How can I improve the quality of drinking water ecology. The main methods of improving water quality. Ioding and bromination

Although the flood in the Moscow region after an abnormally snowy winter, as the authorities assured, passed without incident, and the reservoirs are ready for normal operation throughout the year, the quality of water in the Moscow region leaves much to be desired - according to regional authorities, 40% of water in the water supply line does not correspond to standards. As residents to check the quality of water, which flows at their houses from the crane, on their own and in the laboratory, which you need to remember when choosing a filter and which there are ways to improve the quality of water, found out the correspondent "in the suburbs".

Tea Color Water: Risk Factors

Drinking water in fact is a much more complex compound than a H2O formula for the chemistry lessons. It may contain a large amount of diverse substances and impurities, and this does not always mean poor quality. IN methodical instructions "Drinking water and water supply inhabited places" of the state system of sanitary-epidemiological rationing of the Russian Federation refers to the 68 substances most often contained in drinking water. For each of them there is a value of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), during the retreat of which these substances can adversely affect the state of dental enamel and mucous membranes, as well as the vital organs of a person: liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract and many others. Of course, if you drink a glass of untreated water - the body will be able to cope with these "micro-processing". But if you consume harmful amounts of substances daily - it may adversely affect health.

The quality of drinking water is directly affected by human activity. According to the ecologist, the head of the Laboratory of the Department "Chemistry and Engineering Ecology" FBGU Miait Mary Kovalenko, the main causes of the deterioration in the quality of drinking water of the Moscow region are:

Development of zones in a single ecosystem with artesian wells;

Wearing a water supply network: according to the regional complex of construction utilities, 36% of networks in the suburbs - dilapidated, and 40% of water does not comply with the standards;

Poor state of sewage treatment facilities: for example, in the Yegoryevsky district according to the main control department (GKU) of the Moscow region, the treatment facilities in rural settlements are worn out by 80%;

Negligent attitude towards industrial waste at many enterprises;

The cost of analyzing water, depending on the number of necessary research and laboratory, can range from 1200 to 3000 rubles. According to the staff of the Laboratory of the Department "Chemistry and Engineering Ecology" FBGU MIIT, a basic analysis of water water and a plumbing network has 30 main indicators, including aluminum, iron, manganese, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, sulphides, etc.

Also, using laboratory analysis, you can check the quality of the filter. To do this, you need to check the water before and after filtering and compare the results.

How to Clean Water Home: Kettle, Filter, Silver Spoons

Specialists offer to improve the quality of drinking water at home in several ways. First you need to defend water: pour water into the container and let it stand for a day, protecting against dust hitting.

1. Filtering. Skip water through any filter containing coal. This can be a filter jug \u200b\u200bwith a replaceable cassette (the average price of 400 rubles), the nozzle for the crane (there are about 200-700 rubles) and the filter on the riser (their installation will cost 2 thousand rubles and higher). Each of them is their advantages, however it is important to remember that the last two options are not suitable for all homes. For example, in old buildings there may be inconveniences due to lowering water pressure and too worn pipes, and therefore the filter is unlikely to help.

2. Boil. Use an ordinary kettle for boiling water, and not electric: water will drop slower, but the scale will be much smaller.

3. Silver cleansing. Even a conventional silver spoon, lowered to the tank with water, can improve its properties.

4. Disinfection of water ultraviolet or ozonation. Upon contact of water with ozone and UV radiation, bacteria and viruses are destroyed. To do this, you can purchase special installations. Before choosing a specific filter on an apartment or the entire entrance, residents are better to consult a specialist.

Moscow region will derive for "clean water"

Obviously, the problem of water purification should be approached not only at the level of a single apartment, but also on the scale of the entire region. Since 2013, the Moscow Region has been held in the Moscow region a long-term target program "Pure Water of the Moscow region", which is designed for 2013-2020. It is aimed at improving the quality of drinking water, wastewater purification to regulatory indicators and reducing risk to public health. Now the project is coordinated with the Ministry of Finance of the Moscow Region and the Committee on Tariffs, and it is possible that already in next year In a situation with poor-quality drinking water, shifts will occur at the global level.

