Why can not be alcohol with intestinal cancer. The effect of alcohol on oncological diseases. Is it possible to be encoded from alcoholism during oncology
18.02.2017
Forecast Development cancer disease According to physicians, disappointing: after 20 years, the number of diseases will double.
Oncology treatment is not easy and for a doctor, and for the patient. Restrictions, diet, exhausting pathology control methods - not a complete list of problems faced by the patient.
Chemotherapy is one of the effective ways to overcome cancer. Special preparations affect the development of cancer cells, completely or partially destroying the tumor. At the same time, the doctor will surely insist on changing the diet towards proper and useful food, will advise to lead a healthy lifestyle and abandon bad habits. Is it possible after completion of chemotherapy drink alcohol? Let's try to figure it out more thoroughly.
Chemotherapy occurs hard both with physiological and from a psychological point of view in the treatment of any cancer. Despite its effectiveness, chemotherapy causes patient discomfort and unpleasant sensations, regardless of the drug used. The absence of appetite, distrust of the method due to the lack of a sharp improvement, deterioration of the moral state - through all this is to pass the patient oncology, if he wants to cure. There are no disclosures of hair loss, the intensity of which depends on the dose of the drug and the treatment regimen.
During chemotherapeutic treatment, the liver plays an important role that perceives the load of drugs. It helps the body to absorb toxins in the blood, so in the process of chemotherapy about it it takes care more carefully. Alcohol will only add it an excess load, complicating the process of processing and assimilation of drugs. And combined with them will cause side effects (nausea, vomiting, digestion disorders), but not from the liver, but from the gastrointestinal tract.
Eat alcoholic beverages in such a difficult period for a person is dangerous - whether it is even one glass of beer or wine, which is considered a preventive measure of many diseases. Alcohol will have a negative impact, and the minimum damage from its impact caused by the patient is to reduce the effectiveness of the treatment method, or the complete absence of positive changes. In addition to this will arise sideflinescausing a lot of trouble.
Alcohol - as a cause of problems
Despite the fact that in such a difficult period, alcohol will help the patient to transfer psychological and physical suffering, the risk of fatal danger from drinking alcohol in the presence of a tumor in any organ is one hundred percent, and improving the mood after use will only cause an additional desire to drink more. This will worsen health, which is not far from being better. Due to the use of alcohol during chemotherapy, such problems may occur:
- Reinforced manifestation of metastases;
- Deterioration in the effectiveness of treatment;
- The chances of the deadly outcome increase;
- The disease progresses with greater speed;
- Health and well-being of the patient deteriorate sharply.
In addition, in the process of therapy, the patient will have to observe the diet, and the alcohol without due fellow snacks (fatty, acute and calorie products) increases the level of danger to the body systems.
On the day of chemotherapy, and the following after it, any products (like drugs) containing alcohol is excluded from the application. Due to the fact that the body did not restore the resistance, and its barrier functions are still weak, alcohol intake is prohibited. Compatibility of drugs of chemotherapy and alcohol is unacceptable. But for wine lovers there are positive news.
After therapy, some high-quality and real red wine will even be useful for improving the mood, maintaining the immune system, restoring the potential and restoration of performance internal systems and organs. This alcoholic drink should not contain dyes and preservatives in the composition, and it is important to comply with dose moderation.
Danger of alcohol
It would seem - simple things about which people forget: excessive and frequent drinking alcohol only harms health. Alcohol is dangerous not only by what involves dependence. It is the cause of poisoning, and contributes to the emergence of ailments. There is a violation in the process of natural work organs, and oncological diseases that are considered the most dangerous can manifest themselves after using alcohol in excessive amounts.
The occurrence of cancer of the oily cavity, throat, stomach, esophagus, intestines most often occurs in a drinking person from the toxins distributed in the blood and components of ethanol.
Cancer and alcohol, although they are not a consequence of education, one of the other, but have general communication. Alcohol contributes to the weakening of the body systems, which gives the advantage of the development of the disease.
Forecast of chemotherapy treatment
Do not risk your own health. After chemotherapy ended, alcohol consumption is dangerous, since the progress of oncological pathology is only enhanced, the risk of death increases. Each year more than 20 thousand patients die, continuing to abuse alcohol when oncology is detected. At the same time, such loads are added to the body as:
- Violations of the work of the Cardiovascular system;
- Strengthening mental disorders;
- Weakening kidneys and liver;
- Increased problems arising from cancer.
The interaction of chemotherapy preparations with ethyl alcohol components and a person's body manifests itself in patients to the formation of the above problems.
Abuse is the greatest danger for women with oncological diseases of the mammary glands and patients with mouth pathology, pharynx, throat, light and gastrointestinal tract.
Women recommended special caution in the use of alcoholic beverages during chemotherapy and after the treatment period. The woman's body works a little differently: the time for which toxins are removed from the body is increased. This is due to the fact that enzymes that are responsible for the splitting of alcohol, the liver of a woman highlights less than men's. And the water and fat balance differs, because of what the effect of alcohol on the internal organs is stronger.
The fact that the patient wants to feel comfortable is natural. And since chemotherapy in combination with radiation therapy gives a load on the body, the side effects negatively affect the patient's condition.
Pay attention to the diet. Strong taste qualities Food. Meat and water are those products to change the taste of which most often complain patients can be replaced. Instead of meat dishes to enrich the body with a protein from others - dairy, fish, eating eggs and legumes. Water can be replaced with mineral, or just add lemon slices into it.
