The technological process of obtaining vegetable oil. Classification of vegetable oils. The process of manufacturing oil from sunflower

Vegetable oils are obtained from the plants of oilseeds.

Factors forming the quality of vegetable oils include raw materials and production technology.

According to the classification, V.G. Shcherbakova, oilseeds are divided into several groups depending on use.

Pure oilseed- These plants are grown in order to obtain oil, and other products are secondary. It is sunflower, safflower, sinjut, ting.

Spinning-oil- These are plants grown not only to extract the oil, but also to produce fibers. This is a cotton, flax, hemp. So, until 1860, cotton cultivated mainly to obtain fibers, but for more than 140 years, cotton seeds are used to produce oil.

Etheric plants - In their seeds, along with fatty oils contain essential oils. The representative of this group of plants is a coriander. By extracting from it essential oil Get technical oily oil.

More than two more subgroups of plants are distinguished the nutritional value which is due to the nelipid part. it belkovo-Oilseed culture - soy and peanuts and spicy-oil plants whose representative is mustard.

Along with the seeds of oilseeds for extracting oil, oil-containing parts of the seeds of non-slip plants are used - wheat embryos, corn, rice, fruit bones, etc.

According to the classification of prof. V.V. Beloborodova, the technological processes of modern production of vegetable oils are divided into: mechanical - cleaning of seeds, seed collapse, separation from nuclei of fruit and seed shells, chopping nucleus and cake; diffusionand diffusion-thermal - air conditioning seeds by humidity, frying mint, oil extraction, distillation of the solvent from Miscella andshrot; hydromechanical - Mesgi pressing, upholding andoil filtration; chemicaland biochemical processes - hydrolysis and lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, the formation of lipid-protein complexes.

According to the technological basis, technological processes are divided into six groups: preparation for the storage and storage of oilseeds; Preparation of seeds to extract the oil; actually removing oil; Rafinization of the resulting oil; bottling; Packaging and marking.

Preparation for storage and storage of oilseeds

It includes the following technological processes: cleaning seeds from impurities, air conditioning for humidity, seed storage.

Cleaning seeds from impurities.The seed mass arriving for storage and processing is an inhomogeneous mixture of seeds and organic (plant stems; leaves, seed shells), mineral (land, stones, sand), oilseeds (partially damaged or sprouted seeds of primary oilseeds) impurities.

Cleaning seeds from impurities is produced on cleansing machines - separators, aspirators, stone-searches, using the following methods:

seed mass separation by sifting through sieve with holes different sizes and forms. At sifting, two fractions are obtained: the pass (part passing through the holes) and the gathering (part remaining on the sieve);

separation of seminal mass by aerodynamic properties by blowing the seed layer by air;

the separation of metal products and seeds for ferromagnetic properties.

Air conditioning seeds in humidity.Seeds, the humidity of which is 2-3% lower than the critical one is subject to long-term storage. In addition, humidity conditioning improves the technological properties of seeds. To reduce the humidity of the seeds, the drying method is used in industrial dryers of mine, drum types and dryer dryers, as well as a method of active ventilation in special storage facilities equipped with devices for supplying and air distribution by seed mass.

Unlike other oilseeds, cotton seeds before processing are subjected to moisturizing 11%.

Storage seedspursues the purpose of preserving them from damage to receive high quality products with minimal losses during processing; Improving the quality of seeds for their more efficient processing.

Preparation of seeds for extracting oil

This preparation provides for cleaning seeds from impurities, calibration of seeds in size, air conditioning for humidity seeds similar to the appropriate operations before booking seeds for storage; seed fence; separation of rusanka on the fraction; Grinding kernel.

Seed collapse and kernel separation.Oilseed seeds by the nature of the shells are divided into two groups - leather (sunflower, cotton) and capacious (flax, rape, coal, sesame). The leather seeds are recycled after the shell separation, inspired - without her separation. .

The collapse is the destruction of shells of oilseed seeds by mechanical exposure is carried out in the seeds of the beech-type MRN, which encouraging elements of which are grate with a wavy surface - decks. A more modern model is a centrifugal wedding machine RZ-Mos. The shells of cotton seeds are destroyed on disk (AC-900) and knife peeling. Seeds. At before separation of the shell, crushed on roller machines.

As a result, seed fence gets rushanka,representing a mixture of several fractions: whole seeds - claypartly unburned seeds - inexpensivewhole nucleus, halves of kernel, destroyed kernel - sIES, Oilseed dustand luzgi.(Sunflower shells, in cotton - husk). The norms of the content of the clarification, upholstered, sections and oilseed dust are established.

Separation of rusanka on the fraction. For the separation of Rusanka, aspiration seeds P1-MST, CMR-11 electric rosters, for the separation of cotton roester - purifayers, for separation of soybean fraction - separators of air-sieve type.

Rushanka is separated on the kernel and husk (husks).

The separation of shells from the core is of great importance. It increases the quality of the oil, since it does not pass lipids of shells containing a large number of concomitant substances; Equipment productivity increases; Loss of oil losses with luzgoy due to grinding.