Svetlana Kondratieva

Have you seen a mistake in the text? Highlight it and click "Ctrl + Enter"

Several problems can contribute to discoloration or funny taste of your water water. Most of these reasons are related to what happens in your property or in your city. Fortunately, you can take measures to improve the quality of drinking water, wherever you live.

On urban water

Urban water houses can be a bit more confident that water problems arise in your property. However, there are some exceptions, such as Flint, Michigan, where in the municipal system was found to pollution by lead.

Start with the assessment of your pipes. In addition to noticeable changes in color and taste, water pressure changes can also be a sign of problems. Corrosion can lead to partial blockage of pipes. You can also check appearance Your pipes, looking for leaks.

Please note that repairing or replacing pipes is often better to leave a professional if you are not an experienced Diyer.

On well water

The first step towards improving the well water is to check it for contaminants. If water is clean, you should explore other problems such as leaks. If you find a chemical imbalance, there are water procedures that may have a value.

Check the pump and body housing for cracks or leaks. This can lead to the failure of seals and water pollution with dirt and sediments. Hiring a professional can ensure that you fix errors.

Water filtration systems

If you are in the city or well, the water filtration system can remove pollution and improve taste. Depending on what decision you choose, the cost may vary from 15 to 20 dollars for the crane cleaner or up to thousands for the system for the whole house. More than 2,000 partners surveyed invested on average 1,700 dollars in their filtering system.

Regardless which water you decide to drink - filtered, bottled, boiled - there are ways to improve its quality. They are simple and do not need high costs. The only thing that will be needed from you is a little time and desire.

Melt water

Cooking at home conditions of melt water is perhaps the easiest way to improve its properties. Such water is very useful. This is explained by this in that, in its structure, it is similar to water included in the blood and cells. Therefore, its use exempts the body from additional energy costs to structuring water.

Thala water not only cleans the body of slags and toxins, but also increases its protective forces, stimulates metabolic processes and even helps in the treatment of some diseases (in particular, there is information that it is effective in the treatment of atherosclerosis). From washing such water, the skin becomes softer, the hair is easier to wash and is simply combed. Many people are very seriously called such water "alive."

To obtain melt water, use clean water. You can freeze water in the freezer or on the balcony. Experts advise to use clean, flat containers for these purposes - for example, enamelled pans. It should be filled with water not completely, but about 4/5, after which cover the lid. Remember that, freezing, water increases in volume and begins to put pressure from the inside on the walls of the dishes. Therefore, it is better to refuse from glass cans - they can split. The use of plastic bottles is allowed - provided that these are bottles for water, and not for household fluids.

It is necessary to defrust the ice at room temperature, by no means speeding up the process with heating on the stove. It is best to use the resulting melting water during the day.

How to cook talu water?

There are many ways to prepare melt water at home. Here are perhaps the most famous.

Method A. Malovichko

Enamel saucepan with water in the freezer refrigerator. After 4-5 hours, get it out. By this time, the first ice should be formed in the pan, but most of the water still remains liquid. Drain the water to another container - it will still need it. But the pieces of ice should be thrown out. This is due to the fact that the first ice contains heavy water molecules that contains deuterium freezes earlier than ordinary water (at temperatures close to 4 ° C). And a saucepan with non-freeze water again put in the freezer. But on this cooking will not end. When water freezes two-thirds, non-freeze water should be drained again, since it may contain harmful impurities. And that ice, which remained in a saucepan - this is the same water that is necessary for the human body.

It is cleaned of impurities and heavy water and at the same time it contains the necessary calcium. The last stage of cooking is thawing. Ice need to melt at room temperature and drink the resulting water. Store it recommended a day.

Method of Zeliphuina

This recipe implies the preparation of melt water from water water, which should be preheated to 94-96 ° C (the so-called white key), but not boil. After that, dishes with water are recommended to remove from the stove and quickly cool so that it does not have time to quickly be gases. To do this, you can put a saucepan in the bath with icy water.

