It is impossible to rub frostbite skin, put frostate limbs in warm water or laid their heating plants, lubricate the skin with oil or petroleum. Why it is impossible to rub frostbite parts of the body with snow what you need to do when frostbite to rub with snow

Stop bleeding

Arterial bleeding - bright red (alley) blood is thrown by a strong, peasant-pulsing jet; Big blood stain on clothes or a puddle of blood near the wounded. In case of damage to large arteries within a few minutes, blood loss, incompatible with life, can occur.

Immediately press the artery fingers (fist) to the bone above the place of injury ( on the limbs - above the place of injury, on the neck and head - below the wounds or in the wound, can not be pressed in the place where bones are damaged);

Lift the damaged limb; In the absence of a fracture - to bent as much as possible;

- impose harness In the absence of a harness to drag the finiteness of the twist (belt):

- superimposed on clothes (the cloth) above wounds but as close as possible In it - to make the limb and stretch, drag the first twist and impose next turns with less effort, fasten the harness, put a note about the overlay time of the harness, do not close the bandage or clothing;

- on the neck Harness impose without control of pulse and leave before the arrival of the doctor, the wound must be sealed;

- on the thigh The harness is superimposed through a hard object after which it will be convinced of the absence of a pulse in the patellied fossa;

- with improper imposition of a harness (fixing and edema of the limb, swollen veins ) - immediately remove and re-impose.

Treat wound and impose a sterile bandage;

Provide peace in the "lying" position, cover the victim and insulate the wounded limb (especially in the cold time), give warm sweet drink (if there is no abdominal injury);

- (after 1-1.5 hours in summer and 30 minutes in winter, it is hunting carefully to weaken by 10-15 minutes by pressing the artery finger, then impose above (below) the place of overlay).

Venous bleeding - Dark cherry blood is poured with a uniform continuous jet.

Impose a gouring bandage;

When the limb is injected - to bent as much as possible or raise up;

Deliver to the medical institution.

Capillary bleeding - Blood wakes like a sponge and usually stops alone.

Impose on the wound a bandage;

If possible, raise the wounded limb up;

To stop capillary bleeding, you can handle the wound with hydrogen peroxide.

Internally bleeding (In the head, chest, stomach) can only be stopped on the operating table.

Signs: weakness, dizziness, ringing in the ears, darkening in the eyes, pallor.

Put cold immediately deliver to the medical institution.

Large loss of blood - put the victims of the back, raise your arms and legs. If there is no injury in the stomach - abundant drinking sweet tea or water with salt or sugar. Necessaryurgent infusion of blood or substitute.

Fractures of the limbs

Signs of open fracture: The presence of a wound, often with bleeding; deformation and edema limb; Costed fragments are visible.

Signs of closed fractures: severe pain when moving or load on the limb; deformation and edema limb; Skin skin; The mobility of the limb in an unusual place, its unnatural position.

1. Freed from the impact of traumatic factors. Stop bleeding.

2. How quickly can give an anesthetic.

3. Targe the bandage on the wound.

4. Secure the limb with tires.

5. I will cover the victim, especially when cold weather.

Tire overlay rules: The tire is superimposed on both sides of the body and should cover the joints above and below the fracture site. It is tied tightly, evenly, but not tight over clothes and shoes; In places of bone protrusions, the soft material is put. You can not bind the tire with a bandage at the level of the fracture.

In the absence of a tire, you can navigate a damaged leg to a healthy one, and the arm in the bent position is to the body with a screech or bandage.

For fracture of fingers and brushes - fingers to give a semi-covered position (in the palm to put a tight lump lump), impose a tire from the ends of the fingers to the elbow from the palm side. Hand to hang on a golk.

For fracture of the forearm - Bend B. locks Susta Rotate your hand to the chest and fix two tires from the inner and the outside from the tips of the fingers to the elbow joint. Hand to hang on a golk.

For fracture shoulder - To impose a bus on the forearm and shoulder, the hand bent in the elbow joint to hang on the golk and be contigled to the body. For trauma of the shoulder joint or blade - The hand bent in the elbow joint to hang on the belt (palm to the stomach), put a roller in the armpit, to nourish the hand to the body.

