Analysis and optimization of costs at the enterprises of the construction industry. Conventional concrete on hydrotation binders. Classification and main types of natural stone materials

Materials used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Many of these materials are applied not only in construction, but also in the production of various products. Building materials are diverse in its origin or the composition of the feedstock, for its intended purpose, etc. Here is given a brief description of Only the main (most commonly used) materials that are used in repairing the house or with small individual construction, extensions, restructuring, etc.
Natural stone materials. Stone buttons (Booth) - limestone, sandstone or other mountain breeds slices incorrect form; It is used to masonry foundations of buildings, stoves, etc.; For masonry more comfortable preferred (slab) stone. The stone is a couticular, in the form of pieces of rounded shape, is used for the paving roads, yards, etc., for the preparation of rubble (crushing). Sawn stone - local material from lungs (porous) rocks, such as the sewer, tuff.
Bulk (loose) mineral materials - sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag - used as aggregates - component materials in construction solutions, concrete (see below), on the device of roads, sidewalks, tracks, etc.
Sand - grain size up to 5 mM.. For construction work Sand requires enough clean (or clay particles or clay in it should not be more than 5 - 7%). The degree of sand pollution can be checked like this: pour 1/2 of a glass of sand, to fasten the top and mix the fire and mix; dirty water to merge into another glass; Flushing repeat 2 more times. When all the fusion dirty water is disappeared, according to the total volume of sludge, the percentage of sand contaminacy can be calculated. Gravel - pebbles larger than 5 mM., rounded form; It is often contaminated by an admixture of clay; Such gravel before use (for example, in concrete) is washed with water. Crushed stone - crushed fine stone angular shape. Slag is a waste from burning coal (fuel or boiler slag) or from metallurgical production (domain slag). The boiler slag before applying in the mixture with knitting materials is kept in air 2 - 3 months to eat impurities (sulfur), destroying binding materials (cement).
Artificial stone materials. Construction brick: clay (burned) solid and hollow, hole, silicate; widely used for masonry walls, stoves, etc. Hollow and silicate brick Do not apply for masonry in raw places. Brick strength (and other artificial stone Materials) is marked. The stronger the material, the greater the numerical value of its brand. When overloading brick can not be discarded so as not to split it. Keep needed folded in the stack. Refractory brick (Chamotte, Gzhelsky) is used in the masonry of the furnaces of the furnaces, when cutting the pipes. Ceramic blocks Hollow (multi) replace multiple bricks in volume. Concrete blocks are solid and hollow. For the manufacture of blocks, predominantly porous lung concretes are used - slag concrete, pexobetone, etc. Soil blocks - local material, apply them in areas with a dry climate for wall masonry; Mounted from the soil with the addition of clay, lime, resins (to increase waterproofing), manure, straw, chips, slag, etc. hard as a result of natural drying. It is usually manufactured on the place of construction. Ceramic tiles For lining of walls, for floors, etc. There are smooth or rough facial surfaces covered with icing or uncovered (terracotta). Ceramic tiles are packaged in lattice boxes; Store in closed rooms. Tiles - tiles with ribs on the back side, serve for facing stoves. Roofing tile is a package and flat. Gypsum and Gypsum Plates for partitions size 40 cm x 80. cm, thickness 8 and 10 cm. There are semicircular grooves on the side of the side (for filling with mortar during masonry). When transporting the plates should be laid on the edge of the long side in the direction of movement, protect against moisture; Store in dry rooms folded in a stack on the edge. Dry stucco - Thin plates (sheets) from plaster with facing on both sides by cardboard. Leaf dimensions: width 0.6 - 2.0 m.. Length 1.20 - 3.60 m., thickness 8 - 10 mM.. Used to cover the walls and ceilings in dry rooms instead of "wet" plaster (see Plastering); Store in dry rooms folded plastics, without gaskets.
