Natural complex and its components. A variety of natural complexes in Russia. Natural complexes Natural complexes of land

1. Name several natural complexes of their locality. Briefly describe one of them and specify the link between the components.
2. From the courses of environmental education and biology, remember how soil is formed and what soil you know.

Natural sushi complexes. The geographic shell, being a holistic, is heterogeneous on different latitudes, on land and in the ocean.

Due to the uneven flow of solar heat to the earth's surface, the geographical shell is very diverse. Near the equator, for example, where much heat and moisture, nature is characterized by the wealth of living organisms, more rapidly passing natural processes, in the polar regions, on the contrary, slowly current processes and poverty of life. On the same latitudes, nature may also be different. It depends on the relief, from the remoteness from the ocean. Therefore, the geographic shell can be divided into different parts, territories or natural-territorial complexes (abbreviated natural complexes, or PC).

The formation of any natural complex occurred for a long time. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of the components of Nature: mountain breedsClimate, air mass, water, plants, animals, soils (Fig. 32). All components in the natural complex, as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form a holistic natural complex, there is also an exchange of substances and energy. Natural complex is called a plot ground surfacewhich is characterized by the peculiarities of natural components in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less well-pronounced borders, has natural unity, manifested in its appearance (for example, forest, swamp, mountain range, lake, etc.).

Fig. 32. Relationships of the components of the natural complex

The natural complexes of the ocean, in contrast to sushi, consist of the following components: water with gas dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks and bottom reliefs. In the World Ocean, large natural complexes are allocated - individual oceans, less large-sea, bays, straits, etc. In addition, the ocean distinguish natural complexes of surface layers of water, various water and oceanic bottom.

A variety of natural complexes. Natural complexes are there different sizes. They differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Education is due to the structure earth crust. On the mainland and oceans there are less large complexes - parts of the mainland and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, i.e. from geographic latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small can serve, for example, ravine, lake, river valley, sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is a geographic shell.

All natural complexes are experiencing a huge impact of man. Many of them have already been strongly changed by the centuries-old activities of humanity. The person created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc. Such natural complexes are called anthropogenic (from Greek. "Anthropos" is a person).

1. Using the text of the textbook, write down the components of the geographic shell in the left column of the notebook, in the middle components of the natural complexes of sushi, into the right-components of the natural complexes of the ocean. What is common between the components of each natural complex?
2. What is a natural complex?
3. How do natural complexes differ?

The geographical envelope is not everywhere in the same way, it has a "mosaic" structure and consists of separate natural complexes (landscapes). Natural complex is part of the earth's surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, relief, soils, waters, vegetable and animal world.
Each natural complex consists of components, between which there are close, historically established relationships, while the change in one of the components is sooner or later leads to a change in others.

The geographic shell, being a holistic, is heterogeneous on different latitudes, on land and in the ocean. Due to the uneven flow of solar heat to the earth's surface, the geographical shell is very diverse. Near the equator, for example, where much heat and moisture, nature is characterized by the wealth of living organisms, more rapidly passing natural processes, in the polar regions, on the contrary, slowly current processes and poverty of life.

On the same latitudes, nature may also be different. It depends on the relief and remoteness from the ocean. Therefore, the geographical shell can be divided into different areas, territories or natural territorial complexes (abbreviated natural complexes, or PC). The formation of any natural complex occurred for a long time. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of the components of nature: rock, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as well as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form a holistic natural complex, it also occurs in the metabolism and energy. The natural complex is called a plot of a terrestrial surface, which is characterized by the peculiarities of natural components in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less well-pronounced borders, has natural unity, manifested in its appearance (for example, forest, swamp, mountain range, lake, etc.).

Natural complexes are experiencing a huge impact of man. Many of them have already been strongly changed by the centuries-old activities of humanity. Man created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc. Such natural complexes are called anthropogenic (from Greek. "Anthropos" - a person - approx ..

Forest. Photo: axel.

A variety of natural complexes inside natural zones is primarily connected with the effect of relief. In the mountains there is a natural change of natural complexes with a height - their high-rise explanation. The main reason is the change in temperature and precipitation, depending on the height, high-rise climate explanation. The higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the greater the most diverse a set of high-rise belts, the more difficult the natural altitude exemplary. However, the daily and annual rhythm of changes occurring in natural complexes in connection with the change of day and night and change of the time of the year, in all high-rise belts the same: it is the same as in the latitudinal belt at the foot of the mountains.