For fracture of clavicle - Immobilize with a dressing, vanity-gauze rings; on the a short time Fixed with a stick laid behind the back.

For fracture of the foot and the injury of ankle - The tire is superimposed on the inner and outer surface from the upper third of the leg to the sole and fingertips.

For fracture of the leg - The tire is superimposed on the inner and outer surface from the upper third of the thigh to the soles and fingertips.

For fracture of hips - Tires are superimposed: along the inner surface from the groin to the sole, on the outer - from the axillary depression to the sole.

Fracture of the spine and bones pelvis

Signs of spinal fracture: Pain in the back at the slightest movement, loss of sensitivity in the legs (the victim does not feel the injection pin).

1. Success the victim, enter an anesthetic, will be the first help with other damage. You can not move the victim, take clothing from him and allow him to move.

2. Transport only on stretchets with a rigid bedding (on a shield, doors, etc.); In the absence of a rigid bedding, transporting lying on the stomach.

For fracture of the cervical department The spine impose a massive cotton-gauze bandage in the form of a collar.

Signs of fracture bones pelvis: Pose of "Frog", pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pelvis, the inability to sit down and stand on the feet, the syndrome of "sticking heel") the impossibility of raising the straight leg.

To put the victim on a solid smooth surface (shield), the legs bend to the "frog" position, put a tight roller under the knees. Transportation - on a hard shield.

In suspected damage to the cervical spine, Without moving the victim, the neck of the neck is loosely in several layers of a tape from towels, paper (newspapers) 12-14 cm width to ensure the stop (support) of the head and chin. Screshing (without tightening) bandage or strap.

POISONING

Food, Alklgol and Drug Enterprise

Signs - weakness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, liquid chair, cold sweat, dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, cramps, temperature rise.

1. Washing the stomach.

2. Give 10 tablets or 1 tablespoon of activated carbon with water. With its absence - grated crackers, starch, chalk, charcoal. As laxative - 2 tablespoons vegetable oil or salt laxative.

3. When improving the condition, give tea or coffee, ensure heat, peace.

4. When losing consciousness and pulse - start resuscitation.

In case of poisoning with caustic, increasing substances need urgent hospitalization.

Thermal burns

Substitute a bump place cold water (omit in water) or attach snow, ice or other cold for 15-20 minutes ( when the first and second burn burn without disrupting the integrity of bubbles);

Processing burn panthenol;

Impose a special napkin or pure gauze (bandage), fix not a tight bandage;

Cold to burn scene;

Anesthesia;

Abundant drinking (on 1 liter water teaspoon salt or soda);

With a strong burn, transportation into a medical institution.

It is impossible: lubricate the burn with ointments or fat, pull and remove bubbles, handibly sticking clothes and foreign bodies, put wool on burn, rinse with water bubbles, sprinkle with powders.

If clothes caught fire:

Eliminate the effect of fire, reset the burning clothes;

Put the victim and Katay him on the ground (snow) or quickly with a dense tissue (jacket, cloak tent, cloak of OZK);

Burns of burns Cooling in water, snow is at least 10 minutes, until the pain decrease;

Do not become burnt clothes, but cut apart, leaving on the body.

Frostbite

Signs: The skin is pale, solid and cold, no pulse in the wrists and ankles, loss of sensitivity, when tapping with your finger - "Wooden sound".

1. Deliver the victim to the room with low temperatures. Do not shoot clothes and shoes with frostbitten limbs.

2. Immediately cover the damaged limbs from the external heat cooled heat insulating bandage. It is impossible to accelerate the external heating of frostbitated parts. Heat should occur inside with blood circulation recovery.

3. Give abundant warm drinks, small doses of alcohol.

4. Give 1-2 tablets analgin and deliver to the medical unit.

It is impossible to rub frostbite skin, put frostate limbs in warm water or laid their heating plants, lubricate the skin with oil or petroleum.

DROWNING

Normal ("Blue" type)

Signs- Leather face and neck with a blue tint, swelling of the neck vessels, abundant foam allocations from the mouth and nose.

1. Immediately after removing the drowned out of the water - turn the face down and lower the head below the pelvis.

2. Clear mouth from mucus and other things. Sharply put on the root of the tongue. With the appearance of vomit and cough reflexes - achieved the complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach.

