 1 seconds to 10 minutes and, in particular, from one second to 5 minutes, for example, from 5 seconds to 2 minutes The intensity of microwave radiation is regulated in such a way that the reaction mixture reaches the desired reaction temperature as soon as possible.
"Solo" - Processing the product in the chamber is only due to microwave radiation. The area for the placement of the product is a glass rotating table.
"Grill" - Models have a built-in quartz or a tanny grill.
"Convection"- The effect of microwave radiation is complemented by convection at which hot air is injected into the chamber, providing a more uniform heating of the product similar to the oven.
Microwave for sintering MCN
Preferably, the reaction is carried out at pressures between 0, 01 and 200 bar and especially between 1 bar and 50 bar. Work in closed vessels in which the eduches have a boiling point or, more often, the pressure that is established by heating the reaction mixture is sufficient for the successful implementation of the method according to the invention. In another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the treatment is carried out at atmospheric pressure, as happens, for example, in an open vessel.
To avoid adverse reactions and produce products that are so clean, as far as possible, it would be useful to implement the method according to the invention in the presence of an inert protective gas, such as, for example, nitrogen, argon or helium.
Depending on the control method, furnaces distinguish:
Mechanical - The thermostat and the timer of the mechanical type have.
Electronic and electromechanical - have a push-button control unit.
Sensory- Equipped with buttons and touch screen.
Advantages of equipment:
The main advantage of the microwave is its high economy. The device works OT. single-phase network Current with a nominal voltage of 220 W, while high heating speed reduces energy consumption to a minimum. Thanks to this, the furnace today is indispensable in establishments with a large client flow. They are installed not only in kitchens of cafes and restaurants, but also in the kitchen shops of airports, train stations, hotels, i.e. Where the efficiency of feeding dishes is important. According to expert estimates, equipping the microwaves of public catering institutions is a modern necessity.
In a preferred embodiment, the reaction is accelerated or completed in the presence of dehydrating catalysts. Preferably, one works in the presence of an acid inorganic, organometallic or organic catalyst or mixtures of several of these catalysts.
Preferred acidic organic catalysts are acidic organic compounds, for example, with phosphate groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulphate groups or phosphonic acid groups. Acid ion exchangers can also be used as acidic organic catalysts, such as field-containing polymers containing sulfonic acid, which are sewn approximately with 2 mol.% Of Divinyl Benzol. Particularly preferred for the implementation of the method in accordance with the invention are boric acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid and polystyreneculphonic acids.
Industrial microwave ovens Used at catering establishments for operational heating, as well as the preparation and defrosting of various products and ready-made dishes with high-frequency electromagnetic field. Industrial microwave ovens work in such modes:
- microwave
- convection,
- grill.
In addition, their combination is allowed for more diverse preparation of common dishes. Today, mechanical, electronic, as well as electromechanical control of microwaves is used.
If it is desirable to use acidular inorganic, organometallic or organic catalysts, in accordance with the invention from 0, 01 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0, 02 to 2 wt.% Catalyst. In a particularly preferred embodiment, work without a catalyst.
In another preferred embodiment, microwave irradiation is carried out in the presence of acid solid catalysts. In this case, the solid catalyst is suspended in ammonium salts, optionally mixed with a solvent, or, in the case of continuous processes, mainly ammonium salt, optionally mixed with the solvent, is passed through a fixed-layer catalyst and exposed to microwave radiation. Suitable solid catalysts are, for example, zeolites, silica gel, montmorillonite and crosslinked polystyrenesulfonic acid, which optionally can be impregnated with catalytically active metals salts.
As for the differences between professional equipment from domestic, then in general, professional furnaces are similar to household, but they prepare, heated and defrost products significantly faster and in large quantities. That is why most entrepreneurs try to buy specialty food equipment, and not be content with much less productive household counterparts.
Drum tubular microwave
In principle, all solvents that are inert under the reaction conditions and do not react with the formats or educated products. An important factor in the choice of suitable solvents is their polarity, which, on the one hand, determines the properties of the release, and on the other - the degree of interaction with microwave radiation. The latter value was a particularly important criterion for solvent suitability for the implementation of the method in accordance with the invention. Particularly effective work in solvents, which show the smallest possible absorption of microwaves and, thus, only a small contribution to the heating of the reaction system.
In addition, industrial microwaves are more reliable and durable, relatively with domestic. They are able to withstand intensive operation, that is, they can work continuously for a long time. Often they are equipped with additional programs, and almost always have a larger amount of the inner chamber.