Reducing appetite during chemotherapy is not a problem. Strengthen it advise cream soups, nut butter, yogurt and light snacks.
What as a result?
The method of chemotherapy saved many patients who half a century would be doomed. He proved its effectiveness and effectiveness in that today the treatment of any kind of cancer at the acute stage without chemotherapy is impossible.
Despite the decline in the result of treatment, alcohol has an antioxidant effect and enhances appetite, so there is no complete ban on its use during oncology. During chemotherapy, a dose limitation of alcohol consumption is recommended. Not every person eating alcohol in excessive quantities detects oncology. But it is precisely the components of alcohol to start the development of the tumor for various reasons, and the use of alcohol for a long time contributes to the development of such problems:
- The level of lymphocytes in the blood decreases, and in the preserved - the number of enzymes falls.
- The protective effect of the liver is reduced.
The decision of the issue remains controversial: some doctors even recommend the use of alcohol, but it is natural that it is forbidden to abuse, and patients take it if not directly, then in the form of tinctures. The method of alcohol-containing beverages disrupts the natural process of producing cells that eliminate alien bodies, which affects immunity, and loads the liver, which is already enough. However, drink a glass of wine or beer to increase the appetite, but only after consulting with the attending physician.
Alcohol and cancer annually carry millions of lives every year: 2.8 million dies from the consequences of alcoholism, from oncology - 7.6 million people. There is a relationship between these indicators: 26% of the solid-quality tumors are found during the examination. Someone cancers appear due to alcohol abuse. If the cause of pathology in heredity, then vodka becomes a catalyst that causes the acceleration of the growth of patient cells.
Alcohol as a cause of problems
A group of scientists under the guidance of Professor Christopher Forsith from Chicago University of Rush (Rush University Medical Center) has proven an influence of alcohol on cancer cells. If a person is sick of the first cancer stage, is not treated, but does not use alcohol, then the transition to the second stage takes an average of 3 to 10 years. With regular alcohol use, the term is reduced by half, and the transition to the 3-4-yd stage with metastasis under the action of alcohol occurs by 72% faster than in patients without dependence.
Pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of cancer under the action of alcohol are based on epithelial-mezenchymal destruction. The alcohol provokes the suppression of the synthesis of the E-Cadery protein and the vimber. From this wall of epithelial cells become loose, an intercellular bond is lost, and the body, wanting to fill the formed emptiness, launches cell division. So cancer tissue receive a "signal" to increase in size.
Another abuse of strong drinks is the cause of the dismantling of nutrition, the deficit of substances with antioxidant properties that protect internal organs from oncology. The crab factor is that alcohol sharply reduces immunity, causes the weakening of the body.
Alcoholic beverages provoke gastritis, ulcers, inflammation of the esophagus, toxic defeat of prostate and other diseases. It is highly risk that in the launched form, they will move in carcinoma or other form of oncology.
What types of cancer are alcoholic beverages
The World Health Organization in the last report for February 8, 2018 announced the 7 most common types of oncology, provoked by regular alcohol consumption. Alcohol often causes cancer:
- intestine
- breast,
- esophagus
- large,
- throat
- liver,
- prostate gland.
If a person combines the use of drug vodka, then the risk of developing planar skin cancer increases (herointers and amphetamineers are particularly susceptible to him). Alcoholism, going hand in hand with nicotinomy, provokes the defeat of respiratory organs - bronchi and lungs (with double dependence, the likelihood of such oncology is 3 times more than only at one smoking).
Breast
In 2006, American scientist Wendy I. Chen from the Institute of Oncology Dana-Farber in Boston published the results of the study proving the effect of alcohol on breast cancer. It was discovered that:
- If you drink 300 ml of wine daily for 5 years, a chance to get breast cancer increases by 15%.
- When eating more drink, the likelihood of oncology increases by 28%.
In a special zone of risk - women in the period of menopause, which and without alcohol are predisposed to oncological diseases (due to hormonal failures). Alcohol provokes breast cancer due to failure in the development of estrogen or progesterone, in violation of the absorption of folic acid.
Theoretically, if you follow the level of hormones and take bioactive additives, then the risk to get a tumor decreases, but does not disappear completely, since there is another third factor. Alcohol, with long-term use, launches a mutated BRAF gene (it is a "carrier" of hereditary predisposition to oncology). If this happens, the cancer will begin to spread with a lightning speed, the person "burns" from illness in a couple of years.
Prostate
The defeat of the prostate gland from alcohol occurs in three reasons. First, ethyl alcohol is processed into acetaldehyde, causing. The second reason - alcoholic beverages worsen the ability to process the organism important for the substance (vitamins of groups A, C, D, E, Zinc, carotenoids).
Another factor is the deterioration of the state of blood vessels and increasing the tendency to the stagnation of blood, which leads to the stagnant form of prostatitis. In the absence of timely treatment, inflammation goes into a tumor.
Cunning the disease is that if you drink strong drinks constantly, then the first symptoms of cancer are easy to skip. Pain in the stomach, urination worsening, a sharp slimming man writes off alcoholism and does not go to the doctor to check the condition of the prostate.
Other types of cancer
Alcohol has a direct impact on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Causes the walls of the walls, leads to constant inflammation, suppuration, necrosis - all this factors for the development of gastric cancer, throat, esophagus, oral cavity.