Then they freeze the water and defrost in accordance with the main principles of producing melt water, which we wrote above. The authors of the methodology believe that melting water, practically not containing gases, is especially useful for health.

Method J. Andreeva

The author of this method proposed, in fact, combine the advantages of the two previous methods: to prepare melting water, bring it to a "white key" (that is, it is thus eliminating a liquid from gases), and then freeze again and defrost.

Talu water experts advise to eat daily 30-50 minutes before meals 4-5 times a day. Usually improving well-being starts to be observed a month after its regular reception. In total, in order to clean the body, it is recommended to drink within a month from 500 to 700 ml (depending on body weight).

Silver water

Another well-known and easy way to make water is more useful - to improve its characteristics with silver, the bactericidal properties of which are known from ancient times. Many centuries ago, Indians disinfect water, dropping silver decorations into it. In the hotness of Persia, noble people kept water only in silver jugs, as it protected them from infections. Some peoples existed the tradition of throwing a silver coin into a new well, thereby improving its quality.

However, many years did not exist any confirmation of the fact that silver really possesses not "wonderful" properties, but explained from the point
view of science. And only about a hundred years ago, scientists managed to establish the first laws.

The French doctor B. Credit said that he had achieved successful treatment of sepsis silver. Later, he found out that this element was able to destroy the diphtheria stick, staphylococci and the causative agent for several days.

The explanation of this phenomenon soon gave the Swiss scientist K. Nellow. He found that the cause of the death of microorganisms is the impact on silver ions. Silver ions act as defenders, destroying difficult bacteria, viruses, fungi. Their action applies to more than 650 species of bacteria (for comparison - the spectrum of action of any antibiotic 5-10 types of bacteria). Interestingly, useful bacteria do not die, which means that dysbacteriosis is not developed, such a frequent antibiotic treatment satellite.

At the same time, silver is not just a metal capable of killing bacteria, but also a microelement, which is a necessary component of the tissues of any living organism. In the daily basis of man should be at an average of 80 μg of silver. When using ionic solutions of silver, the pathogenic bacteria and viruses are not only destroyed, but the exchange processes in the human body are activated, immunity increases.

How to cook silver water?

Silver water can be prepared in various ways, depending on the time being available at your disposal. The easiest way is to simply omit the product from pure silver (spoon, coin or even decoration) in a vessel with clean drinking water for a couple of hours. This time is enough to ensure that the quality of water is noticeably improved. Such water is not simply subjected to additional cleaning, but also acquired healing
properties.

Another popular method for obtaining silver water is associated with a boiling of silver product. Previously, the thing of silver should be carefully cleaned (for example, with dental powder) and rinse under running water. After that put it in a saucepan with cold water Or to the kettle and put on fire. You should not remove dishes from the slab after the first bubbles appear - it is necessary to wait until the fluid level is not
it will decrease by about a third. Then the water should be cooled at room temperature - and drink during the day in small portions.

There are more complex ways to enrich water by silver ions. For example, there is a method based on the fact that the action of silver ions increases when interacting with copper ions. So a special device appeared: a copper-silver ionator, which, if desired, can be found in the pharmacy. Some craftsmen design it themselves at home, using an ordinary glass as a working capacity, in which two electrodes are lowered - copper and silver. The device designed at home consists only of glass, copper and silver electrode.

Doctors believe that copper-silver water is more useful than silver, but it can be used with large restrictions - no more than 150 ml per day. But the usual silver water is allowed to drink how much soul. It is absolutely safe and cannot lead to overdose.

Silicon water

Silicon water (infused on silicon) has become popular recently, despite the fact that this mineral is known to people from time immemorial. And in a certain sense, precisely silicon played a special role at the key stage of the development of civilization - from it the ancient people of the stone century made the first tips for copies and axes, with his help they learned how to produce fire. However, the healing properties of silicon spoke less than half a century ago.

It began to notice that when cooked with water, silicon changes its properties. So, water from the wells, the walls of which are lined with silicon, was different from water from other wells not only more transparency, but also a pleasant taste. The press began to appear information that the water activated by a silica kills harmful microorganisms and bacteria, suppresses the processes of rotting and fermentation, and also contributes to the deposition of heavy metals, neutralizes chlorine, sorbs radionuclides. People began to actively use silicon in order to improve the properties of water - to make it
healing.