Grinding kernel. The purpose of this operation is the destruction of the cellular structure of the nucleus for maximum oil extraction with further technological operations. To grind the kernel and seeds use single-page, digest and five-wheel machines with corrugated and smooth surfaces. As a result, a rash mass is obtained. mint.With a petal oil on a dual-sized plush rolling and dual-round fV-600-filled milling machine receive petal- plates of flattened cake with a thickness of less than 1 mm.

Actually removing oil

Oil extraction is produced in two ways: pressingand extraction.Based on these two ways, the following technological schemes for the production of vegetable oils are developed: single pressing; Two pressing -extraction of oil by pre-prescript - forpressingwith the subsequent final spin - eXPLLATION; Cold pressing- removal of oil from raw materials without prior moisture processing; forpressing— extraction- preliminary degreasing oil by dispressing, followed by its extraction by extraction by gasoline; direct extraction- Extraction with solvent without prior degreasing.

Moistureboard treatment of mint - fry.To effectively remove the oil from the mint, a moisture processing is carried out with continuous and thorough stirring. In production conditions, the process of moisture-making processing consists of two stages:

The 1st stage is moisturizing the mint and heating in the apparatus for pre-moisture-breeding processing of the mint - inactivators or pro-couple-moisturizing auger. The mint is heated to a temperature of 80-85 "with with simultaneous moistening with water or sharp steam. At the same time, selective wetting and reducing oil binding energy with an unlipid part of seeds on the surface of the mint. The humidity of the sunflower seeds after moisturizing is 8-9%.

The 2nd stage is drying and heating of moisturized mint in the roasters of various designs. In this case, the physical properties of oil change - viscosity, density and surface tension decrease.

The material obtained by frying is called mezg.

Preliminary spin of oil— forppressing.The pressing is called the spin of oil from the bulk porous mass - mezgi. As a result of pressing, 60-85% of oil is extracted, i.e., a preliminary extraction of oil is carried out - forpressing. For pressing, presses of various designs are used. Depending on the pressure on the pressed material and oils of the emerging cake, screw presses are divided into presses of the preliminary removal of oil - forpressand presses of the final removal of oil - expercharges.

The screw press is a stepped cylinder, inside of which the auger shaft is. The walls of the cylinder consist of steel plates, between which there are narrow slots to exit the pressed material. As a result of the forpressing mezgi get forpress oil(called often presses) and forpress cake.The oil content in the cake is 14-20%. It is directed to additional oil extraction. The mezu is directed to the final pressing or to obtain the petal. The industry uses forpress MP-68, ETP-20, FR, M-24.

Final Oil Department - Expliclationit is carried out in more stringent conditions, as a result of which the oil content in the cake is reduced to 4-7%.

Extraction of oil by extraction by organic solventseffectively pressing method, as the oil content in the pro-historic material is shroke - less than 1%.

In our country, extraction gasoline of the brand is used as solvents to extract oil from vegetable raw materials andnEFRAV fromboiling temperature 63-75 ° C.

Extraction is a diffusion process by driving force of which is the difference of concentrations. mCscoles -oil solutions in a solvent inside and outside the particles of the extracted material. The solvent, penetrated through the membranes of cells of the extracted particle, diffuses into the oil, and the oil from the cells into the solvent. Under the influence of the difference in concentrations, oil moves

from particle V. external environment Prior to the level of alignment of oil concentrations in the particle and in a solvent outside it. In, this moment extraction stops.

Extraction of oil made of oilseeds is carried out in two ways: immersion and step irrigation.

Extraction of immersionit occurs in the process of continuous passage of raw materials through a continuous stream of solvent under countercurious conditions, when the solvent and raw materials are moving in the opposite direction relative to each other. According to the method of immersion, extractors of ND-1000, ND-1250, "Olé-200" work. Such an extractor consists of a loading column, a horizontal cylinder and the extraction column within which the augers are installed.

The raw material in the form of a petal or krupping enters the loading column, picked up the screws of the auger, moves to the bottom of the loading column, the horizontal cylinder passes and enters the extraction column, where it rises to the upper part. Simultaneously with the raw material in the extractor, gasoline is supplied with a temperature of 55-60 ° C. Gasoline moves towards raw materials and passes sequentially extractor, horizontal cylinder and bootable column. The concentration of Missels at the exit from the extractor is 15-17%.

The degreased residue of the raw material - the meal comes out of the extractor with a high content of solvent and moisture (25-40%), so it is sent to the screw or shaedle (toasters) evaporators, where gasoline is removed from it.

The advantages of extraction of immersion include: high extraction speed, simplicity of design solutions extraction, apparatuses, safety of their operation. The disadvantages of this method are: low concentrations of finite misses, the high content of impurities in the missesses, which complicates their further processing.

Extraction by the method of stepped irrigation.In this case, only the solvent is continuously moved, and the raw material remains alone in the same moving tank or moving tape. This method provides memboles of increased concentration (25-30%), with fewer impurities. The disadvantages of this method are a great duration of extraction, increased explosion hazardous production.

Our industry uses horizontal belt extractors MEZ-350, T1-MEM-400, DS-70, DS-130, Luga-100, Lurga-200, Dzhanacia bucket extractors, a basket extractor "Okrim". More modern is the Extractor (Germany) carousel extractor (Germany), working on the principle of multi-stage irrigation in the mode of the flooded layer.