As for the intestine cancer, with alcoholism in 80% of cases, the thick intestine is affected, 15% is straight. In the risk area, people over 60 (mostly men), regularly consulating strong drinks - moonshine, vodka, whiskey.
The tumors in the liver arise as a consequence of chronic diseases - alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis. According to statistics, 28% of these diseases lead to oncology (but even if cancer does not arise, then a person with these diseases rarely lives longer than 5 years).
How to use safe
To reduce the likelihood of cancer development, you need to completely stop drinking. If there is no desire to refuse alcohol, then the amount of drinks from the drinks should be reduced. Relatively safe daily measure (according to dietary recommendations):
Plays the role of regularity and duration of boys. A small glass of alcohol every day will be slightly safer than a big bottle, drunk once a week. If you take a dosage indicated in the table, then the exceedment will be a weekly use of more than 3 units. Women and 4 units. Men.
The quality of the used products is important. Good expensive wine will be safer than a similar amount of beverage with dyes and taste synthetic additives. The most dangerous, according to oncologists, is the abuse of a liqueur. In addition to ethyl alcohol, there is a lot of sugar, which is another catalyst for the growth of cancer cells.
Can I use alcohol during oncology
There is a myth that a little alcohol with cancer contributes to recovery. Such a delusion appeared due to symptomatic help of alcoholic beverages - light pain relief and temporary elimination of signs of depression in oncobole give an illusion of improving well-being. There is no scientific confirmation that a glass of red wine, vodka or other strong drink destroys cancer cells and prevents metastases. The effectiveness and folk methods of treating oncology such as the Shevchenko method (daily use of cocktail from vodka and sunflower oil) are not confirmed.
The rare use of a small amount of high-quality alcohol during diagnosed cancer is not prohibited - but only during the period of remission. When chemotherapy passes, the alcohol is strictly prohibited due to the lack of compatibility (the fastened drinks will reduce the effectiveness of treatment or provoke strong adverse reactions).
Important: Drinking alcoholic beverages with healthy people or patients with diagnosed cancer is everyone. But if you want to live longer, it is worth minimizing the use of alcohol. With developing alcoholism, the course of treatment is treated, encoded. Fully from oncology does not save it, but the likelihood of the disease will decrease at least 3 times.
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Is it possible to use alcohol with oncology? Almost everyone knows that alcohol is harmful to health. It is undesirable to use alcoholic drinks to people who have diseases of digestive, cardiovascular, urogen-and-other organism systems. Those who good healthIt is recommended to drink rarely and in highly limited quantities. Alcohol is a toxin that damages all internal organs. His abuse causes addiction. Alcoholism in oncology is the cause of the severe condition of the patient.
The unhealthy habit contributes to the formation and development of malignant tumors throughout the body.
If a person already has cancer and he continues to drink, the likelihood that he will be able to defeat the disease, equal to zero.
Such a patient has more chances to die. Oncology is different types. You can cure cancer at different stages, but at the same time the patient needs to abandon bad habits, first of all, from alcoholic beverages.
Alcohol causes severe intoxication. As a result, a person has a huge number of unpleasant symptoms. It complains of severe headache, nausea (it can snatch), discomfort in the abdomen, etc. Man suffering alcohol intoxication, poorly perceives new information, is not attentive and useless in any work.
Cancer internal organs and addiction
Stable use of alcoholic beverages in any quantity to cause education and 
development of liver cancer, esophagus, intestines, throat, stomach, oral cavity, mammary glands. These are the seven basic types of oncology, provoked by the toxic effect of alcohol.
The digestive system under the influence of toxins comes out of the Lada. From this, the patient arises the following symptoms:
- Reduced appetite. The person practically does not want anything. He is constantly sick and torments heartburn. Due to the reception of a small number of food in the body cease to do useful material. The shortage of vitamins reduces immunity. The function of the blood building is also disturbed. As a result, hemoglobin is reduced to critical indicators. A person becomes sensitive to infections and viruses.
- Strong pain in the stomach, caustication. Alcohol in the human body contributes to the development of gastritis, which further can grow into a peptic illness and cause formation on the internal organs of malignant tumors.
- Vomiting, stool impairment and urination functions. According to statistics, more than 65% of people who have serious problems with the work of the digestive system are alcoholics. Those who continue to drink with already developing illness of the gastrointestinal tract, cease to control the processes of urination. In other words, they can be fisted at any moment. Ethanol is strongly dehydicing the body that becomes the cause of frequent constipation.
You can immediately not notice which effect is given alcoholic beverages during long-term use. Cirrhosis of the liver, which grows into cancer, is developing over a long period. The disease makes itself felt already at the last stage, when it is very difficult to deal with the ailment.
Oncology of the mammary glands during alcoholism
The body of a woman is more exposed negative influence Harmful habit than men. Fine sex representatives risk acquiring breach of the mammary glands:
You can also put yourself to the development of oncology, having a bad habit and suffering mastopathy, taking a long time hormonal drugs, often exposed to the body by X-ray irradiation, poorly eating, making abortions, having overweight.
Hormonal failure caused by alcohol abuse is manifested in the following symptoms:
- Discomfort in the field of mammary glands. You can face seals in the chest, see the discharge from the nipple. It feels pain.
- Selection of nipple. They can be different colors and consistency.