By the way, sometimes confusion occurs: people do not see the difference between silicon mineral and the same-name chemical element. To change the properties of water
silicon is used - mineral, which is formed by a chemical element of silicon and is part of silica. In nature, it is found in the form of quartz, chalcedone, opal, carnelian, jasper, mountain crystal, agate, opal, amethyst and many other stones, the base of which is silicon dioxide.

In our organism, silicon can be found in the thyroid, adrenal glands, hypophysies, a lot of it in hair and nails. Silicon is involved in providing protective functions of the body, metabolic processes and helps to get rid of toxins. And more silicon is part of the protein of the collagen connective tissue, therefore the speed of the fire of bones after fractures depends largely.

Its deficiency can cause cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

It is not surprising that having learned about the amazing properties of silicon, people began to insist on water on it - after all, it is precisely through an aquatic environment that all metabolic processes in the body are carried out. Such water is not spoiled for a long time and acquires a number of healing qualities. People who use it, notice that the processes of aging in the body as if slowed down. However, the mechanism of interaction of silica with water remains for scientists in the mystery.

It may be presumably due to the ability of silicon to form associates with water (special associations of molecules and ions) absorbing
dirt and pathogenic microflora.

How to cook silicon water

It is possible to prepare silicon water at home. And make it very simple. In a three-liter glass jar with clean drinking water
place a handful of fine silicon pebbles. It is important to pay attention to the color, because in nature this mineral can acquire various shades.
Specialists recommend using not black stones for insteading, but bright brown. The jar can not be covered tightly, but only cover marley and put on three days in a dark place. After the water is imagined, it should be strain through the gauze, and rinse the stones with running water. If you notice that a sticky flare formed on the surface of the stones, they should be placed two hours into a weak solution of acetic acid or into a saturated saline solution, and then rinse thoroughly under running water.

If there are no contraindications, this water is advised to be consumed as ordinary drinking water. Drinking it better by small portions and small sips through equal intervals - so it will be most effective.

One of the most common mistakes in the preparation of silicon water is boiling mineral. Specialists do not advise the silicon to put silicon in pan and kettles, in which you boil water for making tea and first dishes, because in this case there is a risk to overstat the water with biologically active substances. As for the contraindications, their little. Mainly, the use of silicon water is advised to refrain to people with a tendency to oncological diseases.

Shungiti water

Shungiti water may not be as popular as silver or silicon, but lately it finds more and more adherents. And together with the growth of its popularity, the vote of physicians calling for remembering caution in the use of this water. So who is right?

To begin with, we recall that shungitis - the name of the oldest rock breed, Stone coal, exposed to special metamorphosis. This is a transitional stage from
anthracite for graphite. He received his name by the Karelian village of Shunga.

Increased attention to shungitis is explained by the fact that its ability to remove mechanical impurities, compounds of heavy metals from water was discovered. It immediately served as a reason to say that the water is infused on shungite possesses healing properties, rejuvenates the body, suppresses the growth of bacteria.

Today, shungite water is widely used as drinking water, as well as in cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. Shungite is added to the bath, as it is believed that it accelerates metabolic processes and helps get rid of chronic diseases. Compresses, inhalations, lotions make it.

Supporters of treatment shungitis claim that it helps to get rid of gastritis, anemia, dyspepsia, otitis, allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, diabetes, cholecystitis and many other ailments - enough to regularly use 3 glasses of shungite water per day.

How to make shungite water

Shungite water prepare at home, following fairly simple technology. A 3 liter of drinking water is poured into a glass or enamel container and lowered 300 g of flush stones of shungitis. Capacity should be put in the sun-protected place for 2-3 days. After that, it neatly, without scolding, overflowing into another vessel, leaving about a third of the water (it is impossible to drink it, since harmful impurities are settled in the lower part).