3. If you are injured in consciousness, ukra and sogray it. Call a doctor.

Symptoms and symptoms of frostbite:

1. Loss of sensitivity of amazed plots
2. Feeling of tingling or pinching
3. Skin whitening (1st degree of frostbite)
4. Blisters (2nd degree of frostbite)
5. Damage and dying (3rd degree of frostbite)

First Help when frostbite:

1. Get off the cold. In the cold, rub and warm the affected parts of the body is useless and dangerous.
2. On the affected surface, impose a thermal insulation bandage, for example, such: a layer of gauze, a thick layer of wool, again a layer of gauze, and on top of a glue or rubberized fabric, wrapped with a woolen cloth.
3. Fruent hand or leg can be warm in the bath, gradually increasing the temperature of the water from 20 to 40 degrees and for 40 minutes gently massaging the limb.
4. Drink warm and sweet tea.

It is necessary to track the overall condition and place of frostbite during the day. If the symptoms of the 2nd and 3rd level of frostbite appeared, consult a doctor urgently.

• Use multilayer clothes: double mittens, a couple of sweaters and sock. Very well use clothes made from waterproof and thermal insulation materialsMade on high technology. It is necessary to insulate the head and neck, where the vessels carrying blood to the head are located.
• Before entering the street in the cold season, especially for a long time, it is necessary to eat well and tightly. Insufficient nutrition and fatigue can cause frostbite, reducing the resistance of the body.
• You should not use alcohol that reduces the feeling of the cold and does not feel that you have frozen. Also, it is impossible to smoke in the cold, since when smoking, blood vessels are narrowing and the blood supply to the limbs is reduced. For this reason, the smokers make up a certain risk group by frostbite.
• Frost dries the skin, so before entering the street it is impossible to use therapeutic agents on the water. It should also be abandoned from the use of cosmetics containing moisture. Women should not use moisturizing creams, and the nutritious cream can be applied no later than an hour before the exit to the street. At such a case of the house it is worth having interior pork fat - it can be bought on the market, to wipe on the steam bath and store in the refrigerator. In Frost, it perfectly protects the skin and adults, and especially children. It also will also help goose fat or special cosmetics.

What should not be done when frostbite:

• Roll up frostbite parts of the body in the snow (blood vessels of the brushes and stop is very fragile and therefore they are damaged, and the arms of the skin on the skin contribute to the introduction of infection).
• Quickly warm frostbite limbs by a fire or hot water (this contributes to thrombosis in vessels, deepening the processes of destruction of the affected fabrics).
• Drink alcohol (it expands vessels and only gives a feeling of heat, but does not matter in fact).

Frostbite (frostbite) is damage to tissues that occurred at low temperatures (usually below -10 ºС). May occur even when zero temperature ambient - In cases where large heat losses occur per unit of time.

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First of all, protruding and insufficiently protected parts of the body are exposed to aggressive effects: ear sinks, nose, cheeks, hands, feet. Subsequently, the overall supercooling of the body is developing with a decrease in body temperature to critical numbers.

Risk factors that reduce the effectiveness of thermoregulation and contributing to the development of frostbite:

• reinforced heat transfer (sharp wind, high humidity, lightweight clothing);
• local disorder of microcirculation (close shoes, long immobility, forced body position);
• concomitant states that weaken the stability of the body to extreme effects (injury, blood loss, physical or emotional exhaustion, stress);
• vascular diseases.

The greatest risk of frostbite, according to statistical data, have faces in a state alcoholic intoxication (severe or moderate severity). This is due to partial or complete disorientation, slowing the reaction to stimuli, a specific vegetative background.

Depending on the duration and intensity of aggressive impact, as well as on the nature of the damage to the tissues, 4 degrees of frostbite are distinguished.

The initial manifestations in all cases are similar (which does not allow reliably determine the degree of frostbite in the first hours after injury):

• pallor and cooling of the skin;
• reduced sensitivity.