- Ulcerative formations. Typically, these symptoms appear when cancer reached the last level of development, and the woman continues to drink alcohol.
If with breast cancer in a patient reduced hemoglobin, it is at high risk. A woman can die at any stage of the development of the disease, when she has anemia with alcohol addiction.
Almost all patients with oncology respiratory system There is a sword. This symptom is not only noted when physical Loads In the patient, but also at rest.
What to do to raise hemoglobin
As already noted, the harmful habit prevents the normal development of erythrocytes in the blood. Reduced hemoglobin talks about Iron anemia. Malokroviya cause bad work of the immune system. This contributes to the rapid development of cancer and premature death of the patient. Hemoglobin in the body does not rise quickly. In order for it to reach a normal level, a minimum of 2-3 months is required. To increase hemoglobin follows:
- organize your day of the day. Hemoglobin does not rose in a person who does not sleep, does not rest enough and works more than he can. Each is recommended to carry out daily walks in the fresh air for from 1 hour to 2. Also do not forget about sports. Training should be done three times a week at least with minimal physical exertion.
Restore the process of developing erythrocytes at the proper level can also be taken medicinal preparations special purpose. If a person has not thrown to drink, take any medicines to him forbidden. Hence the conclusion - while the patient does not give up the harmful habit, hemoglobin in its body will continue to fall that, in the end, will lead to a fatal outcome.
How to make yourself throw a bad habit
Not always a person notes the fact that he has a dependence on anything. He refuses to believe it. In cases where a person uses alcohol often and for a long time (from 6 months to several years), chances to make it throw drink, are zero. It does not scare low hemoglobin, pain in the right side, swinger, bad Son. And other unpleasant feelings. Often he thinks that he feels bad because of hard work, and not because he has a bad habit. Such a person can overcome the addiction if he wants to do this truly. That is, 50% of recovery from alcoholism is a desire to forget about alcohol forever.
Treatment of addiction to the following:
Cancer is a severe disease, to fight with a lot of strength. If a person continues to drink, he does not have enough energy for recovery. He will die ahead of time. To be healthy, it is necessary to abandon alcohol, tobacocuria, drugs and start moving the right lifestyle. Only in this case the immune system will be strong, and hemoglobin at the desired level. Any dependency can be overcome for a rather short period if it wanted. It is impossible to force a person to quit a bad habit when he does not want it. He will definitely return to her after a while.
All materials of our site are designed for those who take care of their health. But we do not recommend engaging in self-medication - each person is unique, and without consulting a doctor, certain means and methods cannot be applied. Be healthy!
This article describes the effect of alcohol use on the occurrence of cancer. Alcohol affects some diseases that are not related to cancer, but in this work we will not stop on them. Briefly, a list of neonocheological diseases associated with alcohol use is as follows: alcohol neuropathy, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, alcohol gastritis, depression and other mental illness, hypertension, hemorrhagic stroke, cirrhosis and liver fibrosis, acute and. Moreover, the use of alcohol is an important cause of various damage, and alcohol intake during pregnancy is accompanied by various adverse effects, including the alcohol fetal syndrome, spontaneous, low birth weight, premature genera and intrauterine fetal growth delay. There are evidence that such an action of alcohol depends on polymorphism of genes encoding alcohol metabolism enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 2E1), folate and DNA recovery.
The study of alcohol consumption and its effects is difficult to be several factors, including the high frequency of many diseases, such as corrosive heart disease and liver cirrhosis; The age structure of the population, since the frequency of the occurrence of many diseases caused by alcohol, decreases with age, and cancer and ischemic heart disease - increases; As well as the nature of the use of alcohol due to the fact that its favorable effect in relation to ischemic heart disease during the reception of large doses is not noted.
In developing countries, the lower frequency of cardiovascular diseases and higher injuries have caused the fact that alcohol in 2000 was the reason for 1,524 thousand men and 301 thousand deaths. Thus, a total of alcohol led to 1 804 thousand deaths during the year or 3.2% of all mortality.
Epidemiology of cancer associated with alcohol use
When analyzing the articles found, we focused on the topics of the risk of developing cancer, due to alcohol use, especially if the relationship between dose and risk, differences between different types of alcoholic beverages, as well as interaction with other developmental risk factors were studied Cancer. If there are meta-analysis relating to any particular shape of cancer, we used the latest publication.
PlateLock Cancer Cancer Occales, Glowing, Pumps and Foods
The existence of the causal relationship between the increase in alcohol consumption and the collapse of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx and esophagus was first noted in the mid-1950s. Epidemiological studies of these tumors demonstrated the carcinogenic effect of alcohol abuse and revealed a linear relationship between the probability of cancer development and the duration and volume of alcohol consumption. Synergism between alcohol intake and smoking was first described in the 1970s. And since then has become a classic example of the interaction of two external factors in carcinogenesis. The carcinogenic effect of alcohol, independent of smoking (that is, the risk increase in non-smoking) was first demonstrated in 1961 and was repeatedly confirmed later. These studies have shown a fairly constant relationship between the use of alcohol and the risk of cancer development at the top of the digestive tract among non-smoking. An analysis of the types of alcoholic beverages did not reveal significant differences, and in most studies the highest risk was associated with the most frequently used alcohol drink, which may indicate an insufficient amount of data relative to rarely used beverages, incomplete collection of information or incorrect classification of beverages. An analysis of the differences between different departments of the head and neck to the degree of risk of developing cancer related to alcohol use was also carried out. This analysis showed that the risk is the highest in the departments that are used to contact with alcohol-containing fluid, such as the tongue and the tops of the larynx.