Shungitis stones after the preparation of infusion are washed with running water - and they are ready for the following application. Some sources indicate that after a few months later, the stones lose their effectiveness and better replace them. Other experts advise not to change stones, but simply process them
periodically essay to activate the surface layer. In this case, the properties of water are not lost even after its boiling.

Recently, shungite has become applied in the production of filters for water purification. Less than in two decades in Russia and the CIS countries, more than a million such filters were sold. The effectiveness of this breed for water purification today is proved. Why are the doctors be alarming?

It turns out that when insistenceing shungite is capable of causeing chemical reactions, as a result of which the water turns into a weakly concentrated acid solution. And with long-term use, such a drink may harm the stomach and the digestive system as a whole.

In addition, the use of shungite water is not recommended for people suffering from cancer and cardiovascular diseases. It is not advised to drink in the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases and with a tendency to thrombosis.

Water treatment methods, with the help of which the water quality of water supply is achieved to the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.2496-09 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control. Hygienic requirements for ensuring the safety of hot water systems, "depend on the quality of the original water of the water sources and are divided into basic and special. The main methods are: clarification, discoloration, disinfection.

Under lightening and discoloration It is understood by the elimination of suspended substances and painted colloids (mainly humus substances). Way disinfection Eliminate infectious agents - bacteria, viruses, etc. contained in water.

In cases where the use of only basic ways is not enough, use special cleaning methods (Defense, Fusion, desalination, etc.), as well as the introduction of some substances needed for the human body - fluorination, mineralization of desalted and low-mineralized water.

To remove chemicals, the method of sorption purification on active coals is most effective, which also significantly improves the organoleptic properties of water.

Water disinfection methods are divided:

• ? on chemical (reagent), which include chlorination, ozonation, use of silver oligodynamic;
• ? Physical (non-agapent): boiling, ultraviolet irradiation, irradiation of gamma rays, etc.

The main method for disinfecting water at water stations due to technical and economic reasons is chlorination. However, increasing implementation receives the ozonation method, its use, including in combination with chlorination, has advantages for improving water quality.

When the chlorine-containing reagent is introduced into the water, its main amount is more than 95% consumable to the oxidation of organic and easily oxidizing inorganic substances contained in water. On a connection with protoplasm of bacterial cells, only 2-3% of the total chlorine is consumed. The amount of chlorine, which, during chlorination of 1 l of water, is spent on the oxidation of organic, mine-friendly inorganic substances and disinfection of bacteria for 30 minutes, called chloroprostability of water. At the end of the chlorine binding process, the substances contained in water and bacteria in the water begins to appear residual active chlorineWhat is evidence of the completion of the chlorination process.

The presence in water supplied to the water supply network, the residual active chlorine in concentrations of 0.3-0.5 mg / l is a guarantee of the effectiveness of water disinfection, it is necessary to prevent secondary contamination in a distribution network and serves as an indirect indicator of water safety in epidemic attitude.

Total chlorine to satisfy the chlorofromaticization of water and ensure need quantity (0.3-0.5 mg / l of free active chlorine with normal chlorination and 0.8-1.2 mg / l of associated active chlorine during chlorination with ammonization) residual chlorine is called chloropiness of water.

In the practice of water treatment is used several methods of chlorination water:

• ? chlorination with normal doses (by chloropiness);
• ? chlorination with preammonization, etc.;
• ? Hyperchlorination (dose chlorine is obviously exceeding chlorpotens).

The process of disinfection is usually the last stage of water treatment schemes at water stations, however, in some cases, double chlorination is used with significant contamination of the starting waters - before and after lightening and discoloration. To reduce the dose of chlorine with concluding chlorination, the combination of chlorination with ozonation is very promising.

Chlorination with preammonation. In this case, ammonia is also introduced into water in addition to chlorine, resulting in the formation of chloramines. This method is used to improve the chlorination process:

• ? When transporting water through pipelines over long distances (since the residual associated - chlorine - chlorine provides a longer bactericidal effect than free);
• ? The content in the original water of phenols, which, when interacting with free chlorine, form chlorophenol compounds that give water a sharp pharmacy odor.