Each natural complex, regardless of its size, is a single whole. Therefore, with a change in one of its components, all others must be changed, and therefore the entire complex. These changes can occur at different speeds, on different scales, but they are inevitable. Since the geographic shell is one, changes caused by those or other reasons in one place, over time they affect the entire shell as a whole.

Area: 14,523 hectares. The purpose of the opposition: the preservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes of the southern part of the mountain Crimea to improve the soil-protecting, water-protection, balneological and aesthetic properties of mountain forests, enhancing their protection, in particular, from fires. The reserve on the wealth and beauty of nature is one of the most unique and most interesting objects not only the Crimea, but also eastern Europe. On its territory, trails are running back from the ancients [...]

Area: 34563 hectares. The purpose of the opposition: protection of landscapes and biota of the mountain Crimea, preservation of water water. The reserve occupies the most elevated part of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains. Its southern slopes are cool down to the Black Sea, and from the north the territory partially captures the Chatyr-Dag Ridge (1527 m). The reserve represents all the variety of natural complexes of the mountain Crimea and its climatic belts. Here are the highest peaks of the peninsula, among which the highest - Roman-Kos [...]

The concept of natural complex. The main object of studying modern physical geography is the geographical shell of our planet as a complex material system. It is heterogeneous both in vertical and horizontal directions. In horizontal, i.e. Spatially, the geographical envelope is divided into separate natural complexes (synonyms: natural-territorial complexes, geosystems, geographic landscapes). Natural complex - territory, homogeneous by origin, history [...]

Area: 527 hectares. Purpose of the opposition: preservation of the mountain wooded massif of the Crimean subsenside. Ayu-Dag, or a Bear Mountain, a form resembling a beast-bowed to the Black Sea, one of the symbols of the Crimea, which can be observed with almost all sides of the southern shore. This place is known since ancient times: Antique geographer Stragone mentions Ayu Dag called Kimizytopon - Barbus forehead. The dome-shaped mountain (571 m) is a failed volcano, which [...]

Cambodia culture, as well as other neighboring countries, experienced in the V-VIII centuries. A strong influence on the part of Indian immigrants and the pressure of Buddhism. Mostly plain relief of the country affected the regularity of the planning of cities and temple complexes. The palace and temple complexes, called watts, had a concentric composition, surrounded by wide moans and powerful wall-gallery walls with built-in buildings. The flowering of Cambodia culture is associated with the formation of the monarchy of the XI-XIII centuries. Capital [...]

Landscapes of the eastern federal land Austria Burgenland are a continuation of the Hungarian Pushti - arid flat steppes. This is a district of sheeping, fruit growing and viticulture. The cultural landscape of Franty (Austria) was formed on the shores of the only steppe lake Neusidler-xe, which passes the Austrian-Hungarian border. On the shores of the lake, a whole string of castles, monasteries, towns and vineyards stretched, even antique monuments. From Vienna to Lake [...]

In Spain, as in all developed European countries, there are serious environmental problems. However, she has already reached this level. economic Developmentwhich allows you to finance and implement not only local protection measures ambient In areas with the most acute environmental situation, but also to form a long-term national environmental policy. At the same time, an increasing impact on [...]

Ingredients: Primorsky, Kamchatka and Khabarovsk Territory, Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin Region, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka autonomous District. Main cities: Vladivostok - 600 thousand people, Khabarovsk. The Far East occupies 1/3 of the country's area, which lives only 4% of its population with a density of 1.1 pers. / Sq. Km. This largest and least populated area of \u200b\u200bthe country is highlighted by unique geographical [...]

The road from Evpatoria to the north-west of Crimea begins at the railway station. Immediately outside the city, the monotonous steppe landscape revives young gardens, gardens, and then on both sides of the road only a wide wavy steppe. The islands among the seams of crops seem to float past the village of Romaškino, spikelets, Vorobyevo. Around all Surimates, new sprouts are emerging - intensification and specialization of agricultural production. At the [...]

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Especially Protected Natural Territories" in our country, specially protected natural areas of various forms have been created. They are most diverse at the regional and local levels. The central place is occupied by the largest natural parks and most numerous - reserves and monuments of nature. Natural parks are a relatively new category of specially protected natural territories [...]

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", the following groups are distinguished: Reserves, National Parks, Natural Parks, Reserve, Nature Monuments, Dendrological Parks and Botanical Gardens, Medical and Importing Areas and Resorts, as well as other categories of specially protected Natural Territories established by the Government Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments. The map shows [...]