Research of communication between alcohol use and the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma brought contradictory results. In some works, an increase in the risk of the development of the adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the cardiac gastric department was 1.5-4.0 times. Many such studies were small, at the same time in more large-scale work of such relationships were found not. Moreover, these studies have shown a decrease in risk in general or when using some types of alcoholic beverages. Also ne.
The existence of alcohol admission to the development of adenocarcinoma of the cardiac ventilation department was confirmed. Thus, the existing data does not confirm the risk of developing the adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the intake of alcohol.
Currently, convincing confirmations of the existence of the relationship between the intake of alcohol and the development of the stomach cancer are not obtained. Overview 52 epidemiological works revealed the existence of a reliable connection in two of the 12 cohort studies and 8 out of 40 studies of the case-control. In these two cohort studies, the number of deaths was relatively small, and the relationship between the dose of alcohol and the development of cancer was not studied. Of 8 studies, the case-control of four risks amounted to 1.5-1.7 when compared with a group of people who did not drink alcohol. From the moment of publication of this review, a few more works carried out in Europe, Asia and the United States were published. In most of them, the connection between the intake of alcohol and the development of the stomach cancer was not confirmed. In those studies in which a similar connection was identified, the relationship between the dose and risk of developing the disease was not studied. In several hours, the existence of the connection between the risk of developing the stomach cancer and the use of certain types of alcoholic beverages, including vodka in Russia, wine in Italy and strong drinks and beer in Uruguay. Nevertheless, the relationship between taking alcohol and stomach cancer is not reliably established.
Cancer thick and rectum
In several studies, confirmations were obtained, although not always unambiguous, the existence of the connection between the intake of alcohol and the development of adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the Tolstoy and rectum. Overview 27 epidemiological studies showed that in cohort studies, risk increases ranged from 1.0 to 1.7 times in the event of a colon cancer, similar indicators were obtained for rectal cancer. The researchers concluded that such data indicate the absence or a minor increase in the risk of developing these forms of cancer as a result of alcohol abuse. Meta-analysis of cohort work and studies Case-control showed a moderate increase in the risk of developing colon cancer and rectum, depending on the volume of alcohol consumption. A generalized analysis of 8 cohort studies revealed the relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and the degree of risk of developing the colon and rectum cancer. These works have not demonstrated any differences in the degree of risk for various types of alcoholic beverages, as well as between colon and rectum cancer.
It is known that some nutrition features, in particular, insufficient consumption of folate, can lead to an increase in the risk of developing colon cancer and rectum 2-5 times; It is also known that alcohol violates the Metabolism of Folate. Alcohol intake and insufficient consumption of folate can have a joint action or alcohol may disrupt the metabolism of the folate, thus increasing the risk of developing cancer in thick and rectum. Due to the fact that the existing data indicate only a moderate increase in the risk of developing colon and rectum cancer as a result of alcohol abuse, such associated nutritional factors may be of great importance. The risk of cancer development was estimated in a generalized analysis, taking into account the reception of vitamins, including folate, while a reliable connection was shown between the dose of alcohol intake and the probability of cancer. With additional analysis it was shown that the risk of developing cancer and colon was somewhat elevated among people who did not take vitamins that have received an insufficient amount of folate, metho-nine, as well as among smokers, but these differences were not statistically reliable. Thus, there are currently no convincing data indicating that the relationship between the intake of alcohol and the risk of developing cancer of colon and rectum is due to insufficient reception of vitamins. Such a connection, although it can be moderate, still exists.
Alcohol abuse increases the risk of liver cancer. The meta-analysis identified the relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and the risk of liver cancer, which was increased by 1.8 times drinking people (more than 100 g per day). This study also showed that alcohol consumption is an important risk factor for the development of cirrhosis, the frequency of which among strong drinking was 27 times higher.
The most likely mechanism for increasing the risk of liver cancer in alcohol abuse is the development of cirrhosis, although other factors may be significance, including changes in the hepatic metabolism of carcinogens. The cirrhosis alcohol treatment is most likely is the main risk factor for the development of liver cancer in populations with a low frequency of occurrence of hepatitis B and C (US and Northern Europe). The risk of liver cancer is also enhanced by the interaction of factors such as smoking and alcohol intake, as well as viral hepatitis B and C and alcohol consumption.
Although most of the work in which the connection between the admission of alcohol and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer did not give results, in several studies, the presence of such communication was confirmed. Meta-analysis 17 studies have not demonstrated the relationship between alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer. In other studies, communication with strong alcohol abuse was confirmed. In one of these works, the risk of pancreatic cancer was increased 3 times among people who used 4 or more portions of the alcoholic beverage per day. Due to the fact that smoking is an important risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer, it is impossible to exclude the fact that this factor could affect the result of this work. The existing evidence of communication between alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer are inconclusive. If this connection still exists, then it is most likely indirect through the development of chronic pancreatitis.