The chlorination with preammonization leads to the formation of chloramines, which, due to lower redox potential, do not enter into the reaction with phenols, therefore foreign odors and do not occur. However, due to the weaker action of chlorine chlorine, the residual amount of it in water should be higher than free, and make up at least 0.8-1.2 mg / l.

Ozonization It is an effective reagent way to disinfect water. Being a strong oxidizing agent, ozone damages the vital enzymes of microorganisms and causes their death. In this method, the taste and color of water improves. Ozonation does not have a negative effect on the mineral composition and pH of water. Ozone excess turns into oxygen, so residual ozone is not dangerous for the human body. Ozonation is performed using special devices - ozonizers. Control over the ozonization process is less complicated, since the effect does not depend on temperature and pH of water.

Since December 2007, a comprehensive technology for disinfection of drinking water has been implemented in St. Petersburg using ultraviolet radiation, Combining the high effect of disinfection and safety for public health. Calculated by the Institute for Medico-Biological Problems and Risk Assessment Economic Effect and Prevented Suggestions of the population as a result of this amounted to 742 million rubles.

Due to the fact that only 1-2% (up to 5 l per day), a person spends on drinking needs, it is assumed to develop and introduce two hygiene regulations for tap and drinking water - "Water safe for the population" and "Water of increased quality, useful for Adult man, physiologically full-fledged. "

The first standard will ensure the guaranteed water safety in centralized water supply systems. The second standard will establish specific requirements for "absolutely healthy water" in all its diversity of useful influence on the human body. There are a number of options for providing consumers of increased quality water: the production of packaged water; Device of local autonomous processing systems and water quality correction.

Physical and chemical water quality indicators.When choosing a water source, such physical properties Water as temperature, smell, taste, turbidity and chromaticity. Moreover, these indicators are determined by all characteristic periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter).

The temperature of natural waters depends on their origin. In underground water sources, water has a constant temperature regardless of the period of the year. On the contrary, the water temperature of surface water sources varies in the period of the year in a rather wide range (from 0.1 ° C in winter to 24-26 ° C in the summer).

The turbidity of natural waters depends, above all, from their origin, as well as from the geographical and climatic conditions in which the water source is located. Underground waters have a minor turbidity, not exceeding 1.0-1.5 mg / l, but the water of surface water sources almost always contain suspended substances in the form of the smallest parts of clay, sand, algae, microorganisms and other substances of mineral and organic origin. However, as a rule, the water of surface water sources of the northern regions of the European part of Russia, Siberia and partly Far East refers to the category of small. For the water sources of the central and southern regions of the country, on the contrary, the wound turbidity is characterized. Regardless of the geographical, geological and hydrological conditions for the location of the water source, the turbidity of water in rivers is always higher than in lakes and reservoirs. The greatest turbidity of the water in the water sources is observed during the spring floods, during periods of protracted rains, and the smallest - in winter, when the water sources are covered with ice. The turbidity of water is measured in mg / dm 3.

The chromaticity of the water of natural water sources is due to the presence of colloidal and dissolved organic substances in humus origin, which give water yellow or brown shade. The thickness of the shade depends on the concentration of these substances in water.

The humus substances are formed as a result of decomposition of organic substances (soil, vegetable humus) to simpler chemical compounds. In natural waters, humus substances are represented mainly by organic humic and fulvo-acids, as well as their salts.

Color is characteristic of water surface water sources and is practically absent in groundwater. However, sometimes groundwater, most often in swampy-lowlands with reliable waterproof horizons, are enriched with swampy colored waters and acquire a yellowish color.

The chromaticity of natural waters is measured in degrees. In terms of color, surface water sources can be a little color (up to 30-35 °), medium chromaticity (up to 80 °) and high-color (over 80 °). In the practice of water supply, water sources are sometimes used, the color of water of which is 150-200 °.

Most of the rivers of the North-West and the North of Russia belong to the category of high-color small. The middle part of the country is characterized by water sources of medium chroma and turbidity. The water of the rivers of the southern regions of Russia, on the contrary, has increased turbidity and relatively small chromaticity. The chromaticity of water in the water source and quantitatively changes in the period of the year. During elevated runoff with the territories adjacent to the water source (snow melting, rain), the color of water, as a rule, increases, changes the color components ratio.