When extracting on a belt extractor MEA raw material from the bunker is served on the moving mesh tape of the conveyor, passes under nozzles and rods, irrigated in consistently by Misses

and gasoline. The extractor has 8.akes with the recycling of Miscelli and, respectively, 8 Miscellille collectors.

After the extraction of Miscell contains up to 1% impurities, and it is directed to rotary disc or cartridge filters for cleaning.

Distillation- It is distilled off the solvent from Miscella. The most common three-stage distillation schemes.

In the first two steps of Miscell is processed in tubular film distillers. On the first to evaporate the mezzella. On the second - Miscell is processed by a sharp ferry at a temperature of 180-220 ° C and a pressure of 0.3 MPa, which causes boiling of mezzella and the formation of solvent vapor. Couples of the solvent are sent to the condenser. At the third stage, a highly concentrated Miscell enters a spray vacuum distiller, where, as a result of a barbarty, a sharp ferry under a pressure of 0.3 MPa is the final removal of the solvent traces. After distillation, the oil is directed to rafination.

Rafinization fat

This is the process of cleaning fats and oils from accompanying impurities. The impurities include the following groups of substances: concomitant triglycerides of substances that are transmitted from benign raw materials to oil during the extraction process; substances resulting from chemical reactions when extracting and storing fat; Actually impurities - mineral impurities, mezgi or sword particles, solvent residues or soaps.

In addition to undesirable impurities of fats during rafinations, substances useful for the body are removed: fat-soluble vitamins, phosphatides, irreplaceable polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Refined fats are easier exposed to oxidative damage, as natural antioxidants are removed from them - phosphatides and tocopherols. Therefore, the refining is striving to conduct in such a way that with the maximum extraction of unwanted impurities to preserve the beneficial substances.

The sequence of rafination processes and the types of oil obtained at the same time are presented in Fig. 7.2.

All raffination methods are divided into: physical- upholding, centrifugation, filtering, which are used to remove mechanical particles and colloid-solid substances; chemical- sulfacy and alkaline rafination, hydration, removal of state paint, which are used to remove impurities that form true or colloidal solutions in oils with the participation of removed substances in chemical reactions; physico-chemical -whitening, deodorization, combustion, which are used to remove impurities forming true solutions in oils without chemical changes in the substances themselves.

Physical methods. Mechanical impurities (mezgi and cake particles) not only worsen the freight form of fat, but also determine enzymatic, hydrolytic, oxidative processes. Protein substances contribute to the flow of the Mayara reaction (melanoidinosis) and the formation of lipoprotechnic complexes. Mechanical impurities are removed immediately after the oil is obtained.

Adjustion- This is the process of natural precipitation of particles in suspended state in a liquid medium, under the action of gravity. With prolonged abandonment of oil, there is a part of the colloid-soluble substances from it - phospholis-dides, mucus, proteins due to their coagulation. Oil after separation of the sediment becomes transparent. In industrial enterprises for upholding, mechanized double genthes with electromechanical vibrators are used.

Centrifugation- The process of separating inhomogeneous systems under the action of centrifugal forces. In industry, baskets, plate, tubular centrifuges are used, for example, a horizontal precipitating sediments of the continuous action of the NOG-325, the Al-SME separator. For the separation of thin systems, high-speed centrifuges are used: separation - for the separation of two unsuccessful phases (water-fat) and clarifying - to isolate fine-dispersed mechanical impurities from liquids.

For separation of suspensions, hydrocyclones are used, the action of which is based on the use of centrifugal forces and gravity forces.

Filtration- The process of separation of inhomogeneous systems with a porous partition, which delays solid particles, and passes fluid and gas. Forploves and explicit oil are filtered twice. First, hot filtering is carried out at a temperature of 50-55 ° C to remove mechanical impurities and partly phosphatides. Then - cold filtering at a temperature of 20-25 ° C to coagulate small phosphatide particles.

The industry use filter presses consisting of 15-50 vertically located filtering cells located on one common horizontal bed. In the cell there is a filter fabric, which is gradually clogged with a sediment, called fuzom.Fuzi is used to obtain oil by extraction, phosphatides, and the residue is in soap.

Chemical methods. Hydration -the process of treatment of oil with water to precipitate hydrophilic impurities (phosphatides, phosphoprote-izov). As a result of hydration phosphatide swell, losing solubility in oil and fall into the precipitate, which is filtered. For complete removal of phosphoproproteins, weak solutions of electrolytes are used, in particular sodium chloride.

In general, hydration is reduced to the fact that the oil is heated to a certain temperature (sunflower and peanuts - up to 45-50 ° C), mixed with water or frozen sharp steam, is kept for the formation of flakes with the subsequent separation of oil from the sediment.

In industry, steam, electromagnetic and hydrothermal hydration methods are used. Equipment of periodic action, continuous action with plate sumps and Lurga and Westphalia separators (Germany), Alpha-Laval (Sweden) are used.

As a result of hydration, food oil, food and feed phosphatine concentrates, oil for further refining are obtained.

Alkaline rafination- Oil treatment with alkali in order to remove excessive amounts of free fatty acids. In the process of neutralization, fatty acid salts are formed - soap.Soaps are insoluble in neutral fat and form a precipitate - coap.Soap has a high adsorbing ability, thanks to which pigments, proteins, mucus, mechanical impurities are removed from fat. Soapstock is removed by settling or centrifugation.