In several studies, the relationship between the intake of alcohol and the risk of development of breast cancer was noted. According to a meta-analysis, which included 38 epidemiological studies, the risk was increased by 1.1 times (95% confidence interval from 1.1 to 1.2) among the portion of alcohol per day, 1.2 (1,1 -1.3) Among two portions and 1.4 (1.2-1.6) among the alcohol consumed and more are daily compared to non-drinking. A generic analysis of 6 cohort studies has discovered a similar moderate risk increase, depending on the volume of consumption, when taking into account the main risk factors, such as the presence of breast cancer in relatives and reproductive anamnesis. A thorough analysis of 53 epidemiological studies (58,515 patients with breast cancer) demonstrated an increase of 7.1% (5.5% -8.7%) for every 10 g of alcohol per day. Moreover, the influence of alcohol on the risk of developing breast cancer among smokers did not differ from such among non-smoking. Differences in the degree of risk depending on the type of alcoholic beverage was not detected. The connection between the use of alcohol and the risk of developing breast cancer was shown both before and after, and is unknown, whether the period of alcohol abuse affects the development of cancer. Although the risk of breast cancer as a result of alcohol use increases, not too much, the high frequency of occurrence of this tumor explains the fact that the number of patients with breast cancer associated with the intake of alcohol exceeds the number of all other forms of cancer caused by alcohol.
Although the presence of communication between lung cancer and alcohol use is assumed according to a review of eight studies. Case-control, existing evidence is insufficient in order to argue that it exists. The meta-analysis of the connection between the intake of alcohol and the risk of development of lung cancer did not reveal reliable evidence, although risk increases in people who are strongly abusing alcohol cannot be eliminated. A similar conclusion was made by the authors of the generalized analysis of data 7 prospective studies, in which the most pronounced effect of alcohol was noted among non-smokers, which indicates that risk increases in highly abusing alcohol people is not connected with smoking.
Other forms of cancer
Alcohol does not increase the risk of endometrial cancer, bladder or prostate gland. The possible protective effect of alcohol regarding and kidney needs further study. A generalized analysis of 9 studies. Case-control, which included patients with non-Hodgkinsky lymphoma, demonstrated a decrease in the risk of developing a disease among drinking alcohol, which can partially explain the disagreements between alcohol and lymphomas, which took place in earlier work.
Genetic predisposition to the development of cancer caused by alcohol
There are data indicating that the risk of cancer develops due to the admission of alcohol depends on genetic factors. The main efforts were aimed at studying genes responsible for alcohol, folate metabolism, as well as for the restoration of DNA.
Alcohol carcinogenic mechanisms
Mechanisms through which alcohol has its carcinogenic effect, is not fully studied and, most likely, differ in different organs, as in the case of other carcinogens. Table 2 presents well-known or alleged mechanisms for the development of cancer as a result of the action of alcoholic beverages, as well as information on the reliability of existing evidence.
Clean ethanol did not carry carcinogenic effects in animal studies in connection with which alcohol drinks can be only solvents that facilitate the penetration into the body of carcinogens through the mucous membranes of the upper food and respiratory tract. Although this mechanism can explain the synergism between the effects of smoking and drinking alcohol, it cannot be applied to explain the risk increase in people who have never smoked.
The primary metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, is likely a candidate for the role of a carcinogenic agent, although people have no convincing evidence as a direct cause of cancer development. Acetaldehyde is associated with DNA in vitro in human cells, as well as in rats, long-term dried alcohol. In animal studies, inhalation of acetaldehyde caused the formation of tumors of respiratory tract, especially adenocarcin and flat-stitch cancer of the nasal mucosa in rats and larynx cancer in hamsters. In addition, acetaldehyde damages hepatocytes, strengthening their proliferation. In the study, which included 24 people who abused alcohol, and 12 healthy people, the average bonds between acetaldehyde and DNA in lymphocytes were 7 times higher among consumed alcohol. The autoantibodies to the proteins altered as a result of acetaldehyde were found in the blood and bone marrow of people abusing alcohol, and their concentration was higher in patients with alcohol caused by liver disease. These studies indicate that DNA damage arises with serious alcohol abuse and this process may be a consequence of acetaldehyde. Data on the influence of polymorphism of enzymes involved in ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism, on the risk of cancer due to alcohol consumption, confirm the importance of acetaldehyde for these processes.
| Table 2. Possible cancer development mechanisms due to alcohol | ||
| Parameters | The organs that are impact | |
| Thoughtful | ||
| DNA damage acetaldehyde | ||
| Increased concentration of estrogen | Chest | |
| Moderately reliable | ||
| Solvent for other carcinogens | Head and neck, esophagus and liver | |
| Developing reactive forms of oxygen and nitrogen changes in folate metabolism | Liver and others Thick and rectum, chest and others |
|
| Weakly reliable | ||
| DNA damage ethanol | Head and neck, esophagus and liver | |
| Lack of vitamins (for example, vitamin A) | Head, neck and others | |
| Suppression of immunity | Liver and others | |
| Carcinogenic action of other components, in addition to ethanol | Head, neck, esophagus, liver and others | |
| The classification of mechanisms of action by the level of reliability was carried out on the basis of data available to authors | ||
The production of jet oxygen radicals and nitrogen radicals is another possible mechanism of carcinogenesis caused by alcohol. Oxidative stress leads to a change in lipids, as a result, electrophilic substances appear, interacting with DNA with the formation of exocyclic products to attach DNA and jet aldehydes. This mechanism is especially important for the development of liver cancer and may be an explanation of the synergistic effect of alcohol and viral infection. Oxidative stress in the liver
develops due to the effect of alcohol by induction CIR2E1, stimulation of parenchym cells in response to the action of cytokines and activation of chipper cells.