Natural waters are characterized by such high-quality indicators like a taste and smell. Bowl of all natural waters can have a bitter and salty taste and almost never sour or sweet. Excess magnesium salts gives water a bitter taste, and sodium (sodium salt) - salty. Salts of other metals, such as iron and manganese, give the water a ferrous flavor.

The smells of water can be natural and artificial origin. Natural smells are caused by living and die in water with organisms, plant residues. The main smells of natural waters are the swamp, earthly, wood, grassy, \u200b\u200bfish, hydrogen sulfide, etc. The most intense smells are inherent in water reservoirs and lakes. The smells of artificial origin arise due to the release of water-sources of insufficiently purified wastewater.

Oil, phenolic, chlorophenol, etc. can be attributed to the smells of artificial origin and others. The intensity of the tastes and odors is estimated in points.

Chemical analysis of the quality of natural water is of paramount importance when choosing a method for cleaning it. Chemical water indicators include: active reaction (hydrogen indicator), oxidation, alkalinity, rigidity, chloride concentration, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, iron, manganese, and other elements. The active reaction of water is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions. It expresses the degree of acidity or alkalinity of water. Usually, the active reaction of water is expressed by a hydrogen indicator of the pH, which is a negative decimal logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions: - pH \u003d - LG. For distilled water pH \u003d 7 (neutral medium). For the weakness of the pH< 7, а для слабощелочной рН > 7. Typically, for natural water (surface and underground), the pH value is in the range from 6 to 8.5. The smallest values \u200b\u200bof the hydrogen indicator have high-color soft water, and the greatest - underground, especially tough.

The oxidation of natural water is caused by the presence of organic substances in them, oxygen is consumed to oxidation. Therefore, the amount of oxidizing is numerically equal to the amount of oxygen, which went to the oxidation of pollutants in the water, and is expressed in mg / l. The least magnitude of oxidizing (~ 1.5-2mg / l, O 2) are characterized by artesian water. The water of pure lakes has an oxidation of 6-10 mg / l, 2, in river water Oxidability fluctuates widely and can reach 50 mg / l and even more. High oxidation is characterized by high-color water; In swampy waters, oxidation can reach 200 mg / l o 2 or more.

The alkalinity of water is determined by the presence of hydroxides (it ") and the anions of coalic acid (NSO - Z, CO 3 2,).

Chlorides and sulfates are contained in almost all natural waters. In the underground waters, the concentration of these compounds can be very significant, up to 1000 mg / l and more. In surface water sources, the content of chlorides and sulfates usually ranges from 50-100 mg / l. Sulfates and chlorides at certain concentrations (300 mg / l or more) are the cause of corrosion activity of water and destroyably act on concrete structures.

The rigidity of natural waters is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium salts in them. Although the specified salts are not particularly harmful to human organism, the presence of them in a significant amount is undesirable, because Water becomes unsuitable for household needs and for industrial water supply. Hard water is not suitable for nutrition of steam boilers, it cannot be used in many technological production processes.

The iron in natural waters is in the form of bivalent ions, organometal colloidal complexes and fine suspension of iron hydroxide, as well as in the form of iron sulfide. Manganese, as a rule, is in water in the form of bivalent manganese ions, capable of oxidizing in the presence of oxygen, chlorine or ozone, to a tetravalent, with the formation of manganese hydroxide.

The presence of iron and manganese in water can lead to development in the pipelines of ferrous and manganese bacteria, whose life products can accumulate in large quantities and significantly reduce the cross section of the water pipes.

From the water dissolved in water, free carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen sulfide are most important in terms of water quality. The content of carbon dioxide in natural waters ranges from several units to several hundred milligrams in 1 liter. Depending on the size of the pH of the water of carbon dioxide, it is found in it as carbon dioxide either in the form of carbonates and bicarbonates. Excess carbon dioxide is very aggressive in relation to the metal and concrete:

The concentration of oxygen dissolved in water may vary from 0 to 14 mg / l and depends on a number of causes (water temperature, partial pressure, the degree of water pollution by organic substances). Oxygen intensifies metals corrosion processes. This must be especially taken into account in the heat and power systems.