If it is carried out in the presence of solvents, their share in the reaction mixture is preferably from 2 to 95% by weight, especially from 5 to 90 wt.% And, in particular, from 10 to 75% by weight, for example from 30 to 60 wt. -%. Most preferably, the reaction is carried out without a solvent.
Depending on the control method, the ovens are distinguished
Microwave irradiation is usually carried out in devices that have a reaction space made of a material that is maximum transparent to microwaves into which the microwave radiation generated in the microwave generator is connected through suitable antenna systems. Microwave generators, such as magnetron and klystron, are known in the art.
Another distinctive feature of professional microwave ovens from domestic - superdendum shielding. It is for this reason that such furnaces practically do not emit harmful electromagnetic waves. In the door mechanism, the reinforced construction, and the microwave ovens themselves are very rational, which makes it possible to most effectively use the work volume of the chamber.
This frequency range is in principle suitable for the method according to the invention. Quasi-single mode, as well as multimode. In a monomode, which places high demands on geometry and the size of the apparatus and reaction space, a very high energy density is generated by a standing wave, in particular, to the maximum. On the other hand, in a multimode mode, all reaction space is largely homogeneously irradiated that, for example, it allows to increase the amount of reaction.
What is the price of the microwave furnace depends?
The microwave power, which should be reduced to the reaction vessel for the implementation of the method according to the invention, in particular depends on the geometry of the reaction space and, therefore, on the volume of the reaction and the duration of the required irradiation. Usually it ranges from 100 W to several 100 kW and, in particular, from 200 W to 100 kW, for example, from 500 watts to 70 kW. It can be used in one or more reactor points. It can be generated through one or more microwave generators.
Microwave furnaces do not relate to the necessary equipment for professional kitchens, as they are not so actively involved in the cooking process. But recently, professional microwave ovens are increasingly used in bars, restaurants and Fast Food enterprises that differ in large crossings.
Such equipment today is completely indispensable for restaurants and cafes, which offer full-fledged lunches. Industrial microwaves successfully operate in large kitchen shops hotels and airports.
The reaction can be carried out by periodic or periodic, preferably continuously, for example, in the flow tube. It can also be carried out in semi-periodic processes, such as continuously operating reactors with a stirrer or cascade reactors. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction is carried out in a closed vessel, where the forming condensate and optionally starting materials and, if present, solvents lead to the accumulation of pressure.
In a preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention is carried out in an intermittent microwave reactor. To remove excess heat in the reaction vessel, cooling elements, such as, for example, cooling fingers or cooling coolants, or reflux reflux, flanges to the reaction vessel are preferably used to cool the boiling reaction medium. For irradiation of large volumes of the microwave reaction, it is preferably in a multimode mode. The discontinuous embodiment of the method in accordance with the invention allows you to quickly, as well as slow heating rates vary the microwave power and, in particular, maintain the temperature for longer periods of time, for example, several hours.
Professional furnaces, like any other similar technique, are distinguished by increased wear resistance and the highest performance. They are intended for really rigid operation, and in almost 24-hour mode. The quality of such equipment is provided with extremely thorough selection of structural materials with wonderful performance characteristics. Also, a great advantage of professional furnaces is the great mobility of heating and defrosting dishes, which becomes an indispensable quality in the need to increase the throughput of a certain catering enterprise.
How do professional microwave oven work?
Reagents and optionally solvents and other excipients can be originally loaded into the reaction vessel to microwave exposure. In a preferred embodiment, the reagents or part of them are added to the reaction vessel only during microwave exposure. In another preferred embodiment, an intermittent microwave reactor with continuous feeding of eduxists and the simultaneous separation of the reaction material in the form of half-trap or is. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention is carried out in a continuous microwave reactor.
Comparatives with other professional equipment, the advantage of microwave ovens is economical in power consumption, since most of the models work from a single-phase current network and bring up products for very a short time. Most microwave furnaces are made of stainless steel, outside the lined plastic or the same stainless steel. The inner chamber is performed without seams, which greatly facilitates care for it.
For this purpose, the reaction mixture is passed through a pressure-resistant reaction tube, which is inert with respect to reagents and is largely transparent to microwaves and which is established in microwave oven. It is surrounded by its length of at least one, but preferably several, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more microwave emitters. Microwave radiation is preferably carried out through a tubular shell. In another preferred embodiment, the microwave radiation occurs with antennas through the ends of the tube.