Strong alcohol abuse can lead to insufficient consumption of vitamins and microelements as a result of poor nutrition, impairment of suction in the intestine and changes in metabolism. The change in folate metabolism, leading to DNA methylation disorders, and as a result, control over genes playing an important role in the development of cancer. Alcohol also affects consumption, suction and metabolism of vitamins in 12 and in 6, which leads to further changes in DNA methylation. Another alleged mechanism for the development of cancer as a result of alcohol use is the lack of vitamin A. In people who consume significant amounts of alcohol, there is a decrease in the concentration of vitamin A and R-carotene in the blood, in chronic abuse, the metabolism of vitamin A. Alcohol, can also be suppressed immune systemThus creating favorable conditions for the development and metastasis of cancer. This is confirmed by the study data that showed the weakening of protection against metastasis in mice obtained alcohol.
Also, the risk of cancer development can increase other components of alcoholic beverages in addition to alcohol. In spirits (for example, in whiskey), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonates were revealed, and in beer - n-nitrosamines; It should be noted that data on the composition of alcoholic beverages, especially strong, not enough. If such components are important for the development of cancer, its risk may vary for different beverages. However, it has now been not received by convincing data on the dependence between the probability of developing the head and neck cancer and the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and for other organs there is no such information at all.
All the mechanisms described above are primarily relevant to the cancer of the head, neck, liver, as well as the thick and rectum. In the event of breast cancer, the effect of alcohol is associated with an increase in the concentration of estrogen. The most convincing evidence of the existence of such a mechanism is collected among women postmenopausal age, receiving hormone replacement therapy, but in other groups there is also an existence of this effect. Other possible mechanisms for developing cancer as a result of alcohol intake are an increase in susceptibility to external and internal carcinogens, increasing the inclination of cancer to local growth, as well as effects associated with the change in folate metabolism. Epidemiological data on increasing the risk of developing breast cancer, consuming alcohol, is consistent with the results of experimental studies in animals that showed an increase in the frequency of spontaneous and chemical-induced breast cancers in mice and rats.
The article has prepared and edited: a surgeon doctorWhat is the relationship between the use of alcoholic beverages and the occurrence of oncological diseases? This is how employees in the United States speak about this issue.
Alcohol is a common term for ethanol or ethyl alcohol, a chemical substance contained in beer, wine, vodka, as well as in some drugs, mouth rinsing products, tincture and essential oils (Fragrant liquids derived from plants). Alcohol is produced by fermentation of sugars and starch yeast.
The main types of alcoholic beverages and the content of them alcohol:
Beer and Siders: Alcohol 3-7 percent;
Wines, including Sake: Alcohol 9-15 percent;
Wines are fastened, such as port: alcohol 16-20 percent;
Liquor, gin, rum, vodka, whiskey, which are produced by distillation of alcohol from fermented grains, fruits or vegetables: usually 35-40 percent of alcohol, but may be higher.
According to the National Institute for Alcohol and Alcoholism, the standard alcoholic beverage in the United States contains 14.0 grams (0.6 oz) of pure alcohol. As a rule, this amount of pure alcohol is in:
12 oz beer;
8 ounces of malt liqueur;
5 ounces of wine;
1.5 ounces of Liker or Gina.
The dietary recommendations of the federal government for Americans in 2010 determine the moderate use of alcohol to one such drink (i.e. 0.6 oz of pure alcohol) per day for women and up two beverages per day for men. Heavy alcohol consumption is defined as the presence of more than three beverages on any day or more seven beverages per week for women and more than four beverages on any day or more than 14 beverages per week for men.
What is the evidence that the use of alcohol is the cause of cancer?
Based on extensive reviews scientific researchThere is a sustainable scientific opinion regarding the relationship between alcohol use and several types of cancer. In his report on carcinogens, the National Program of Toxicology of the Ministry of Health and Social Services of the United States shows that the use of alcoholic beverages is a carcinogenic factor for a person.The results of the study show that the more alcohol consumes a person, especially if this happens regularly, the higher the risk of cancer. Based on data for 2009, 3.5 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States (about 19,500 deaths) were associated with alcohol.
There were clear patterns between the consumption of alcohol and the development of the following types of cancer:
Head and Neck Cancer
Alcohol consumption is the main risk factor for some types of cancer of the head and neck, especially the cancers of the oral cavity (with the exception of the lips), pharynx (throat) and larynx. People who use 50 or more grams of alcohol per day (approximately 3.5 or more drinks per day) have at least two or three times the risk of developing these types of cancer than non-consistent alcohol. In addition, the risk of these types of cancer is significantly higher among persons who use tobacco in addition to alcohol.
Esophageal carcinoma
Alcohol use is the main risk factor for a specific type of esophagus cancer called flat-stitching carcinoma. It was found that people who inherited a lack of enzyme, metabolizing alcohol significantly increased the risk of alcohol of the esophagus of the flower cell.
Liver cancer
Alcohol consumption is an independent risk factor and the main cause of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus is the other main causes of liver cancer.