The process of alkaline neutralization consists of the following operations: treatment with phosphoric acid for the destruction of nonhyracted phosphatides; Neutralization by alkali; The first washing with water with a temperature of 90-95 ° C to remove soap; The second washing with water; treatment with citric acid to remove soap traces; Drying in devices under vacuum.

Neutralization is carried out by continuous and periodic methods.

Periodic method of separation of phases in a gravitational field with a water-salt liningbased on dissolving soap in water or in aqueous solution Sodium chloride. With a periodic method, neutralization is carried out in the neutralizer. This is a cylindrical form of a desiccable bottom, with a steam shirt and a robber stirring for mixing fat and alkali. Alkali is fed through the sprayers or bottom through the coils. A solution of salt and water is also supplied through sprayers.

Continuous methods:

With the use of separators for separating oil from coapstock under the action of centrifugal forces;

With a separation of phases in a soap-alkaline medium, in which fine-durable fat is passed through a solution of alkali, the sampled soap is dissolved in alkali, neutralized fat pops up and removed from the machine;

Rafination in Misception is the refining of oil, which emerges in the form of mezzella from the extractor, without distillation operation, eliminates the effect of high oil temperatures.

As a result of alkaline rafination, the content of free fatty acids 5 fats are lit, mechanical impurities are removed. In oils refined by alkali, the presence of precipitate is not allowed.

Physical and chemical methods. Whitening — the process of extraction from fats of coloring substances by treating their sorbents. Blowing clays are widely used for whitening fats - bleaching lands (Gumbrin, Askanit, Bentonin). They are neutral substances of crystalline or amorphous structure containing silicic acid or aluminosilicates. To enhance the effect of bleaching into bleach clay, activated carbon is added. In addition, when it is added to the mixture of bleaching clay and coal of nickel and copper carbonates, a sulfur from rapeseed oil is removed. The bleaching process consists in stirring fat with bleaching clay for 20-30 minutes in vacuum-bleaching devices. After whitening, the adsorbent is separated using frame filter presses with manual discharge. Continuously active lines for bleaching fats are also used, equipped with hermetic self-discharge filters of de SMET firms, Alpha-Laval.

Deodorization -the process of distillation from the fat of volatile substances informing it to the taste and smell: hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, low molecular weight fatty acids, ethers, etc. Deodorization is carried out to obtain an impersonal oil required in margarine, mayonnaise, canning industries.

The deodorization process is based on the difference in the temperature of evaporation of aromatic nonsense and oils themselves. I.

In industry, methods of periodic and continuous effects of fat deodorization are used.

Periodic method.The main method of deodorization is to distil the flavoring agents in the current of water vapor - distillation. The filtered fats are placed in special deodorant devices, citric acid add to increasing oxidation resistance. Fat is heated to 170 ° C and under vacuum with acute steam temperature 250-350 ° C distinguishes flavoring agents. Periodic deodorant performance on average 25 t / day.

Continuous methods of fat deodorization are carried out both on domestic and imported installations.

Deodorization of fat on the installation of the company "De estim" (Belgium), including a film-bubble-type deodorator, is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the volatile substances are distilled off by contacting acute steam with a thin film of oil, which is generated by a steam running along a vertical package of plates. The final deodorization is made in the cubic part of the apparatus by bubbling the oil with a sharp steam under a pressure of 66.5-266 MPa. The performance of this installation is 80 t / day. Similar to this installation, the domestic installation A1-IDD.

Fat deodorization on the Installations "Spomash" (Poland) and "Alpha-Laval", including a bubble-type deodorators in the form of a vertical plate column with an oil layer height on a plate 30-50 cm, carried out at a temperature of 200-230 ° C. Deodorators have knots of pulp, which allows you to combine deodorization with distillation of free fatty acids. The performance of these settings, respectively, 100 and 150 tons / day.

Foreignness- The process of removing the wax substances that go into oil from seed and fruit shells of oilseeds. Figure is carried out at the beginning or after refining. The essence of the freezing process consists in cooling the oil to a temperature of 10-12 ° C and the subsequent shutter speed at this temperature with slow stirring for the formation of crystals. wax. Then oil is heated to 18-20 ° C, to reduce viscosity and filter. The filtered oil is transparent, it does not curse even up to 5 "C.

A feature of the refining of the cotton oil is the preliminary removal of stateipol with anthranyl acid. At the same time, the precipitate of Gossepol anthrasipol, which is separated from oil, and oil is directed to further processing.

All cultures that are raw materials for the oil industry can be divided into two groups:

Oilseed plants that are grown to obtain vegetable oil;

Plants that serve to obtain other products, and then produce oils.

The first group includes sunflower, Krestsevin, Raps, and others. The second group includes:

Spinning-oil plants (cotton, flax, hemp);

Belkovo-oilseed plants (soy and peanuts);

Spicy plants (mustard);

Essential oil plants (coriander);

Depending on the fat content in the nucleus, all oilseeds are divided into three groups: low Calledwith fat content 15-35% (soy); mid-solicwith fat content 35-55% (cotton); high-supersonalwith a fat content of 55% and higher (sunflower, peanuts, flax, etc.).