Asbestos-cement products. Roofing tiles (slate, asbo, eateritis) - flat, pressed; Size of the main tiles 40 cm X 40. cm x 0.4. cm; Two opposite corners are cut off; Holes are left for nails. Roofing slabs wavy Size (ordinary plates) 120 cm X 67.8 cm x 0.5 cm. Holes for fastening on the roof are drilled in the process of roofing.
Binding materials Used in the manufacture of building solutions and concrete (see below). They are divided into mineral (cement, lime, etc.) and organic (bitumens, trigs). Mineral binders are divided, in turn, on air (air lime, plaster, clay), hardening only in air, and hydraulic (hydraulic lime, cement), hardening in humid air and in water.
Air lime - Widespread binding material. Distinguish negashing lime (boiler), obtained by limestone firing, and extinguished (fluff), obtained from the negascinary lime to the action of water. To obtain a greased lime, the boiler is poured with water ("quench") in the pit. The covered boards, or in the box and, stirring, are brought to the state of the test. When the gassing occurs "boiling", the caustic smoke is distinguished, while developing heatWhy can land and even challenge the adjacent wooden parts. Haashed lime has white or gray (the best grade - white color); should not contain comers and ashs. If the scope of work is small, it is better to purchase a greased lime and dilute it in place with water to the state of a root dough.
Building Gypsum (Alabaster) - small grinding powder, white (cream) color, fat to the touch; Good plaster sticks to the fingers; In the connection with water quickly hardens; It is used as an integral part in plaster solutions (see below), accelerating their hardening.
Clay applies ch. arr. In solutions for laying and repairing furnaces and pipes, for the device of waterproof (waterproofing) layers, as well as in building solutions. Clay occurs in nature usually with an admixture of sand; With an admixture of 15 to 30% of sand, it is called "skinny", and up to 15% - "fatty". Fat clay cracks when drying. Clap with an admixture of lime particles should not be used in solutions for masonry furnaces and pipes.
Cement is the most durable binding material. The most common view is portland cement - gray or greenish-gray powder.
Gypsum and cement must be stored in rooms, varnish or other containers protected from rainwater and snow and soil moisture. Shelf life - no more than 2 - 2.5 months.
Waterproof additives - Cerezit, liquid glass - Serve to impart waterproof by cement mortars, for example, when plastering raw seats. Ceresite is a mass of creamy color, similar to sour cream. It should be protected from drying and freezing. Beole a wooden stick before use. Liquid glass is a thick liquid of yellow color. Store in a cool place.
Construction solutions Serve to fasten stones in masonry, for plastering walls, ceilings, etc. (see Plastering), as well as for the manufacture of building details (plates, blocks).
Mortar It is prepared by mixing the limestone dough with sand (in terms of 1: 2 - 1: 4 in volume) with the addition of water. The greater the lime, the more sand can be added to it. Insufficient amount of sand in solution can cause the appearance of cracks in it when dried (hardening); Excess sand can reduce the power of the clutch of the solution. Properly cooked solution should easily slide from the tool. For the simplest test, the solution is put on the solution one on another (column) somewhat (up to 10) bricks; After 3 days, at least seven bricks should be raised together with the upper brick, otherwise the solution is definitely.
For cooking lime-gypsum solution In a solid drawer poured water, the plaster is poured, quickly and thoroughly mixing it with water so that it turns out liquid dough (gypsum plant) without lumps; A lime solution (lime and sand) is added to the dough and are stirred by a wooden stirrer before receiving a homogeneous mass, but not long, so that the gypsum does not lose the ability to grab (not "omitted"). You can make both parts of the solution in one box. To do this, first prepare a lime solution, it will be cut off aside, the remaining part make a plaster plant and then mix together. The amount of water added depends on the fat content of the lime solution. For one part of the gypsum take about 3 parts of the lime solution (by volume). Lime-based gypsum solution should be prepared by small portions, with such a calculation to use it for 5-7 minutes until it starts to harden. If it is necessary that the lime-gypsum solution not very quickly serve ("settled"), it follows to mixing gypsum with water to add a little bone or meter glue to water (2% of the weight of the gypsum).