Historically, Russia has always been great to the role of industries related to the development of mineral resources. In the depths of Russia there are 12% of the developed world reserves of stone and 34% of brown coal, about a third of the natural gas and the seventh part of the world's oil reserves (about 13%). Differences in the provision of raw materials, fuel and energy and labor resources, economic potential, as well as the historical features of the development of the European part [...]

In the system of environmental measures, the most important area is to withdraw from the economic use of certain territories and water management or limit on them economic activity. These measures are designed to contribute to the preservation of ecosystems and types of biota in the state closest to the natural, preservation of the gene pool of plants and animals, as well as landscapes - as the standards of nature, in scientific and educational purposes. Such direction [...]

The head of state is the President of the Russian Federation, elected for four years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal equal and direct election law during a secret ballot. The state power in the Russian Federation is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Federation Council and the State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation, the courts of the Russian Federation. The legislature is the Federal Assembly of the Parliament of the Russian Federation, consisting [...]

Space with spacecraft "Resource.F2", camera MK 4. Scale about 1: 370,000. The Moscow region is located in the center of the East European Plain. The relief is plain, places of wavy-horms. The greatest heights barely exceed 300 m, and the smallests are about 100 m. The north of Moscow is located Smolensko-Moscow elevation and its highest and hilly part of the Klin-Dmitrovsky ridge, which in the north goes down to the Uppervolzh Nizne, [...]

Recreational resources are a combination of natural and historical and cultural facilities and phenomena suitable for use in the organization of recreation and tourism. The basis of the tourist and recreational potential of the Russian Federation is the historical cities, monuments, museums, museums, reserves, ancient estates, national and natural parks, natural and cultural objects of the World Heritage, the traditions and customs of the numerous peoples of Russia, folk artists, the richest natural resources: seas, […]

Abiotic factors - a complex of conditions of the inorganic medium affecting organisms. AutoTrophs - Organisms that take them to life chemical elements from the surrounding oblique matter and not requiring ready-made organic compounds Another body. The main source of energy used by autotrophs is the sun. Anabiosis - (from the Greek.-revival) The ability of organisms to experience unfavorable time (temperature changes [...]

The fuel and energy industry (fuel and energy complex) is a set of branches of the fuel industry, electric power industry, fuel and energy delivery facilities. Energy - the basis for the development of productive forces and existence human society. It provides the work of power apparatus in industry, agriculture, transport and in everyday life. This is the most material intensive industry of the global industry. Most is also connected with energy environmental problems. Primary energy carriers [...]

The geographic shell is not everywhere in the same way, it has a "mosaic" structure and consists of individual natural complexes (landscapes). Natural Complex -this is part of the earth's surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, relief, soils, waters, vegetable and animal world.

Each natural complex consists of components, between which there are close, historically established relationships, while the change in one of the components is sooner or later leads to a change in others.

The largest, generallylanet natural complex is the geographical envelope, it is divided into natural complexes of smaller rank. The separation of the geographical shell on natural complexes is due to two reasons: on the one hand, differences in the structure of the earth's crust and the heterogeneity of the earth's surface, and on the other - the unequal amount of solar heat obtained by its various sections. In accordance with this, zonal and abonal natural complexes are distinguished.

The largest abonal natural complexes are the continents and oceans. Smaller - mountain and equible areas within the continents (West Siberian Plain, Caucasus, Andes, Amazonian lowland). The latter are divided into even smaller natural complexes (Northern, Central, South Andes). Natural low-rate complexes include individual hills, river valleys, their slopes, etc.

The largest of the zonal natural complexes - geographic belts.They coincide with climatic belts and have the same names (Equatorial, tropical, etc.). In turn, geographical belts consist of natural zones,which are distinguished by the ratio of heat and moisture.

Natural zonea major land plot with similar natural components - soils, vegetation, animal world, which are formed depending on the combination of heat and moisture.

The main component of the natural zone is climate, Since all other components depend on it. The vegetation has a great influence on the formation of soil and animal world and itself depends on the soil. Natural zones are called in the nature of vegetation, since it most obviously reflects other nature features.

