What is a Dutch soot. Pyrotechnic materials. Charcoal. Soot. Moth and Saya

Black paints there are a lot. Below will be considered the most common of them, the special attention will be paid to those paints that can be prepared by an independently handicraft, without much costs for devices.
Soot. The sage is called light particles of coal, distinguished from smoke (burning body, when there was not enough air during the burning.
If you ignite the ordinary kerosene lamp and raise the wick high in it, it starts to smoke. Black pieces of soot are flying throughout the room. Soot is obtained because the air that makes his way into the lamp through the burner rejected, it turns out not enough. Kerosene does not have time to burn in the wick completely and in the form of soot-soot - flies out through the hole in the glass.
The devices for obtaining soot are arranged in this way that there is little air outside them. The grilled material does not have time to burn, and turns into a sage.
Fatty and resinous materials are used to obtain soot - all sorts of oils, oil, peat poodle resin, berst, etc.
There are many varieties of soot that have a wide variety of names: English, Dutch, Finland, Vologda, etc. In addition, South is also mild and heavy. All these names are very poorly determined by the quality of soot. It would be much more correct to call South by this material from which it was obtained. For example: Oil, Bersta, Oil, etc.
Oil soot, called often English, is used for the preparation of typographic and lithographic paints. It is most expensive for painting works not applicable. For this purpose, usually use \\ 'or petroleum and coal carbon soot or birch. Petroleum and coal soot belong to the slight varieties of soot, the same - to heavy.
Saya presents a light black powder floating on the water and very movable. If you take a handful of good soot, it, like a liquid, easily rolls off your arms.
Furiously cooked soot have a merry, resinous smell; Some sage varieties have strong
the smell of naphthalene.
For the preparation of soot there are a lot of various devices. The simplest of them consists of a long canal built of bricks. At the beginning of the channel is somewhat expanded. This part serves as a place where the resinous material is burning. The channel is opened in a wooden chamber, in which the canvas tent is arranged. In the rear wall of the chamber there is a hole for thrust.
The soot released from the resinous substance is carried out through the channel to the chamber. Her heavier particles are deposited on the walls of the channel, the easier lungs are carried into the chamber, where they sit on canvas. After some time of operation, the drying canvas is so covered with soot that the thrust stops.
Then the tent is hit by soot with a tent, thanks to which the thrust is restored.
Sozha, especially those at the beginning of the channel, has no pure black, but brown-brown color. It depends on the presence of unlawful resinous substances in it, which reduce the dignity of soot.
A good soot should be hit after receiving from the plant. It is best to calcinate in clay refractory pots. If this pot is not available, then the calcination can be conducted in the iron box, the inner part of which is tightly cooled aqueous solution refractory clay. The box or the pot fill the soot and covert the root tightly so as to stop access of outdoor air. For the release of gases generated from heating in the wall, a small hole is done. The vessel is placed in the oven and increasing the hot. At the same time, the resinous substances are burned and outward through the hole in the wall.
The calcined vessel is pulled out of the furnace for cooling. So that the outer air does not enter the vessel through the hole and does not ignite the soot, the burning corner is inserted into the hole. After cooling, the cover is removed from the vessel, and the soot fits
in barrels.

Dutch sage statute. Specialist. Black paint used in painting, printing and in the manufacture of match heads. [ Many of the "Horists" revolution] they write ciphers and chemical inks news printed by just Dutch soot in newspapers (Herzen. Purchase and Duma).

The phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, Ast. A. I. Fedorov. 2008.

Watch what is "Dutch Sale" in other dictionaries:

soot - and; g. 1. Only units. The product of incomplete combustion of fuel, black raid, deposited on the inner parts of furnaces, chimneys. Drain soot. You're all in soot. Causes like Saya Bela (Ratings.; About the bad situation, failure in business). 2. Chemical product ... encyclopedic Dictionary

soot - and; g. See the TZH. SAILE 1) only units. The product of incomplete combustion of fuel, black raid, deposited on the inner parts of furnaces, chimneys. Drain soot. You're all in soot. Cases like Saya Bela (Ratings; about the bad situation, failure in affairs) 2) ... ... Dictionary of many expressions

Vaksa - Or shoe Vaca (CIRAGE, Wichse, Blacking) There is a black shiny paint, applied to leather shoes. V. began to use in France, in the reign of Charles II. But at that time did not know how to prepare V., which gives constant and beautiful shine ... ...