After the first common symptoms, symptoms specific to each degree of frostbite are developing:

1. It is characterized by a light pain of the skin, after heating, intensive redness and minor swelling are noted, it is possible to peeling the affected areas without the development of necrosis. After 5-7 days, skin manifestations completely disappear.
2. On damaged skin areas for 24-48 hours bubbles appear different sizefilled with transparent (serous) content. Pain sensations are intense, characteristic of itching, burning sensation of injured skin. With proper treatment, the condition of the skin is restored after 7-14 days, the scar deformations are absent at the site of the defeat.
3. An derant of damaged skin cover occurs, which leads to loss of sensitivity and formation after heating massive painful bubbles with a crimson-blue base filled with bloody contents. Subsequently, bubbles are necrotized and rejected with the formation of scars and granulation. The scarring can last up to a month, the nail plate rejection also occurs, sometimes irreversible.
4. It is manifested by total necrosis not only skin cover, but also to be soft tissues (up to bones and joints). The injured sections of the skin of the blue, after heating, it is formed sharply growing swelling, there are no bubbles, the sensitivity of the skin after heating is not restored, it is subsequently developing gangrene. Affected areas are subject to amputation.

With long stay under conditions of low temperatures, it is possible to overall overcooling, as evidenced by the decrease in body temperature to 34 ºС and below (up to 29-30 ºС in severe cases). Depending on the severity, the state is manifested by oppression of respiratory activities, cardiovascular and nervous systems Various intensity, up to coma and fatal outcome.

First Help when frostbite

With the defeat of any intensity, first of all, it is necessary to deliver the victim to the warm room as soon as possible. If there is a chance of re-frostbite, you can not allow thawing damaged part of the body; Otherwise, it should be carefully covered. Further events depend on the degree of frostbite.

When frostbite, the I degree required:

• warm the affected skin (breathing, cautious rubbing soft wool fabric or hands);
• to impose a warmingly gauze bandage in several layers.

When frostbite II-IV degree need:

• eliminate rapid warming (massage, rubbing);
• to impose a heat insulating bandage (bandage and wool in several layers, you can use scarves, wool tissue, shawls;
• fix the frostbed limb;
• call an ambulance brigade.

What can not be done when frostbite?

• roll up fruitled surface with snow, rigid tissue (high likely injury and subsequent infection of damaged skin);
• exposing the place of frostbiz to intensive thermal effects (with the help of a hot bath, heaters, heaters, etc.);
• rub the skin-damaged oil, fat, alcohol, because it may complicate the course of the disease;
• self open bubbles and remove necrotic fabrics.

When should I refer to the doctor?

At home, it is possible to treat only E degree frostbite; In all other cases, it is necessary to seek specialized help.

When frostbite II degree, the opening of bubbles and their processing is carried out under a surgical office. To prevent the addition of infection, a aseptic bandage is superimposed and appropriate therapy is assigned.

When frostbite III-IV degree in a hospital, necrotic tissues are removed, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy is carried out.

The reasons

Not only low temperatures cause various frostbite of the skin. Complicating factors in the form of chronic diseases, depletion, pregnancy or infant age exacerbate the situation. At the same time, the main causes of freezing lies in the following:

• clothing not for season - Do not give up scarves and caps, if on Frost street. In winter, it is worth replacing the usual underwear with thermal stations, and cotton socks change to woolen. Shoes should not be in bulk, and if it also passes water or contributes to the greenhouse effect, the freezing is guaranteed;
• diseases of Vessels - With bad blood circulation, a person freezes faster. Thrombosis, varicose veins, VDC - all this refers to unfavorable factors;
• failure to use protective - Open areas of the skin should be treated with special creams and ointments that will remove their hands and face from frostbite. Professional compositions carefully take care of the skin of the nose and around the eyes. It is these sections that are considered less protected;
• reception of alcohol - If you connect "hot" drinks in the cold, the risk of hypothermia increases. The body loses its heat faster, and a drunken person does not understand what freezes. Cases are common when drunk people freeze in frost, falling down after a large dose of alcohol.

Lovers of winter fishing or country walks in the cold season can frost the limbs ice. And the skiers or snowboarders are often developing high speeds during the training process.

Avitaminosis, poor nutrition, preceding blood loss also belong to the factors that have frozenning. Older people marry stronger. The same applies to those with diabetes and liver diseases.

Symptoms

Differ, but you can call common symptoms of frostbite:

• tingling and itching;
• the skin pale and becomes cold to the touch;
• appears expressed pain syndrome;
• when heating the fabric is blushing and swell.

