3 aggregate states of water. Three states of water in nature. How to produce water vapor

In nature, water is contained in three states:

• solid state (snow, hail, ice);
• liquid state (water, fog, dew and rain);
• gaseous state (pairs).

From early childhood, there are still different aggregate states of water in school: fog, rainsells, hail, snow, ice and TP. There are, which in school are studying in detail. They meet us every day and affect vital activity. - This condition of water at a certain temperature mode and pressure, which is characterized in the limit of some interval.

The main concepts of the state of water should be clarified that the state of the fog and the cloud state does not relate to gas formation. They appear when condensation. This is a unique property of water that can be in three different aggregate states. Three water states are vital for the planet, they form a hydrological cycle, ensure the process of cycle of water in nature. The school shows various experiments on evaporation and. In any corner of nature, water is considered a source of life. There is a fourth state, no less important - deryagine water (Russian version), or as it is customary to call at the moment - nanotube water (American version).

Solid water condition

The form and volume is saved. At reduced temperature, the substance freezes and turns into a solid body. If high pressure, then the solidification temperature is required above. The solid is crystalline and amorphous. In the crystal, the position of the atom is strictly ordered. Forms of crystals natural and resemble a polyhedron. In the amorphous body of the point are chaotic and fluctuate, only the neighboring order is preserved in them.

Liquid water condition

In liquid state, water saves its volume, but its form is not saved. Under this understands that the fluid takes only part of the volume, can flow over the entire surface. Studying in school questions of a liquid state, it should be understood that it is an intermediate state between the solid medium and the gas environment. Fluids are divided into clean and mixture condition. Some mixtures are very important for life, such as blood or sea \u200b\u200bwater. Fluids can perform solvent function.

Gas condition

In the form and volume are not saved. A different gaseous state, the study of which is still in school, is called water vapor. Experiments show clearly that steam is invisible, it is soluble in the air, and shows relative humidity. Solubility depends on temperature and pressure. Saturated couples and dew point is an indicator of the limiting concentration. Couples and fog are different aggregate states.

Fourth aggregate state - plasma

The study of plasma and modern experiments began to be considered a little later. Plasma is called fully or partially ionized gas, it occurs in a state of equilibrium when high temperatures. In the conditions of the Earth, a gas discharge is formed. Plasma properties determine its gaseous condition, except that electrodynamics play a huge role in all this. Among the aggregate plasma states is the most common in the universe. Study of stars and interplanetary space showed that substances are in plasma state.

How do aggregate states change?

Changing the transition process from one state to another:

- liquid - pairs (vaporization and boiling);

- steam - liquid (condensation);

- liquid - ice (crystallization);

- ice - liquid (melting);

- ice - pairs (sublimation);

- Couples - ice, education Inea (desublimation).

The water is called an interesting natural earth mineral. These questions are difficult and learning is required permanent. The aggregate state in the school is confirmed by the experienced experiments and if there are questions, then the experiments clearly give to figure out the material telied in the lesson. When evaporated, the liquid goes into, the process is able to start from zero degrees. When increasing the temperature increases. The intensity of this is confirmed by boiling experiences at 100 degrees. Evaporation issues are responded in evaporation from the surfaces of lakes, rivers and even with sushi. When cooling, the process of reverse transformation is obtained when liquid is formed from the gas. This process is called condensation when small clouds are formed from a water vapor in the air.

A vivid example is a mercury thermometer in which mercury is represented in a liquid state, at a temperature of -39 degrees, mercury becomes a solid body. Change the state of the solid can, but it will require additional effort, for example, when flexing the nail. Often, schoolchildren ask questions about how the form is attached solid body. These are engaged in plants and specialized shops on special equipment. Absolutely any substance can exist in three states, including water, it depends on physical conditions. When moving water from one state to another, a molecular arrangement and movement changes, the composition of the molecule does not change. Experimental tasks will help to observe such interesting states.

The subject of the lesson: "Three water conditions in nature"

Grade 5 geography.