The climate is naturally changing when driving from the equator to the poles. Soil, vegetation and animal world are determined by the climate. So these components should change the latitudinal, following the climate change. The natural change of natural zones when driving from the equator to the poles is called latitude zonality. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Equator there are wet equatorial forests, the poles are ice arctic deserts. There are other types of forests, savanna, deserts, tundra between them. Forest zones are usually located in the territories where the heat and moisture ratio is balanced (equatorial and most of the moderate belt, the eastern coast of the mainland in the tropical and subtropical belt). Beggar zones are formed where there is a lack of heat (tundra) or moisture (steppes, desert). These are continental areas of tropical and moderate belts, as well as a subarctic climatic belt.

The climate is changing not only latitudinal, but also due to the change in height. With lifting in the mountains, the temperature drops. The amount of precipitation increases to the height of 2000-3000 m. Changing the ratio of heat and moisture causes a change in soil - vegetation cover. Thus, in the mountains in different heights there are unequal natural zones. This pattern is called high resistance.

The change of altitude belts in the mountains occurs in about the same sequence as on the plains, when driving from the equator to the poles. At the foot of the mountains there is a natural zone in which they are located. The number of high-rise belt is determined by the height of the mountains and their geographical position. The higher the mountains, and the closer they are located to the equator, the more diverse a set of high-altitude belts. The most fully vertical explanation is expressed in the northern Andes. Wet equatorial forests are growing in the foothills, then the belt of mountain forests is coming, and even higher - bamboo and tree ferns thickets. With increasing height and decrease in average annual temperatures, coniferous forests appear, which are replaced by mountain meadows, often overgoing, in turn, in rocky placers covered with moss and lichen. The vertices of the mountains crowned snow and glaciers.

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Subject: The study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural forest complexes, meadows, fields, reservoirs.

purpose : Continue to acquaint with PTK Forest, meadow, fields and reservoirs

Travel course:

1.Gorg moment

2. Natural forest complexes, meadows, fields, reservoirs.

3. Fixing

2. Forest complexes, meadows, fields, reservoirs

The geographic shell can be divided into different areas of the territory or natural and territorial complexes. The formation of each of them took place billions of years. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of the components of nature: rock, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form a holistic natural complex, there is also an exchange of substances and energy.Natural complex - It is called a plot of an earth's surface, which is characterized by the peculiarities of natural components in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less well-pronounced borders, has natural unity, manifested in its appearance (for example, a lake, swamp, forest, meadow). The natural complexes of the ocean, unlike sushi, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animal, rocks, bottom relief. In the World Ocean, large natural complexes are allocated - individual oceans, less large-sea, bays, straits, etc. In addition, the ocean distinguish natural complexes of surface layers of water, various water and oceanic bottom. Natural complexes are of different sizes. They differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is due to the structure of the earth's crust. On the mainland and oceans there are less large complexes - parts of the mainland and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, i.e. from geographical latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small can serve, for example, ravine, lake, river valley, sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is a geographic shell. All natural complexes are experiencing a huge impact of man. Many of them are strongly changed by the human activity. Man created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc.

Consider some of them.

Forest: Meetboreal coniferous forests and leaf falls of moderate climate

The first are located in the northern part of a temperate climatic zone with harsh winter temperatures. Taiga is represented by dark breeds - spruce, fir, pine and light-ohvary - larch. The largest animals are the Bear, the wolf, elk. Birds, squirrels, chipmunks and other small rodents feed on seeds. And cheese - insects. The forest is of great importance. Coniferous sawmasonries. The forest is rich in mushrooms and berries. Also in the forest there are moss and herbs.

The second broad-sighted timeline. Oak and beech dominate the trees. Birds build nests. Wave boars, foxes, hares. Miller is more complicated than in the taiga. There are shrubs. In our edge of the forest are represented by Tukai - floodplain forests by r. Ural. Where poplar prevails. Also from shrubbird, rosehip. From small shrubs-blackberry.

Luga - Extensive territories with herbal vegetation, which are located on the lowland shores of rivers and lakes. Meadow and the forest live nearby. Both communities have enough heat and light. Soils in composition are similar. But the forest cannot grow directly on the river bank. Since the spring is flooded with water at the river spilling. Trees in such moisture cannot grow. The grass after water is rapidly growing, as melting water brings a lot of snacks, which is a good fertilizer. Such meadows are called fuse. People never settle on the meadows. Since in the flood, housing will be slept.