These are the first signs of frostbite, which indicate the initial freezing of the upper layers of the skin. As the cold agent influences the cold agent, more dangerous symptoms are developing: blisters, loss of sensitivity, sinusia. The formation of bubbles is characteristic of 2 and 3 degrees of frostbite. Skin sections, devoid of normal blood supply, black. Due to necrotic processes, the risk of mummifying increases.

The frostbite of the skin on the face is accompanied by peeling and feeling of numbness. Mostly people face such symptoms as difficulty breathing through the nose, the inability to move lips. The face becomes pale and cold, the skin on the touch firmly, which is already talking about the second degree of frostbite.

The more the victim dwells in the cold, the higher the probability that they suffer internal systems and organs. For 2 - 3 stages deteriorates the work of the kidneys, there is a spasm of vessels. If the skin of the skin is frostable, suspected the development of necrosis.

First aid

The main assistance at various frostbite of the skin is to change the temperature regime, that is, the victim must be left into a warm room. Adequate PMP on the frost is almost impossible. It is impossible to rapidly warm the person, that is, carrying hot baths and compresses are prohibited. If limbs suffered, they can be placed in dry heat, but should not be plated or lubricated with skin with oil. Fat creams and ointments should be used before frostbite, not after.

Further order of action implies:

• change clothes on dry and warm;
• give hot drink, preferably sweetened;
• provide peace;
• make a damaged area of \u200b\u200bthe skin thermo insulating bandage.

When the body frostbite when the driving victims have changes in the form of bubbles, it is necessary to handle the skin with an antiseptic and apply a gauze or bandage bandage. You can not open bubbles. Also, in the presence of blisters, rubbing do not give up and do not lubricate the skin ointments of frostbite without coordination with the doctor.

Determined by the severity of pathological processes. With the easy forms of freezing the victim warmed, it is possible to quickly. For this make a massage, rub the skin with a soft dry cloth or scarf. Starting from the second stage of frostbite, these methods refuse to favor passive heating. Otherwise, the number of complications will be higher.

If a person has a loss of orientation, it is not recommended to drink to a full return to consciousness, otherwise he can choke. What else can not be done when frostbite, so drink alcohol. But if skin covers in integrity, there is no blister and small, it is allowed to be confused by the limbs with vodka and wrapped in a blanket. But it is useless to rub off the snow frostite skin. The method does not have a scientific justification under it, and extra contact with cold and not too clean snow can aggravate the situation.

What to do when frostbite to high? Actions before arrival will soon conclude harm from the cold agent. If a person is painful, it is offered a nonarcotic analgesic. The victims should stick to the beddown. What to do when frostbite the skin of the face if bubbles filled with liquid appeared? In this case, the gauze bandage, which is made from several layers, cutting the holes for the eyes and the nose.

With a little damage, heating does not take much time, but when the skin is harmed strongly, the condition of the victim deteriorates even after the PMP. Why darken limbs if they start warmed? Pathological processes have their own inertia and cannot stop immediately after the cessation of cold exposure. Without qualified medical care in this case, it is not necessary.

Is it possible to rub frostbite skin

Rub the skin when frostbite is allowed, because it is effective and available way Quickly improve blood circulation. But is it possible to rub with a washcloth or brushed fruitled skin? Such a method is aggressive and causes trauma of covers. Roll into a soft cloth or dry knitted things. With blisters and wounds, rubbing is prohibited. There is a preliminary regeneration of frostbms with blisters and bubbles. Sometimes surgical treatment of injured zones is required. Then guide efforts to restore the integrity of the skin after frostbite.

With a strong cold effect, which caused a lesion 3 or 4 degrees, give antibiotics of systemic and local action, detoxification solutions and angioprotectors. Ointment from frostbite is used at the recovery stage to improve the repair, the prevention of scarring and activating metabolic processes in skin cells. When developing inflammatory processes, funds such as erythromycinic or levomycenetic ointment, the line of Vishnevsky, etc. are shown.

Complications and consequences

TO negative consequences Skin frostbite include cosmetic defects - scars, granulation, scars and dermatological diseases. Often, severe frostbite is accompanied by secondary infections. In damaged zones, blood supply deteriorates, the sensitivity to cold increases.