Geography and biology teacher

Bournak branch

MBOU PIACHEVSKY SOSHMI N.V.P. Belyaeva

Glushchenko Oksana Pavlovna

The purpose of the lesson : form the concept of "hydrosphere"; show the role of the hydrosphere in nature.

Epigraph lesson:

"Water! You are not just necessary for life,

you are life itself. "

Organization of students on the lesson.

II. Studying a new material.

About the role of water in nature brightly and accurately said Academician I.V. Petryakov: "... Is water - is it only a colorless liquid that is pouring into a glass? The covering almost all of our planet, the whole wonderful land of the ocean, in which life was born in the years ago, is water. Clouds, clouds, fog - this is also water ...

Infinitely a variety of life. She is everywhere on our planet. But there is only life where there is water. There is no living being if there is no water. "

Water is the most amazing mineral on Earth. Amazing because it creates conditions for the development and growth of diverse forms of life.

Water is not replace. There is no such substance in the universe that this amazing mineral could replace this amazing mineral. Every year, humanity uses more and more fresh water. To grow 1 kg. vegetable food, it is necessary about 2 thousand liters of water; In Moscow, water consumption on average per person is 500 lits per day.

Water on Earth is a lot. Most of our planet - 71% covered with aqueous shell - hydrosphere. Susha, like a web, in all directions cut through hundreds of thousands of rivers, streams. In addition, a significant amount of water is contained in lakes and reservoirs created by a person; in swamps and glaciers, underground; A small percentage of water is contained in the atmosphere. Thus, water in nature is found in three states: liquid, solid, gaseous.

1. Water in liquid state.

In the summer, you repeatedly noted that the Earth was already heated, and the water remains cold for a long time. Entering into the water, you feel that its temperature is unequal: the upper layers are much warmer than the lower. The mixing of the upper and lower layers produces a wind that causes excitement on the surface - the deeper, the more colder.Why does water have different temperatures?

To answer this question, we will conduct the next experience.

Take a test tube, put a piece of ice into it. So that he does not pop up, give it from above a small piece of metal. Then it will fill in the water test tube. Hold the test tube with a clothespin for linen and, slightly tilting, heating the one part of it, where there is no ice. At the same time, we observe what happens with ice. It saves a solid state for a long time.

Why is the ice does not melt? Water boils, and the ice does not melt. The experience made allows you to conclude: water - bad heat conductor . Since water is a bad heat conductor, then the ice is in a solid state for a long time.

The water has another wonderful property: heated by sunlight, it is capable of retaining the warm heat for a long time. Water as it should accumulate him in itself and keeps. It slowly heats up and slowly cools. In summer, water in the seaside districts, heating more slowly than land, cools the ambient air, giving heat air and softening frost(Appendix No. 1: Water - the most unusual substance on Earth) .

2. Water in solid state.

When the temperature drops below 0 ºС, water freezes and goes into solid state - ice.

The water has an important property - fluidity. It turns out that ice can flow under certain conditions. There are huge icy rivers on Earth, slowly flowing down from high mountains. They are called glaciers.

Why are the glaciers move, because they are usually located on a solid mountain surface? It turns out that under the huge severity ice surface of the earth begins to fit and turns into a liquid. The resulting water facilitates sliding, it acts as a lubricant.

3. Fog and par.

We have already said that water can be in a gaseous condition and that in the winter it is necessary to observe water vapor ice. In fact, is it water?

White cloud that is formed at night and early in the morning in lowlands and over the water bodies; White smoke that breaks out of the nose of the kettle, or white visible clubs over the vessel, where water boils, - all this is not water vapor, and fog(Appendix No. 2: Fog - the smallest droplets of water formed in the air) .

There is no difference between the fog and the cloud in the sky. Fogs are more likely to be in the fall when the air is cooled faster than land or water. When contacting cool air with warm and fog is formed.

What is the difference between the fog from the water vapor? Water steam is impossible to see how the air cannot be seen. You can prove that it is he, invisible and transparent, exists in the atmosphere. If you hold a small mirror 10 - 20 minutes on the street, and then add to warm room, In a few minutes it will cover water droplets.