According to the technological basis, all production processes are conditionally divided into six groups:

1. Preparation for the storage and storage of oilseeds.

2. Preparation of seeds to extract oils.

3. Actually extraction of oils.

4. Rafinization of the resulting oils.

5. Roaring oils.

6. Packaging and marking.

Vegetable oils are obtained from seeds of oilseeds. To obtain better quality oils and more complete selection of seeds are subjected to preparatory operations. First they are purified on separators from mineral and organic sera (leaves, stems). In oilseeds and fruits of plants having an adhesive shell, separated the shell from the nucleus, as it absorbs a lot of oil. The resulting kernel is crushed on the roller machines shay and subjected to moisture-carrying processing. Moisture treatment is carried out in special devices - brazers at a temperature of 105-120 ° C. At the same time, the crushed material acquires a specific structure (MEZGA) that facilitates the subsequent selection of oil.

Removing vegetable oils carry out methods pressing and extraction (extraction) Organic fat-solvents.

Pressing

Pressing - This is a mechanical spin of oil from the prepared oilseed material (mezgi) on special auger presses. It can be one-time and twofold. Depending on the magnitude of the pressure supplied during annealing, the cake pressure may contain from 6 to 14% oil. The cake is used on the feed of the cattle, and some valuable oilseeds (soybeans, mustard, peanuts, etc.) - for food purposes. Liquid vegetable oils (Salad), obtained by the presses, are mainly implemented in the retail chain.

Extraction

Extraction of oils Based on their ability to dissolve in non-polar organic solvents (gasoline, hexane, etc.). With multiple passing of gasoline through the crushed cake (or seeds), the oil dissolves in gasoline and is almost completely removed. Skipped residue (meal) contains less than 1% fat. Extracted oil differs in quality from the press, it contains more coloring substances, free fatty acids, phosphatides. After distilling the gasoline, it is subjected to additional cleaning.

Rafination (cleaning)

Rafinization (cleaning) oils It is that the concomitant substances and impurities are removed: phosphatides, pigments, free fatty acids, odorous substances, impurities in the form of scraps of oilseed tissues.

The refined methods are distinguished: physical methods (settling, centrifugation, filtering); chemical (neutralization); Physico-chemical (hydration, deodorization, whitening, waxing).

Mechanical (primary) oil purification is carried out to remove various mechanical impurities and partially colloid-solid substances. This cleaning is made by settling, centrifuging or filtering oils.

Hydration

Hydration Oils are carried out to remove phosphatides, mucous membranes and other substances with hydrophilic properties. When processing oil hot water, phosphatide swells, do not dissolve in oil and fall into precipitate in the form of flakes.

Neutralization

Neutralization of oils It consists in treating their solutions by alkali in order to remove free fatty acids. The resulting salts of fatty acids (soaps) are adsorbed by other concomitant substances (phosphatides, pigments), so neutralized oil is more purified compared to hydrated.

Adsorption rafination

When bleaching (adsorption rafination) Painting substances (pigments) are removed from the oils. Solid adsorbents are used for lightening oils: bleach clay, activated charcoal. Whitening is subjected to oils used in recycling to obtain margarines and culinary fats.

Deodorization

With deodorization From vegetable oils, substances cause smell and taste are removed. Deodorization is carried out by distilling off aromatic substances under vacuum with a sharp ferry, passed through fat at high temperatures (210-230 ° C). After deodorization, the oil is an impersonal to taste and smell. In the process of refining made of oils, substances can be removed with antioxidant properties, as well as having physiological value, such as vitamins. Therefore, oils entering retail trade is not always appropriate to subjected to deep rafination.

The business idea for the production of sunflower oil is based on the oil. From the standpoint of investments among professionals, the idea did not lose its popularity, is still in demand and profitable.

However, for many, the question of income in this area is quite controversial, which is in vain. Let's figure it out in detail, in order not to rely on the opinions of the majority, and establish your own conclusions on specific figures and facts.

In this business, you will not be filled with one oil. Profit from his implementation is hard enough to reach the level of cost. But you can not forget about the additional products obtained from the oil block, which bring significant pure profits.

Equipment for the production of vegetable oil

Production of vegetable oil at home is limited by financial resources. This type of business is attractive by its flexibility of rapid development. You can begin with a minimum configuration of the production workshop, and then expand additional equipment For the production of by-products. Thus, the range is expanding, and profit grows in progression. The full workshop for the production of vegetable oil should be non-frequen!

The minimum line of the line consists of the following equipment:

By and large, these two components are already enough enough to produce and implement 2 products: good sunflower oil and meal. By the way, the meal of oilseeds is widely used for feeding animals and birds in agriculture. Therefore, it is selling much faster than the main product. In addition, it is much larger at the exit of recycled raw materials - 65%.

But if you plan to earn more, then it is worth thinking about the expansion of production. Additional technological equipment of production of vegetable oils allows us to get several products at once with a single marvel:

1. Sunflower oil raw.
2. Sunflower oil fried.
3. Oil Technical Olife.
4. Circles of Makuhi.
5. Meal
6. Biogol from Fusa.
7. Briquettes biofluid from husk.

Maslobyry even at home can produce 7 types of products in the presence of necessary equipment. It is worth paying attention to other business benefits.