The diseases of the vascular nature are often often recognized as necrotic processes that require amputation of affected limbs.

Prevention

A variety of hardening methods, vitaminotherapy, self-massage are used as prevention of skin frostbite. Properly chosen clothing will be adequate protection from the cold, and to additionally protect the open areas of the skin will be able to frost creams.

Preparations with proven efficacy used in preventive purposes are considered to be "Elen", Safe and Care, "". You can use conventional fatty creams and ointments. It is important that they are not water-based, otherwise low temperatures will apply even greater harm to the skin.

Dear readers of the site 1Medhelp, if you have any questions on this topic - we will be happy to answer them. Leave your feedback, comments, share stories as you experienced a similar injury and successfully coped with the consequences! Your life experience can be useful to other readers.

With long-term exposure of low temperatures, frostbite may occur. In most cases, such a phenomenon is accompanied by a general supercooling of the body, which aggravates the situation.

First of all, the minimally secure plots suffer - face, ears, toes and hands. It is quite natural that most people get frostbite during the cold season. At the same time, it is not necessary to be on the street for several hours in a row at a very low temperature. In the case of coincidence of adverse factors, frostbite can be obtained even at a temperature of 0 C. to the number of adverse weather factors: wind; high humidity; Low degree of human security from cold.

There are four degrees of frostbite, each of which has its own obvious symptoms and supposed consequences for the body. Knowledge of these stages and first aid methods in their development will be able to preserve their own or someone else's life.

1 degree is the easiest stage of frostbite. The man feels like the skin on the open or weakly protected areas of the body ends, then a feeling of burning and tingling appears. With the correct reaction to these features, it is possible to prevent the appearance of complications. As soon as the first symptoms were manifested, you need to hide from the cold as soon as possible in a warm and dry room. When exposed to room temperature on frostbed parts of the body, a small swelling occurs, and the color of the skin is replaced by a pronounced crimson. After 2-3 days, peeling appears, which is a sign of activation of self-healing processes of the epidermis.

2 Degree - the first signs of frostbite of this stage are similar to 1 degree. The main difference - during heating, not only swelling appears, but blisters filled with liquid (as with thermal burn). The patient shows symptomatic therapy aimed at removing pain and acceleration of healing processes.

3 The degree - we are talking about the long-term exposure of the cold, as a result of which irreversible processes occur. In particular, necrosis of the skin. Most explicit sign - The appearance of blisters filled with liquid with blood impurities. The recovery process is quite long and painful. In 99% of cases on the skin remain deep scars.

4 Degree - we are talking about defeat not only layers of epidermis, but also soft tissues. The affected body of the body swells, acquires a blue-crimson edema, a complete loss of sensitivity is noted. The frostbite of the hands and foot 4 stage is often the cause of their forced amputation.

Main reasons

It is quite natural that the main cause of frostbite is a long exposure to cold. But there are factors that increase the risk of frostbite. These include:

• long-term contact with water or snow under the condition of negative air temperature;
• frost, accompanied by a strong wind;
• humidity (in this case, it is not only about air humidity indicators, but also about sufficiently raw gloves or socks);
• footwear is not for the season or too close;
• children or elderly age - due to violation of the functions of the thermoregulation system, the risk of frostbite increases;
• violation of the cardiovascular system;
• diseases endocrine system, in particular - diabetes;
• the exhaustion of the body against the background of regular malnutrition or lack of sleep;
• alcoholic intoxication.

Another factor affecting the susceptibility to the cold is heredity. For example, hereditary Eskimos practically painlessly carry the long-term exposure of the cold, while the African body begins to suffer at a temperature of +10 C.

First Help when frostbite

It is important to understand that a medical care is certainly necessary for a frostbite, even if it comes to an easy degree. There is always a risk of complications. First prefigible assistance is events aimed at facilitating the patient's condition until professional assistance.

How exactly to help a man with frostbiz? Here a lot depends on the specific situation, the degree of damage to the tissues, age and state of the victim. The most important condition is to stop the influence of the cold. That is, a person needs to be moved to a dry and warm room, free from clothes and shoes that impede normal blood flow.

Is it possible to break fruitled areas of skin with snow? Absolutely not. Such actions will only worsen the state. Also, it should be abandoned by the rubbing of skin with oils and alcohol-containing solutions - if, with light frosting stages, such actions are simply ineffective, then with severe can cause even greater tissue damage.