The amount of water vapor that can be contained in the air depends on its temperature than the temperature of the air is higher, the greater the water vapor in it.

Water in a liquid, solid and gaseous state forms a shell on Earth - a hydrosphere.

Water hydrosphere are divided into:

Water of the World Ocean

Water sushi

Water in the atmosphere

Most of the entire water of the planet is 98% in the oceans and seas. Sushi waters account for 2% of water. These 2% of freshwater use our humanity to all their needs.

2% of water is not so much. Such a number would have enough humanity for just a few years. Meanwhile, water in our rivers, lakes is not a year from year. Who did our fresh reservoirs in inexhaustible? It turns out that the sun. For under the action of the Sun, the cycle of water in nature occurs.

Though to believe it is not very easy,

But the Volga water is in the Limpopo River.

And traveling a couple cloud

Water from the Volga flow to Niagaru.

Volga water and in Baikal, and in Nile.

And in Tanganic, and in our apartment.

So, should understand this all of us:

Rivers - part of the water unified system.

But not to be with geography in the dispute,

The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.

I. Yakimov

(Appendix No. 3: The scheme of the world cycle of water)

III. Fastening the material.

Students in the notebook perform a scheme of "world cycle of water in nature."

P
ring №1.

Water is the most unusual substance on Earth.

P

ringing number 2.

Fog - the smallest droplets of the water, resulting in the air.

Appendix number 3.

The scheme of the world cycle of water.

Water is the most amazing substance on Earth. It is her who we are obliged to life, as it participates in all the processes of vital activity. Water has the most unusual properties, and not all of them scientists managed to explain. For example, it turned out that it possesses memory and can react to different words. And the most famous property of water is that it is the only substance that can be in all three aggregate states. Liquid is, actually, water, solid is ice. Gaseous condition of water, we can observe constantly in the form of steam, fog or clouds. An ordinary person does not think about that this is all the water, he is used to calling this word only liquid. Many do not even know how the gaseous state of water is called. But it is this particular feature that provides life on Earth.

Water value

This amazing moisture occupies about 70% of the earth's surface. In addition, it can be found at a great depth - thicker earth crust And high in the atmosphere. The whole mass of water in the form of liquid, ice and the pair is called the hydrosphere. It is vital for all forms of life on earth. It is under the influence of water that climate and weather are formed around the world. And the existence of life depends on its ability to move from one aggregate state to another. This feature provides a water cycle in nature. Of particular importance is water in a gaseous state. Its property helps to transfer large moisture masses for huge distances. Scientists calculated that the sun evaporates a billion tons of water from the surface of the earth, which is transferred to another place, and then shed rain.

Gaseous condition of water

The peculiarity of water is that its molecules are capable of changing the temperature to change the nature of communication with each other. The main properties of it do not change. If you heat the water, its molecules begin to move faster. Those that come into contact with air tear their connections and mixed with its molecules. The water in a gaseous condition retains all its qualities, but also acquires the properties of the gas. Its particles are at a great distance from each other and intensively move. Most often, this condition is called water vapor. This is a colorless transparent gas, which under certain conditions will turn into water again. It is widespread on earth, but it is not visible most often. Examples of water in a gaseous state - fog or formed by boiling liquid. In addition, it is everywhere in air. Scientists have noticed that when it moisturizes it becomes easier.

What happens a couple?

Most often, water goes into a gaseous state when the temperature changes. An ordinary couple, which is all familiar, is formed when boiling. It is this whitish hot cloud we call water vapor. When the fluid during heating reaches and under normal pressure, this occurs at 100 °, the molecule is starting to evaporate intensively. Finding on colder items, they are condensed in the form of water droplets. If a large amount of fluid is heated, saturated steam is formed in the air. This state is when gas and water coexist, because the speed is the same. In the event that there is a lot of water vapor in the air, they say about its high humidity. When the temperature decreases, such air is intensively condenses moisture in the form of dew or fog droplets. But for the formation of fog, there are few specific conditions of temperature and humidity. It is necessary that in the air there is a certain amount of dust, around which moisture condenses. Therefore, in the cities of fogs because of dust are formed more often.