Storage of vegetable oil in production does not require special conditions. Dry room, protected from sun rays, with air temperature ranging from +5 to +15 degrees, can save unrefined products for 5 months.

You can use different raw materials for the production of vegetable oils. For example, seeds: sunflower, soybeans, flax, pumpkins and many other oilseeds. This advantage also positively affects the expansion of the range and increase sales. You can recess the business for other goods without upgrading the line.

Technology of production of vegetable oils by pressing

Technological scheme of production:

The technological line for the production of vegetable oil is completed:

• Separator for coarse and fine cleaning of grain and seeds.
• Peeling machine for seeds and other oilseeds.
• Maslopress Extruder Two-screw with heating elements of mint to + 50c (for a quick start).
• Filter for cleaning vegetable oils from the Fue (Food).
• Press for pressing a fus (fusoder).
• Press for forming Makuhi circles.
• Press for luzi briquetting from sunflower and other seeds.
• Auxiliary inventory, facilities and devices: bunker; Pneumatic loader; weight; buckets, shovels, etc.

We will conduct the simplest educational workshop on the production technology of vegetable oils.

Required production by cold pressing during annealing, occurs in several consecutive stages:

1. Rough cleaning of oilseeds (raw materials) seeds. From coarse impurities that can damage technological equipment (stones, wire, etc.).
2. Thin cleaning of raw materials. From small premises that can affect product quality (dust, weed seeds, etc.).
3. Peeling seed shell. This process is performed immediately before Cold pressing. In the waste-free production of husk vegetable oil on biofuels, and the kernel on the oil and macuch. The shell of oilseed seeds can be removed on various equipment in various ways: wiping the shell on a specially corrugated surface; Shell splitting with a blow; Pressure compression.
4. Pressing nuclei through the auger omalopress in order to obtain oil and Makuhi. At this stage we get 2 semi ready-made products.
5. Filtration. The process of filtering the crude product obtained only from under the press occurs using filters based on filter tissues. For example - Loven. Under the pressure of the air, the liquid falls on the surface of the fabric and passes through it, leaving on the surface of the FUU.
6. Spin Fusa. The fuz himself obtained after filtration Lavsan contains 80% fat content. It is rationally to squeeze it. Production of vegetable oils by pressing method at this stage ends. Further products are produced.
7. Hot Makui pressing. Makuchu is better to press immediately when leaving Maslopress, while it still saved the temperature from pressure.
8. Briquetting. In order to profitably and quickly implement the husk from seeds, you need to make a claimed product from them - biofuels. Naturally, there will be special equipment for this process.

As for the organization of labor in production on such a line, it all depends on the loading of the workshop with raw materials for processing and timing. If the load is minimal (for example, 1 ton per day) then even the 1st employee is quite enough. As soon as the market for the sale of all types of goods produced on the oil, will need additional workforce to invest in terms of good production volumes.

Waste production of vegetable oil and their use

Homemade oils for the production of sunflower oil faster pays off if it is rational to use all its advantages. Do not underestimate the relevance of waste management.

At the outlet of Maslopress, we get vegetable oil is crude and black on color. It should be either upset or specially filtered from the Fu.

Fuz is small particles of husks and macs with a large content of remnants of the product produced, which remained after filtration. Best method Purification from the Fuza is considered to be a tissue filter. It is not necessary to regret the filter, and then it will qualitatively clean the product and prepare it to the head of the goods. When the oil is cleaned, the assembled compound can be sold on the fuzzy. From it we can still get 20% of bio-coal + 80% of vegetable oil. The recycled FUU in the future turns into a stone, which, in turn, is used as fuel for boilers.

Do not miss the warfold operation, how does the neoray businessmen do! After all, some firms are purchased waste enterprises of vegetable oils are very cheap, to then press it from them all profits.

So, the business idea can become a practically waste-free process. You will receive not only a quality product, which at any time of the year will not fall demand, but also unique fuel, and good macuha.

Marvel profitability

So, raw materials for the manufacture (Sunflower seeds) costs about $ 500 (somewhere 480), if we talk about a ton. After the raw material is recycled, from this amount you can get close 350 kg of sunflower oil (yield 35%). One liter is easy to sell for one and a half dollar. Thus, for 350 kg in the end, 525 dollars will be released. 525 - 480 \u003d 45 dollars arrived. Of course, 45 dollars with one ton is a small amount. But you should not forget that in production, you can earn on another product - on Makuch (meal).

Makuha, by the way, no less running goods than the oil itself. When receiving 350 kg of the main product, the shrot will be released 650 kg. Most often, the meal is bought by whole bags, and not by kilogram, so it will sell much faster. Makuch is bought from 0.4 dollars per 1 kg. So, if you multiply 650 kg. 0.4 $, then the amount will be $ 260. Given these numbers, the business idea becomes much more interesting.

Description of the production of vegetable oil.

Very often there is a question - the characteristic of the unrefined cold spin oil from the familiar to many refined oil, which is selling on the shelves of stores. In order to answer this question, Consider in detail the process of production and its variety.