It is possible to rub and warm the skin with mechanical exposure with 1 degree frostbite, in all other cases it will lead to a deeper injury to soft tissues.

Frequently, strong frostbite is accompanied by the general supercooling of the entire body, against the background of which the blood pressure is reduced, the pulse slows down, the breath becomes superficial, the short-term loss of consciousness is not excluded. In such situations, it is necessary to try to bring a person to feel and quickly deliver it to a medical institution.

How to avoid frostbite

To avoid hypothermia, you should always dress on season. One thick sweater can be replaced by two and threestream - a "pillow" of warm air will be formed between the layers of clothing. Shoes should not be close, otherwise it will cause the compression of the limbs, circulatory disorders in them and, as a result, frostbite. If a long walk is planned in the park or outside the city, it is advisable to have spare warm mittens, dry socks and insoles that will come to revenue if necessary.

To warm in the cold will help hot tea. But from alcohol it is better to abandon, it is he who is the most common cause of severe frostbite ending with amputation.

Stop bleeding

Arterial bleeding - bright red (alley) blood is thrown by a strong, peasant-pulsing jet; Big blood stain on clothes or a puddle of blood near the wounded. In case of damage to large arteries within a few minutes, blood loss, incompatible with life, can occur.

- immediately press the artery fingers (fist) to the bone above the place of injury ( on the limbs - above the place of injury, on the neck and head - below the wounds or in the wound, can not be pressed in the place where bones are damaged);

- lift the damaged limb; In the absence of a fracture - to bent as much as possible;

— impose harness In the absence of a harness to drag the finiteness of the twist (belt):

— superimposed on clothes (the cloth) above wounds but as close as possible In it - to make the limb and stretch, drag the first twist and impose next turns with less effort, fasten the harness, put a note about the overlay time of the harness, do not close the bandage or clothing;

— on the neck Harness impose without control of pulse and leave before the arrival of the doctor, the wound must be sealed;

— on the thigh The harness is superimposed through a hard object after which it will be convinced of the absence of a pulse in the patellied fossa;

— with improper imposition of a harness (fixing and edema of the limb, swollen veins ) - immediately remove and re-impose.

- handle the wound and impose a sterile bandage;

Venous bleeding - Dark cherry blood is poured with a uniform continuous jet.

- impose a gouring bandage;

- when marking the limb - to bent as much as possible or raise up;

- Deliver to the medical institution.

Capillary bleeding - Blood wakes like a sponge and usually stops alone.

- impose on the wound a bandage;

- if possible, raise the wounded limb up;

To stop capillary bleeding, you can handle the wound with hydrogen peroxide.

Internally bleeding (In the head, chest, stomach) can only be stopped on the operating table.

Signs: weakness, dizziness, ringing in the ears, darkening in the eyes, pallor.

- put cold, immediately deliver to the medical institution.

Large loss of blood - put the victims of the back, raise your arms and legs. If there is no injury in the stomach - abundant drinking sweet tea or water with salt or sugar. Necessaryurgent infusion of blood or substitute.

Signs of open fracture: The presence of a wound, often with bleeding; deformation and edema limb; Costed fragments are visible.

Signs of closed fractures: severe pain when moving or load on the limb; deformation and edema limb; Skin skin; The mobility of the limb in an unusual place, its unnatural position.

1. Freed from the impact of traumatic factors. Stop bleeding.

2. How quickly can give an anesthetic.

3. Targe the bandage on the wound.

4. Secure the limb with tires.

5. I will cover the victim, especially when cold weather.

Tire overlay rules: The tire is superimposed on both sides of the body and should cover the joints above and below the fracture site. It is tied tightly, evenly, but not tight over clothes and shoes; In places of bone protrusions, the soft material is put. You can not bind the tire with a bandage at the level of the fracture.

In the absence of a tire, you can navigate a damaged leg to a healthy one, and the arm in the bent position is to the body with a screech or bandage.

For fracture of fingers and brushes - fingers to give a semi-covered position (in the palm to put a tight lump lump), impose a tire from the ends of the fingers to the elbow from the palm side. Hand to hang on a golk.