Mammary cancer
More than 100 epidemiological studies reviewed the relationship between the consumption of alcohol and the risk of breast cancer in women. These studies have consistently discovered an increased risk of breast cancer associated with an increase in alcohol consumption. Metaanalysis 53 of these studies (which included a total of 58,000 women with breast cancer) showed that women who drink more than 45 grams of alcohol per day (approximately three drinks) were 1.5 times higher than the risk of developing breast cancer .
The risk of breast cancer was higher at all levels of alcohol consumption: for every 10 grams of alcohol consumed per day (a little less than one drink) researchers observed a small (7 percent) increase in the risk of breast cancer.
The "Million Women" study in the United Kingdom (which included more than 28,000 women with breast cancer) gave a slightly higher risk assessment of the occurrence of breast cancer at low and moderate alcohol consumption levels: every 10 grams of alcohol consumed a day were associated with 12 - Assimate increase in the risk of breast cancer.
Colorectal cancer
Alcohol consumption is associated with a moderately increased risk of colon cancer and rectum. Metaanalysis 57 studies that studied the connection between the consumption of alcohol and the risk of colorectal cancer showed that people who regularly drank 50 or more grams of alcohol per day (about 3.5 drinks) were 1.5 times higher than the risk of developing colorectal cancer. For every 10 grams of alcohol consumed per day, there was a small (7 percent) increase in the risk of colorectal cancer.
How does alcohol increase the risk of cancer?
The researchers revealed several ways to alcohol can increase the risk of cancer development, including: Metabolization (splitting) of ethanol in alcoholic beverages to acetaldehyde, which is a toxic chemical and probable carcinogen for humans.
Acetaldehyde may damage both DNA ( genetic materialgenerating genes) and proteins through a process called oxidation.
Violation of the ability of the body to absorb various nutrients and vitamins that may be associated with cancer risk, including vitamin A; Nutrients in a complex with vitamin B, such as folate; vitamin C; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Carotenoids.
Increasing the level of estrogen in the blood - sex hormone associated with the risk of breast cancer.
Alcoholic beverages may also contain various carcinogenic pollutants, which are entered during fermentation and production, such as nitrosamines, asbestos fibers, phenols and hydrocarbons.
How does the combination of alcohol and tobacco affect the risk of cancer?
Epidemiological studies show that people who use alcohol and tobacco have a much greater risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx and esophagus than people who either only eat alcohol either smoke. In fact, the risks of the appearance of cancer associated with the use of alcohol and tobacco are multiplicative: that is, they are more than one could expect from the combination of individual risks associated with alcohol and smoking.Can man genes affect the risk of cancer associated with alcohol?
The risk of a person associated with alcohol affects its genes, in particular genes that encode enzymes involved in the metabolism (destruction) of alcohol.For example, one of the methods of alcohol metabolism in the body is the activity of the enzyme called alcoholic dehydrogenase or ADH. Many people having Chinese, Korean and especially Japanese origin, carry the version of the ADH gene, which encodes the "superactive" form of the enzyme.
This superactive ADH enzyme accelerates the conversion of alcohol (ethanol) to toxic acetaldehyde. As a result, when people who have a superactive enzyme drink alcohol, acetaldehyde accumulates. Among Japanese origin, who has this superactive ADH, the risk of pancreatic cancer is higher than in patients with a more common form of ADH.
Another enzyme called aldehydehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) turns toxic acetaldehyde into non-toxic substances. Some people, especially from East Asia, carry the option of the gene for Aldh2, which encodes the defective form of the enzyme. People with a defective enzyme acetaldehyde accumulates when they drink alcohol.
The accumulation of acetaldehyde has such unpleasant consequences (including redness of the face and rapid heartbeat) that most people who inherited an aldh2 version cannot consume a large amount of alcohol. Thus, most people with a defective form ALDH2 have a low risk of developing cancer-related alcohol.
However, some people with a defective form ALDH2 can be tolerant to the unpleasant effects of acetaldehyde and consume a large amount of alcohol. Epidemiological studies have shown that such people have a higher risk of developing an esophageal cancer associated with alcohol, as well as head and neck cancer than those with a fully active enzyme that drink a comparable amount of alcohol. These increased risks are observed only among people who carry the version of Aldh2 and drink alcohol, they are not observed in people who carry this option, but do not drink alcohol.
Can drink red wine to prevent cancer?
Researchers, conducting research using purified proteins, human cells and laboratory animals, found that some substances in red wine, such as resveratrol, have anti-cancer properties. Grapes, raspberries, peanuts and some other plants also contain resveratrol. However, clinical trials in humans did not provide convincing evidence that resveratrol is effective for preventing or treating cancer.What happens to the risk of cancer after a person stops drinking alcohol?
Most studies that studied the question of reducing the risk of cancer after a person stopped the use of alcohol, concerned the cancer of the head, neck and esophagus. In general, these studies have shown that the cessation of alcohol consumption is not associated with an immediate reduction in the risk of cancer development; You may need years for cancer risk decreased and become the same as those who do not use alcohol.For example, a combined analysis of 13 studies of cancer cancer and the pharynx showed that the risk of cancer did not begin to decline at least up to 10 years after the cessation of alcohol consumption. Even 16 years after the studied stopped drinking alcohol, the risk of cancer was higher from them than those who never used alcohol.
In several studies, it was also found that the risk of esophageal cancer slowly decreases with an increase in time from the moment of stopping alcohol and is not approaching such as non-drinking, at least 15 years after the cessation of alcohol consumption.