Seed recycling. The quality of sunflower oil depends on the quality of sunflower seeds entering the processing, timing and storage conditions of seeds before spinning. Basic quality characteristics For sunflower seeds are oil, humidity, ripening time. The oil depends on the sort of sunflower and on how warm and the sunny summer was issued. The higher the oil oil, the greater the oil outlet. The optimal percentage of the humidity of sunflower seeds coming on processing is 6%. Too wet seeds and stored badly, and harder. The time of maturation in our climatic conditions is a very important factor that indirectly affecting the price of sunflower oil. Peak production and offers of finished vegetable oil - October - December. And the peak of demand is the end of summer - the beginning of autumn. Accordingly, the earlier the raw materials are obtained, the faster the finished product will receive the consumer. In addition, the seeds should be well cleaned, the garbage content should not exceed 1%, and broken grains - 3%. Additional cleaning is carried out before processing, drying, collapse (destruction) seed peel and separating it from the kernel. Then the seeds are crushed, the mint or mezga is obtained.

Spin (production) of sunflower oil. Vegetable oil from the mint of sunflower seeds is obtained by 2 methods - by spinning or extraction. Oil depression is a more eco-friendly way. Although the oil yield is, of course, significantly less and does not exceed 30%. As a rule, before spinning the mint heated at 100-110 ° C in the roasters, simultaneously stirring and moisturizing. Then rooted mint is pressed in screw presses. The fullness of the spin of vegetable oil depends on the pressure, viscosity and oil density, the thickness of the layer of the mint, the duration of the press and other factors. The characteristic taste of oil after hot spontas is reminiscent of roasted sunflower seeds. Oils obtained by hot pressing are intensively painted and flavored due to decay products that are formed during heating. BUT sunflower Cold Pressing Oil Get made of mint without warming up. The advantage of such an oil is the maintenance of most useful substances: antioxidants, vitamins, lecithin. Negative moment - Such a product can not be stored for a long time, quickly flies and bar. The meals remaining after pressing the oil can be extracted or used in animal husbandry. Sunflower oil obtained by the pressure method is called raw, because after pressing it is only defended and filtered. Such a product has high taste and nutritional properties.

Extraction of sunflower oil. The production of sunflower oil by the method of extraction involves the use of organic solvents (most often extraction gasoline) and is carried out in special devices - extractors. During the extraction, Miscell is obtained - the oil solution in the solvent and the skimmed solid residue - the meal. From the Misception and Shrot, the solvent is distilled off in distillers and screw evaporators. The finished oil is defended, filtered and subjected to further recycling. The extraction method of extracting oils is more economical, as it makes it possible to maximize fat from raw materials - up to 99%.

Rafinization of sunflower oil. The oil, subjected to rafination, is practically no color, taste, smell. Such oil is also called an impersonal. Its nutritional value is determined only by the minimum presence of essential fatty acids (mainly linoleic and linolenic), which are still called vitamin F. This vitamin is responsible for the synthesis of hormones, maintaining immunity. It gives the resistance and elasticity of the blood vessels, reduces the sensitivity of the body to the action of ultraviolet rays and radioactive radiation, adjusts the reduction of the smooth muscles, performs many more vital functions. In the production of vegetable oil, there are several levels of raffination.

The first stage of raffination. Getting rid of mechanical impurities - settling, filtering and centrifugation, after which the vegetable oil goes on sale as a commodity unrefined.

The second stage of rafination. Removal of phosphatides or hydration - processing with a small amount of hot - up to 70 ° C. As a result, protein and mucous substances that can lead to rapidly oily oils swell, fall out in precipitate and removed. Neutralization is an impact on the heated oil the base (alkali). At this stage, free fatty acids are removed, which are catalyst oxidation and the cause of smoke with frying. Also at the neutralization stage removed heavy metals and pesticides. The unrefined oil has a little less biological value than raw, since a part of phosphatides is removed during hydration, but it is stored longer. Such treatment makes vegetable oil transparent, after which it is called commodity hydrated.

Third stage of rafination. The removal of free fatty acids. With excessive content of these acids, vegetative oil appears an unpleasant taste. Those three stages of vegetable oil are called already refined underented.

The fourth stage of raffination. Whitening - Oil treatment by adsorbents of organic origin (most often with special clays), absorbing the coloring components, after which the fat brightened. Pigments go to the oil from seeds and also threaten the oxidation of the finished product. After whitening in oil does not remain pigments, including carotenoids, and it becomes light straw.

Fifth stage of raffination. Deodorization is the removal of aromatic substances by affecting the sunflower oil with a hot dry steam at a temperature of 170-230 ° C under a vacuum. During this process, odorous substances are destroyed, which lead to oxidation. The removal of the above, unwanted impurities leads to the possibility of increasing the shelf life of the oil.

Sixth stage of rafination. Figure - removal of waxes. Wax covered all seeds, this is a peculiar protection against natural factors. Waxs give cloth turbidity, especially when selling on the street during the cold season and thereby spoil his commodity. In the process of freezing the oil is colorless. Passing all the stages, vegetable oil and becomes an impersonal. From such a product is made by margarine, mayonnaise, culinary fats are used in conservation. Therefore, it should not have a specific taste or smell, so as not to disturb the total taste of the product.