Water transition from one state to another

The process of formation of the pair is called vaporization. He is observed every woman when cooking. But there is a reverse process when gas turns back to water, settled on the items in the form of the smallest droplets. This is called condensation. What way the vaporization is most often happening? In natural conditions, this process is called evaporation. Water evaporates constantly under the influence of solar heat or wind. Artificially formation of steam can be caused by boiling water.

Evaporation

This is the process when the gaseous condition of water is obtained. It can be natural or accelerated with various devices. Water evaporates constantly. This property of her property has long been used for drying linen, dishes, wood or grain. Any wet object gradually dries due to the evaporation of moisture from its surface. Water molecules in their movement one by one are open and mixed with air molecules. By observing people, people understood how to speed up this process. For this, various devices and appliances were created.

How to speed up evaporation?

1. People noticed that the faster process takes place at high temperatures. For example, in the summer, the wet road dries instantly, which you can not say about the autumn. Therefore, the subjects are dried in warmer places, and recently special heated dryers have been created. And in frosty weather, evaporation is also happening, but very slowly. This property is used for drying valuable.
ancient books and manuscripts, placing them in special freezers.

2. Evaporation occurs faster if the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with air is large, for example, water will disappear faster than from the car. This property is used when drying vegetables and fruits, cutting them with thin slices.

3. More people noticed that the items dried faster under the influence of wind. This happens because water molecules are carried out by air flow, and they do not have the ability to condense again on this subject. This feature was used when creating a hair dryer and air dryers.

Water properties in gaseous condition

Water steam in most cases are invisible. But at high temperatures, when water evaporates at once, it can be noticed as a white cloud. The same thing happens in cold air, when the water molecules are condensed in the form of the smallest droplets that we also notice.

Water in a gaseous state can be dissolved in the air. Then they say that its humidity has risen. There is an extremely possible concentration of water vapor, which is called the "dew point". Above this limit occurs condensation in the form of fog, clouds or dew droplets.

Water molecules in a gaseous condition move very quickly, occupying a large volume. This is especially noticeable at high temperatures. Therefore, it is possible to observe how when boiling the kettle jumps the lid. The same property leads to the fact that the cracking is heard cracking. This evaporating water breaks wood fibers.

Water steam has elasticity. It is able to shrink and expand when the temperature changes.

Application of water vapor properties

All these properties have long been studied by people and are used for household and industrial needs.

• For the first time, the gaseous state of water was applied in many years. It was the only way to bring traffic and machines in the industry. Steam turbines are used now, and in vehicles gas engine It has long supplanted steam. And now the locomotive can be seen only in museums.
• Everywhere and has long been applied in cooking. Cooking meat or fish for a couple makes them gentle and useful for everyone.
• Hot steam is also used for heating houses and industrial processes. Very effectively and quickly gained popularity among the population.
• Gaseous condition of water is now used in fire extinguishers of special design, which are used to extinguish petroleum products and other combustible liquids. Heated couple overlaps the air access to the heart rate, stopping burning.
• In recent years, the gaseous state of water for clothing care began to use. Special swaps will not only smooth out delicate things, but also will bring some spots.
• It is very effective to use water vapor to sterilize objects and medical instruments.

When is water vapor harmful?

There are on earth and places where water in a gaseous state is almost always. These are the valleys of geysers and the surroundings of acting volcanoes. It is impossible to be a person in such an atmosphere. It is hard to breathe hard, and high humidity prevents the evaporation of moisture from the skin, which can lead to overheating. You can also greatly burn the steam, which is formed when boiling water. And fogs can reduce visibility, leading to accidents. But in all other cases, the property of water to move into a gaseous state is used by a person for a good.