The hydrogen sulfide, as a rule, enters the water as a result of contacting it with rotting organic residues or with some minerals (gypsum, sulfur chemged). The presence of hydrogen sulfide in water is extremely undesirable both for economic and drinking and industrial water supply.

Poisonous substances, in particular, heavy metals, fall into water sources mainly with industrial wastewater. When there is a chance to enter the water source, the definition of concentration poisonous substances In the water necessarily.

Requirements for the quality of water of various purposes.The basic requirements for drinking water are involved in the environmental nature for the human body, a pleasant taste and appearance, as well as suitability for household needs.

Quality indicators that drink water should satisfy are normalized by "sanitary rules and standards (SanPiN) 2. 1.4.559-96. Drinking water."

Water to cool the aggregates of many production processes should not give deposits in the pipes and chambers in which it passes, since deposits make it difficult to heat transfer and reduce the cross section of pipes, reducing the cooling intensity.

There should be no major suspension in the water (sand). There should be no organic substances in water, since it intensifies the process of biotherapy walls.

Water for the steamile farm should not contain impurities that can cause scale deposits. Due to the formation of scale, thermal conductivity is reduced, heat transfer is worse, the walls of steam boilers are overheated.

Caso 4, Sasio 3, Casio 3, MgSio 3, are most harmful and dangerous. These salts are deposited on the walls of steam boilers, forming a boiler stone.

To prevent corrosion of the walls of steam boilers, water should have a sufficient alkaline reserve. Its concentration in boiler water should be at least 30-50 mg / l.

Especially undesirable presence in nutrient water boilers of high pressure silicic acid SiO 2, which can form a dense scale with very low thermal conductivity.

Basic technological schemes and structures to improve water quality.

Natural waters are distinguished Big A variety of pollution and their combination. Therefore, to solve the problem of efficient water purification, various technological schemes and processes are required, various sets of structures for the implementation of these processes.

Technological schemes used in water treatment practices are usually classified on reagent and unityless; preservice and deep cleaning; on the single-stage and multistage; on the pressureand non-perm.

The reagent water purification scheme is more complicated than a non-repetitive, but it provides deeper cleaning. A negative scheme, as a rule, is used for prevailing natural waters. It is most often used when cleaning water for technical purposes.

Both the reagent and the non-reagent technological scheme of cleaning can be single-stage and multistage, with non-pressure and pressure facilities.

Main, most often used in the practice of water treatment, technological schemes and types of structures are presented in Figure 22.

Sustainers are used mainly as structures for pre-purification of water from suspended particles of mineral and organic origin. By the type of construction and the nature of the movement of water in the structure, sumps can be horizontal, vertical or radial. In recent decades, special detergents with precipitation of the suspension in a thin layer began to be used in the practice of cleaning natural waters.

Fig. 22.

a) two-stage with a horizontal sump and filter: 1 - pump station I lifting; 2 - microsts; 3 - reagent economy; 4 - mixer; 5 - camecot formation chamber; b -horizontal sump; 7 - filter; 8 - chloroant; 9 - storage tank clean water; 10 - pumps;

b)two-stage with a clarifier and filter: 1 - pump station I lifting; 2 - microsts; 3 - reagent economy; 4 - mixer; 5 - lighter with a suspended sediment; b -filter; 7 - chloroor; 8 - clean water reservoir; 9 - pumps II lifting;

in)single-stage with contact briefs: 1 - pump station I lifting; 2 - drum grids; 3 - reagent economy; 4 - a narrowing device (mixer); 5 - contact CO-1 lightener; 6 - chloroant; 7 - reservoir of clean water; 8 - pumps II lifting

Filters included in the general technological scheme of water purification perform the role of structures for deep purification of water from suspended substances that have not mastered the parts of colloidal and solutes in the sumps (due to the adsorption and molecular interaction forces).