BISTRE - (Franz. Bistre, from the bottom. Germ. Biester Dark). Paint from soot for water painting. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Bistre 1) Dark brown paint from soot used in watercolor painting; 2) ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

drainage - A, m. Drainage m. 1. In agriculture and construction, the removal from the structures of groundwater, the dedication of the soil with the help of DRET. Drainage of wetlands. Bass 2. Drainage or watercourse consists of various operations produced with the goal to ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

Small furnaces * Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Room furnaces - And the foci have a prescription to heat not only the radiant heat of burning fuel, but also the heat that it transmits its combustion products. For this, forcing smoke to pass along more or less long turnover of the chimney transmitting heat ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

TRUMPET - Women. twin, gut, sleeve, solid; narrow, relatively long, span, duct; trunk; indoor chute; Empty or hollow conductor, open from ends; Behind the sim, pipe, the name is very different items of this device: a pipe stove, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Daly

The Ba-Bach store reminds: Any pyrotechnic experiments can be carried out, only having an appropriate education, and in specially equipped separate rooms for this purpose. Materials from the "Theory of Pyrotechnics" are posted for familiarization - we are extremely advisable to implement any experiments with pyrotechnic mixtures, not knowing theoretical and practical foundations of chemistry!

So, pyrotechnic materials are organic and mineral, and in the present, "quarted" laboratories, many of them are bought by Gurt in raw form and are subject to only laboratory processing (cleaning), and some are directly manufactured in the laboratory. Amateur can get almost everything required and desired in finished videoBut at what price - the question is different: there are subjects before the expensive, that even an amateur (not a millionaire, of course) finds the calculation to manufacture such products in their own way; In addition, it is the process of the workpiece that is largely the main pleasure of lovers, and especially young. In addition, even in such materials that are bought from first-hand traders (which is always more profitable, it is more reliable and not more expensive than buying the same items from small lines low price On the worst quality of goods), you can not always meet absolute purity or anhydrousness, which in many cases it is necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to dry or purify the crude product or buy it at a confined high price in pharmacies.

This material is marked on our list with a corresponding chemical sign and under four names: Russian, Latin, German and French. This is done solely for the convenience of reference in the Russian and foreign and overseas. But from the designations of any reference prices, even medium, I refused for the reason that most of them oscillate and change constantly.

Charcoal (Carbo - Holzkohle, Charbon)

Charcoal is two varieties: black and brown; The difference in color depends on varying degrees of burning: the coal is completely burned - black, dense, glossy, solid, brittle and ringing; Brown coal - not completely burned, and therefore softer and loose.

The higher the temperature when piercing, the coal is more difficult to ignite, therefore, the brighter color of coal, the more susceptible to the action of fire.

Brown (elastic) coal is mined from light rocks (crawled, becklett, cherry, cannabis, poplar, alder, linden, aspens, etc.), accelerates burning and gives shiny light yellow sparks. Black - from solid trees (oak, birch, pines, spruce, etc.) - delays burning and produces many red-brown sparks.

Coal is in each family and in the cities is bought in every small shop, but not the one you need, and what will have: birch and pine, spruce and alder - without parsing; Moreover, home coal, bred from the stove, is always with ashes.

Such coal is not suitable: it must first "sort", i.e. Select all the poorly burned parts, carefully clean from the ashes and then rolling into a tightly closed iron pot until smoke and steam stops stand out. Then the pot is removed from the fire and give it to cool, without removing the covers.

Believe the coal can be: in the iron pot there are cross-criss small (inches in 1 1/2) slices of dry, unkind, peeled from the tree bark and are burned outdoors; As soon as the flame is destroyed, the pot is covered with a lid, the edges of which are tightly smeared by clay. Hours after 10-12 (depending on the size of the pot) the coal is ready, it remains only to cut off as a rare sieve (better - wire).

In this form, coal is called "major" or "bar" (MeilerKohle, Charbon Brut).