On the counters, sunflower oil gets like the following products: Refined underented oil - externally transparent, but with a challenge characteristic of him and color. Refined deodorized oil - transparent, light yellow, odorless and taste of seeds. Unrefined oil - Darmer than bleached, maybe with a sediment or suspension, but nevertheless it was filtration and, of course, retained the smell that we all know from childhood.

Today, such a wide variety of vegetable oils, which is sometimes difficult to understand what is useful, and what is not very.
So let's consider 3 The main method of obtaining vegetable oil.

The first method is a cold spin of oil at low temperatures

This is the most "natural" method of obtaining organic oil: with the help of the press. Seeds are put under the press, and, due to severe pressure, he himself is late in a natural way. Oil at the outlet heats up not higher than 40-42 degrees: Such a low temperature allows you to save all nutritional components.

It turns out that this oil is not treated in any way: neither temperature nor chemistry! After pressing it is simply defended, then filtered and bottled. In the conditions of modern production, such a "love" attitude towards raw materials and the quality of the final product is rarely and very valuable. Such a manufacturing liquid reminds fresh juice, only from seeds!

It is remarkable that with this method of manufacture, you can use seeds only of the highest quality. Since the whole process is very neat and gentle, oil is extracted from seeds only 27% of its total amount. In its value and rich composition, it can be compared with the oil of Extra Virgin. And some vital elements (for example, vitamin E) are even more compared to olive!

The second method is cold pressing after preprocessing

With this method, the manufacture of seeds are first processed in the roasting. It is certainly more profitable to manufacturers: after all, it is already possible to produce not 27, but 43% of oils from the total amount, which is contained in the source product. And due to the moisture-making processing it becomes not important, from which seeds to make: no longer necessarily the highest grade, it does not affect the final product!

It sounds tempting, but with such a method of manufacture, most of the beneficial substances and various trace elements laid in the seeds of the Mother Nature, alas, dying. In addition, such oils are thoroughly filtered, and the acid number of the product increases, and the amount of vitamins in the composition is further reduced.

At least this method and not so wonderful as the first, but, nevertheless, part useful properties In the final product still saved. Buying this oil in the store, we can be confident in its health care.

Third method. Extraction, or how to produce all refined oils

This method is simply a fairy tale for all manufacturers: with the help of it, you can get 98% of oil from the source raw materials! In addition, no matter what product is to take the product.

But everything is not so simple: Something has to sacrifice. To obtain oil in this way of seeds poured gasoline fractions. Hexane, for example. When oil is formed from the seed, this hexane is removed using a water vapor, and its residues are removed by alkali. At the exit in the finished product there are different unwanted substances: resins and pigments. The residues of solvents are rarely evaporated completely.

Before the extraction obtained by the extraction can be used in food or use in medicine, it needs to go through several more phases of purification: refining, then hydration, then bleaching, after it - deodorization and finally a couple of filtering steps.

On rumor phrase about oils that take place 7 stages of cleaning. It's true! Extraction oil can be infinitely cleaned, filtered, cleaned, filtered - to get rid of traces of chemical gasoline components.

What happens in the end?

The product without the slightest signs of life: without a single color and with the complete absence of any odor. The resulting alive is spilled on the bottle, and on all labels they are proudly writing "oil", introducing all buyers to delusion, as if it is.
Here is a comparison and refined.

But cheaply - and everyone is happy to buy it!
Interestingly, in Russian supermarkets, for example, this refined oil for the year sells more than the number of all seeds grown in Russia and in the CIS territory! How is this possible? With a cheap palm oil, which is diluted with already deodorized, refined and all possible chemical methods.

Now it is clear why vegetable oil is harmful?
Because it is impossible, even with the most long and high-quality processing, remove the remains of chemicals and gasoline from it - they will definitely be present in the finished product. In addition, in refined oil, undergoing heat treatment and influence of chemicals, in contrast to the natural, very low content of vitamins, proteins, phosphatides, chlorophyll and carotene. Its composition is saturated with fats and is very different from what "wondered" originally by nature.

And we then eat it! Fry dishes on Maslice with gasoline! But few know that at high temperatures there are chemical reactions in it, as a result of which new, extremely toxic compounds are formed. Therefore, oil can not be heated over 150 degrees or use it again! And in the pan it reaches a temperature of as much as 250 degrees !!!

Throughout life, we absolutely without thinking, we use this ultraxicious miracle in food, and even with gasoline, and then surprised by our unexpected diseases and bad well-being. We are indignant how this is people already at an early age cancer fall and agreed faster than before ...

Is there any safe method fry?

The most gentle and harmless option is to fry on the fuel oil. Ideally, if you are manually overpopped it. And make it right.

But it's better to still try not to fry at all. Instead of frying, products can be extinguished! What is good for cooking? And the fact that the oil you pour no longer on the pure frying pan, but into the water, the temperature of which will not be heated above 100 degrees.

You can fry on the oil, only if it is cold pressed. It has not yet passed the heat treatment, and when you fry, it does not form harmful substances immediately. There is still an oil from high-oligic sunflower seeds - in such an after several kingdoms of frying carcinogens are not formed.

And add ordinary vegetable oil better in salads. Necessarily unrefined: it contains several times more vitamins and nutrientsrather refined.

Watch out what kind of oil you buy in the store, try to choose preferably cold pressed or simply unrefined and do not allow manufacturers to deceive!