In nature there are another type of meadow - in the mountains. This is the Alpine meadows that are located high on the slopes of the mountains. The higher we climb the mountains, the colder becomes. The forests are replaced by shrubs, and then herbs. For a short summer on the mountain meadows, the grass managed to grow, fond and give seeds. Lugovy plants also have their own tiers - floors, but they are not expressed as bright as in the forest. Above all in the meadow, light-loving herbs are growing, below - the discharge. Mouse peas is growing, clinging for other plants to the mustache. Ripens in pods and with strength is spread around when the pod is bursting. At dandelion, light seeds and their wind spread. Bluegrass. Its seeds are badly wet. They are lungs and how boats float on the water after the rain. Repel. Its seeds have hooks that are attached to animal wool and "move" to new places. Among the meadow insects can be found predators - dragonflies that eat mosquitoes and midges; Unime ants that feed on other insects, as well as juice and nectar plants. Beetles live in meadow - Sanitary meadows. This is a beetle - a graveer and a beetle - a manurer. From birds - Quail, corrider, shaking. A lot of small animals, especially rodents of mice and moles.

Fields. View presentation .

The field is also a natural community, but it has developed under the action of a person. Under the field occupied different parts of the earth. In the steppe easier - the plots closed closer to housing. In the forest more difficult. First you need to choke from the base of the tree a bark so that the tree is dried. The dried trees were then burned. Then the hardest work began - it is necessary to cake stumps. After that, it was possible to plow.

What cultures are grown in the field?. Potatoes, corn, sunflowers, oats, buckwheat, beets, mudflowers: watermelons, melons, etc.

What pests are in the fields? - Little, hamsters, moles, insects, slugs, colorado beetles, sparrows peck the seeds of sunflowers.

What else to do in the fields? It is necessary to destroy weeds, pour, process with chemicals. But it is necessary to use chemicals carefully, together with weeds and pests, it is possible to poison the land. Watering the fields, there are watering plants.

Check knowledge, guess the crossword . 1. Most. best grades This culture grows in the Saratov region, from it makes Kalachi, cookies, wheat bread. (Wheat) 5 2. The grains of these bake with rye bread. (Rye) 3. The survey in the field house, full of house grain. The arrows are gilded, shutters are encircled, walks the house with a walker, on the stem of gold. (Kolos) 4.I - Cheerful Well done, I am green - (cucumber)

Water: Look here here. There is a toothless, the pondovik, the water is quiet, the water is running. Rocks, lilies, rogoz, everywhere rapidly life boys. And Kubashka, and reed. This is fresh .... (Water).

When in the warm season you come to the reservoir, for examplemeasures to a small lake, you see only some of his obidrivers. It is impossible to see everyone. But there are a lot of them!The reservoir is the place where the most diverse livingcreatures.

Here are plants. Some of them(Rogoz, reed, reed, lump) their roots are attached to the bottom, and stemsand the leaves of these plants rise above the water. Rootsku bugs yellow and pita white also on the day, and their widethe leaves float on the surface of the reservoir. But there are also plants that are not attached to the bottom. This, for example,duckweed, which floats on the surface of the water. And in the thicker of water float the smallest green algae. View themyou can only under the microscope. But sometimes there are soa lot that water seems green.

Great role of plants in the reservoir. They serve foodwet, isolated into water oxygen necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater borrowings of plants serve to be rudefor animals.Animals are in the reservoir everywhere: on the surface and thickerwater, at the bottom and on aquatic plants.Here on the surface of the water rapidly runclapping water meters. Their long legs are covered with fat, andthis water meter is not drown. They are predators, hunt comaditch and other small animals.In the thicker of water float predatoryfloor beetles, growtelniaviangolobastics frogs different types of fish. To "Mir."Fish refers, for example,crup. It feeds Licinkami insects, plants. Painted fish areperch, pike. At the bottom inhabitmollusks which guys usually nazwe are "shells".

Their soft body is protected by a sink that consistsof the two halves - sash. These clams eat very interesting. They suck and pass water through their body,which come across algae and other small alive Susociety. Dwell on the bottom of pure water bodies and crayfish. They are kittedremissions of dead animals.On the aquatic plants there are other mollusks - growtelnogonic snails Prudovik and coil. They are spinningno sinks that do not have sash.

Live in reservoir and mammals - ondatra, beaver, vyra. The life of many birds - ducks, herds, storks - also connectedwanted with reservoirs.

When plants and animal reservoirs die, their remnantsfit at the bottom. Here under the action of microbes deadthe remnants are overloaded, destroyed. Of them are formed salts.These salts dissolve in water, and then they can be usedfor food, new plants.

Fastening: I am divided into groups and give a task to give a community characteristic; Place location, animals, plants, etc. Give examples.