Large coal or tolten into the mortar, or the hammer is crushed in a leather bag. The melting is performed until it turns out a rather small powder. Then take fine metal sieve and sieved coal for the second time.

From this settlement it turns out a grain coal (Grobe Kohle, Gros Charbon) The magnitude of a little larger than the poppy seed; Remains, especially narrowed or strong pieces, with an obvious sign of the presence of the bark are discarded.

After the second settlement, they start up to the third, in the finely hair, or through a piece of thin canvas. From this operation, coal "dust" is obtained.

Frere does not advise to start the third settlement due to the fact that without the presence of dust grain coal in many compositions will not give the desired effect: the dust contributes to the best decomposition of sulfur and nitrate, the grainy coal with some admixture of dust does not burn immediately, but is thrown into the inflamed form from Shells and burns in the air. Therefore, Frey advises to prepare dust separately, not to sue her grain coal.

Signs of good insolent coal are that this coal does not gloss, equally sharpened, it is easily flammable and when dried up calmly and without flame. If coal sticks with whom, then it explicit sign The dampness, which is extremely inclined due to "hygroscopicity" (i.e., a special property to tighten moisture from the ambient air). Therefore, thicker coal, long lying in the air, it is best to roll again, but in general it is necessary to maintain it in tightly clogged bottles and keep them in a safe place - especially if coal is produced at low temperatures, because Such coal is prone to self-ignition.

The hermetic blockage of bottles is everything easier to produce in the method of ancient Romans - a mixture of liquid gumiarabic (gum) with a plaster, but it is impossible to keep this mixture about the stock: it will immediately dry and then do not suit anywhere.

Instead of grain coal, fine pine or spruce wood sticks, gridden to the state of thin sea sand can be served.

Saya (Fuligo Pinea - Kienruss, Suie)

Soza - also coal dust, but sinceteced from incomplete combustion of resinous substancesand therefore contains an ammonia and flammable admixture essential oils. The "Dutch" soot sold in moskal beads in paper beetroots is prepared from the soot from the burning of resinous barrels collected indoors, covered with wet canvas.

Good soot must be clean, without lumps and without saravo, small, light and dry, like dust, is best done, because The seed goods are subjected to temptation, i.e. The essential oils contained in it managed to destroy - and then the most important cause of soot use in pyrotechnics was disappeared: the ability to thicken red.

Lamarr advises to clean the soot by pre-flushing in weak alcohol; translator of Lamarra, burners, suggests in addition to rinse it in a weak hydrochloric acid To remove coal anhydrite, always accompanying South.

Sozha - misunderstanding or misunderstanding - very poorly mixed with other substances: thanks to its ease, it constantly pops up. In view of this, it is condensed, but not pressed, putting it into paper, folded by the envelope, and either beaten by a beater, or, strongly pressing, spent folding (smooth bone used by rebooters); It repeats it until the soot slides in the smallest, i.e. The largest volume. In this form, it is easily mixed and, in addition to colored lights, is used for the manufacture of adhesive and oil paints.

In general, soot is used in pyrotechnics quite rarely and not always willingly; At least, Eschenbahher directly rebels against it because of the inconvenience when working and advises, instead of soot, use light-brown coal, no less combustible, but not representing any particular inconvenience. But the web is especially listed on Sail and draws attention to the varieties of wood from which it is made; For example, according to the breed (i.e. with its cost), it is necessary to use South, but before it is to make sure that it is experienced in its suitability to a particular drug.

The basis of all black paints encountered in nature is coal in various kinds, despite the apparent abundance of black in natural Materials, Only a few in kind are ready-made paint products. Consider two of them:

1. Black chalk. Schwarze Kreide, Spanische Kreide, Schist Poggy, Noir Despagne; Spanish Hack, Slate Hack. Get from a black slate consisting of clay impregnated with coal, mined in Spain, Thuringia and other places. In addition to color, other properties it looks like an ordinary chalk. In the crushed and shampooed form represents the black paint of excellent qualities. Widely applied in various works.