For fracture of the forearm - A hand bent in the elbow joint to turn the palm to the chest and fix two tires from the inner and the outside from the fingertips to the elbow joint. Hand to hang on a golk.

For fracture shoulder - To impose a bus on the forearm and shoulder, the hand bent in the elbow joint to hang on the golk and be contigled to the body. For trauma of the shoulder joint or blade - The hand bent in the elbow joint to hang on the belt (palm to the stomach), put a roller in the armpit, to nourish the hand to the body.

For fracture of clavicle - Immobilize with a dressing, vanity-gauze rings; For a short time, fixed with a stick laid down.

For fracture of the foot and the injury of ankle - The tire is superimposed on the inner and outer surface from the upper third of the leg to the sole and fingertips.

For fracture of the leg - The tire is superimposed on the inner and outer surface from the upper third of the thigh to the soles and fingertips.

For fracture of hips - Tires are superimposed: along the inner surface from the groin to the sole, on the outer - from the axillary depression to the sole.

Fracture of the spine and bones pelvis

Signs of spinal fracture: Pain in the back at the slightest movement, loss of sensitivity in the legs (the victim does not feel the injection pin).

1. Success the victim, enter an anesthetic, will be the first help with other damage. You can not move the victim, take clothing from him and allow him to move.

For fracture of the cervical department The spine impose a massive cotton-gauze bandage in the form of a collar.

Signs of fracture bones pelvis: Pose of "Frog", pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pelvis, the inability to sit down and stand on the feet, the syndrome of "sticking heel") the impossibility of raising the straight leg.

To put the victim on a solid smooth surface (shield), the legs bend to the "frog" position, put a tight roller under the knees. Transportation - on a hard shield.

POISONING

Food, Alklgol and Drug Enterprise

Signs - weakness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, liquid chair, cold sweat, dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, cramps, temperature rise.

1. Washing the stomach.

2. Give 10 tablets or 1 tablespoon of activated carbon with water. With its absence - grated crushers, starch, chalk, charcoal. As a laxative - 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil or salt laxative.

3. When improving the condition, give tea or coffee, ensure heat, peace.

4. When losing consciousness and pulse - start resuscitation.

In case of poisoning with caustic, increasing substances need urgent hospitalization.

Thermal burns

- handle burn panthenol;

- impose a special napkin or pure gauze (bandage), fix not a tight bandage;

- cold to burn place;

- abundant drink (on 1 liter of water a teaspoon of salt or soda);

- With a strong burn, transportation in the medical institution.

It is impossible: lubricate the burn with ointments or fat, pull and remove bubbles, handibly sticking clothes and foreign bodies, put wool on burn, rinse with water bubbles, sprinkle with powders.

If clothes caught fire:

- eliminate the effect of fire, reset burning clothes;

- Put the victim and Kataty him on the ground (snow) or quickly with a dense tissue (jacket, cloak tent, raincoat OZK);

- burns of burns cooling in water, snow for at least 10 minutes until the pain decrease;

- Do not become burnt clothes, but cut apart, leaving on the body.

Frostbite

Signs: The skin is pale, solid and cold, no pulse in the wrists and ankles, loss of sensitivity, when tapping with your finger - "Wooden sound".

1. Deliver the victim to the room with low temperatures. Do not shoot clothes and shoes with frostbitten limbs.

2. Immediately cover the damaged limbs from the external heat cooled heat insulating bandage. It is impossible to accelerate the external heating of frostbitated parts. Heat should occur inside with blood circulation recovery.

3. Give abundant warm drinks, small doses of alcohol.

4. Give 1-2 tablets analgin and deliver to the medical unit.

It is impossible to rub frostbite skin, put frostate limbs in warm water or laid their heating plants, lubricate the skin with oil or petroleum.

DROWNING

Normal ("Blue" type)

Signs- Leather face and neck with a blue tint, swelling of the neck vessels, abundant foam allocations from the mouth and nose.

1. Immediately after removing the drowned out of the water - turn the face down and lower the head below the pelvis.

2. Clear mouth from mucus and other things. Sharply put on the root of the tongue. With the appearance of vomit and cough reflexes - achieved the complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach.

3. If you are injured in consciousness, ukra and sogray it. Call a doctor.