From school, we know that water can exist in liquid, solid and gaseous species. This is mistake. Scientists are mistaken. I myself personally observed water in five different substances, and everything in one place. It was on the Wakitsky hot spring. How was it possible? - I came there and with three analysts - specialists in liquids on the basis of H 2 O. On the evening, we simply got into hot lakes, then sat at the table in the hut, and went to sleep. And early in the morning, I, as the leg came out on a boss and with a camera in my hands, was stuck on the street of the hour for two, because the beauty is indescribable. Water with colored algae, couple clubs walk like ghosts, hoarfrost on the grass, snow, ice ... and all this at the same time! Here I painted me, I found four states H 2 A:

Water is a liquid state;
- steam - gaseous condition;
- ice - solid state
- Snow - loose (or soft) condition.
Well, the fifth state is "plasma" - fiery water. IN natural video There is no liquid on the source, but usually it is much in the hut, - always bring with you.

I did not photograph the fiery water, and everything else is watching.

It is algae, I think they are blue-green, despite the fact that yellow-orange

We once again adopted hydrogen sulfide baths ...

And this is our company in the interior of the horses - hotels.

April 9.
Hot - Bagdarin - Chita .
Everybody - goodCruiser is good, and UAZ is better

... And then they gathered and went on the way back at 11 o'clock, having previously done a collective snapshot from the hottest puddles, in which the eggs can be easily welded.

The tripod was useful

One place - a small ferrod through the stream has become a small obstacle, however easily overcome.

Ferrence of forest defenders reached apogee. We are going, breathe fresh smoke, admire the real plasma ...

With a real (liquid) "plasma", we will deal soon when we reach Zerov's winter. I did not find out exactly where the name is probably so called the stream - the influx of cips, where the forest road is passed for heavy "Urals" carrying goods to the prospectors. But it is not very interesting. And it is curious that the creek is a tall with warm water (approximately +40 degrees), where you can also bother, only the smell for the bath will have to dig.

Shurinda. Here you can also swim

On Schurda, we braked to have lunch. It turned out fun! Time 13 hours.

As you can see, everything goes into the move for fun: both tea and mustard in a bank, and Rolton noodles, and 40-degree water. The result is obvious - everyone has fun all:

Lesha "Mad"

Mikhalych "Resistant"

Maxim

Kolya

Egor

And this is me

17:15. Between Cipic and Bagdarino, a little without reaching the second shock absorber, the second shock absorber broke away on the long cruiser. Now you need to look for a hundred in Baghdarin. But UAZ is rushing like a tank.

Driving Burkhan, I take it every time.

The nature and composition of offering to local spirits by the way, and sometimes changes. Now in the price of nephritis. I do not know how to appreciate his local perfume, but in China, this stone is very expensive, and for the sake of export to the subway, in Transbaikalia and Buryatia last years 10-20 are made very serious money by very serious people with very solid technique, the protection of Kalashnikov armed with guns. One river boulder weighing 3-4 kg can cost 10- 20 thousand dollars and even more. And the other sample may not cost any penny - it all depends on the quality of the stone. It is clear that good jade will not put on Burkhan, such a gift is not worthy of any God in the world.
Many jade on the cip. Because of this, the river was once very popular among tourists-spinners turned into a shelter for any personalities who flooded all the braids and the coast. These individuals can often be called "suspicious" or even simply "Rady." Therefore, tourists began to fear to ride alloy along the cip.
But I distracted. We are going on, in Baghdarin, and we need welding.

In search of a hundred and for repairs left two or more hours. The car repair shop was closed, but Mikhalych is familiar with the owner, and we were allowed to reveal.

When everyone finished with repair, there was a dark on the courtyard.
Around the midnight staged a dinner in the Romanovka, in the dining room, which worked to my surprise.

And before the cheats got only to 5 in the morning (already at our local time). ... And I immediately fell to sleep, and I thought that I would need three days ... Well, yes, I started my story with this, you can no longer repeat.

What important did I forget to say how to finish? ... well, you can: "We brought a lot of impressions, fatigue and some of the unused" fiery liquid "- water in the fifth physical condition.

p.S. Request to the participants of the raid and to all readers: if you notice spelling, geographical, technical, political, moral and ethical or other mistakes, please contact them right and honestly.