2 Reisuei Traffin, Graphite. Crystal carbon, widespread in nature; The best graphite is considered Ceil in nature is found in large masses; Good graphite varieties contain up to 97% of pure carbon. When air access combines without flame, leaving ash, consisting of iron, silicon, lime, magnesia, and alkalis - the crystal structure of graphite is explained by its volcanic origin.

Graphite, like painting paint, is fixed: sometimes it is used for divorces instead of soot, but how the paint material is used in the dry color of iron surfaces, we are exposed to їx pepper (furnaces, lattices, fireplaces, etc.).

Obtaining artificial black paints is reduced to obtaining such types of coal, which in crushed state give products having properties of paints, i.e. they are mixed with colorful solutions, forming a homogeneous mass.

Only amorphous coal can be used as paint. The source of it is obtained by wood and other organic substances, but not all types of plants are able to give an affordable coal for paints. Black painter paint can only be obtained from loose, non-shiny coal capable of grinding into amorphous powder. Best materials They are liagic breeds of wood, bark, etc.

Of the black artificial paints, which are in demand in painting, are of interest to the following - Іцие:

3) soot painting. Known soot painting, soot Swedish and Finnish, possessing good qualities of paint paint.

It turns out when the peat is firing without air access. Production of it is developed in Sweden, Germany, Finland, from where it enters the markets of Russia, where enjoys enormous demand.

Normal, or Finnish, soot occurs in the form of a fine amorphous coal powder, well covers and can be used both for divorces and for producing black plates in conventional painting works, where special cleanliness of the decoration is not required.

4) Black Frankfurt, Redcnschwarz, Francfur - Tcrschwarz; Noir De Francfort, Noir D "Allcmagnc.

Production is developed in the vicinity of Frankfurt - on Main. In addition to grapes, burn grape squeezes, leaves, vine, and so on, getting various sage varieties.

The highest grades of Frankfurt paint are used in the production of typographical carcass. They are excellent material in the production of elegant painting works and are used in oil painting.

5. Black vegetable. Noir de Pecher, Noir de Fusain, Noir de Uege. It is produced in France, Italy and Belgium by burning nuts, peach shells, corks and other plant materials giving coal powder. The paint is distinguished by high qualities, the road and therefore applies in the colors of only valuable items.

6. Logging bone. The black paint obtained by the grinding of bone coal is distinguished by deep black matte color and is used in painting works to play black matte surfaces.

To obtain paint bones are sorted; The burning is carried out without air access, coal is crushed into a fine powder, washed with water, acidified hydrochloric acid

With Belly, gives a divorce of beautiful tones. The best varieties of paints are known as a magnificent ivory.

7. Saya Dutch. This is coal obtained by the deposition of smoke when burning organic substances with a weak influx of air.

All organic products, whose combustion is accompanied by a high flame, can serve as sources for obtaining soot here include resinous wood, plants and bark, resins, combustible fluids and gases. The quality of the product depends on the quality of raw materials. When burning wood and other plants get low-quality soot from our South, known as Vologda, is obtained by burning ate, pines and birchs The best grade is obtained by burning berers; Such soot almost always contains a dry distillation of wood, from which they are eliminated only with secondary burning. When burning, the resin of oil and oils is obtained by a soot of high quality, known as the lamp soot. She is expensive, used only in painting.

From the selected varieties of the lamp soot make the famous black paint in watercolor - mascara;

the Chinese get the carcass mascara when burning camphor resin and some essential oils; Chinese mascara is considered the best. The French mascara differs in high qualities.

Dutch Sale, mined by the deposition of smoke, is distinguished by a brown tint and requires a creek azure for reproducing a black kieper and his breaks. It is valued more expensive than Finnish and gradually displaces the latter; Its use is limited almost exclusively by the production of typographic paint.

From the artificial mineral black paints, which are used only in painting on faience and china, two paints are known: a) pure chromic, chromium oxide of iron and b) copper, chromium copper oxide. In painting, these paints do not have applications.

Foot - pre-revolutionary Russian measure of length 1 f. \u003d 30.48 m (gіrі / m. RSD)

Sandarak - juniper resin.

The backrest is called the convex side of the board, or rather, the one that will become convex during drying.

The top end is called the one that is closer to the top of the trunk