Cement mortar compiled from cement, sand and water; Waters take no more than 50 - 60% of the weight of cement. Excess water in the compilation of the solution reduces its strength. For manual preparation of the solution, the measured parts of the cement and sand (1: 2 - 1: 3) are poured in a layer in the box (or on a platform - "battle"), stirred thoroughly and only then water is added. The cement mortar cooked with water should be spent over 1 hour. For waterproof cement mortar It is introduced by Cerezite or liquid glass (see above). These substances are dissolved in water immediately before the preparation of the solution (1 weight of the 8-parts of water).
Mixed cement-lime solution More convenient for work than cement, as it is slower grasps, it is easier to fit, cheaper cement. Composition: lime, cement, sand (1: 1: 4 - 1: 1: 7). Lime dough mixed with half portion of sand; The other half of the sand is mixed dry with cement and then mix both compositions, and at the end they poured water; This achieves homogeneity of the solution.
Concrete - artificial stone material; It is prepared (without firing) from a mixture of cement (ORI of the other binder), sand, large camneal components (rubble, gravel) and water. The concrete mix is \u200b\u200bhardening, turning into a stone. A heavy concrete (containing ordinary gravel or crushed stone) is used for the carrier parts of buildings. Easy concretes are used for walls (for example, with slag aggregate). With manual cooking concrete mix On a tightly chocarized flooring from the boards, they first (in the form of an elongated roller) a member portion of rubble or gravel, and on top of her - a mixture of cement with sand. The components are carefully shuffled (throw from one place to another) with a shovel, forks or robble; At the same time, the mixture is poured from the watering can be predetermined on the amount of water.
Wood (Forest) Materials - Brother, lumber, plywood, etc. Crude wood (with a humidity of more than 25%) should not be applied, especially for carpentry work, as it easily boosts, it turns away, cracks. Wood can have disadvantages - "vices" arising on growing trees or when stored, in buildings and products. Especially harmful is the lesion of wood with mushrooms causing rotting and the destruction of wood. Wood cleaners lowering its backstage are: cracks, osala (spiral location of fibers, lowering the strength of boards), switches (wavy arrangement of fibers that impede wood processing), excessive batchness (impellent processing, reducing wood strength and obstructing coloring color).
Brees are distinguished by appointment and size (length from 4 m. And the thickness of the upper end from 12 to 34 cm). Brica thickness 8 - 11 cm Called by a sublink.
Timber (boards, bars, bars) are unedged (with non-clear side edges) and edged. Depending on the quality of wood and the purity of processing, timber are divided into 5 varieties. Planed billets For platbands, plinths, cartoons, handrails, floorboards, sheathing boards.
Parquet. The most common parquet is a plank (standard), in the form of skidding (planks) of the grooves and depository spikes, with a groove and crest; Plank Length 150 - 500 mM., thickness 12 - 20 mM.. A packer is also made - shields (size from 0.5 m. X 0.5 m. up to 1.5 m. x 1,5 m.) with braces pasted on them with solid rocks, and shields (the size of the shields is not more than 0.5 x 0.5 m.).
Plywood glue consists of several glued thin sheets of wood ("veneer") birch, alder, aspen, pines and others. The thickness of the glue plywood from 2 mm to 15 mM.. The most running size of sheets is 1.52 m. x 1,52. m.. Plywood is available ordinary and waterproof. Ordinary plywood is used for various trim inside the building, and waterproof plywood - for external trim.
Roofing material - chips, gimp, tiles, shingles.
Wood - fibrous And chipboard plates are made by pressing under high pressure from wood fibers or chips. There are thermal insulation and solid. Used to cover partitions, manufacture doors, for floors, furniture production, etc. Length to 3 m., Thickness 3.5 - 10 mM., width 1200. mM..
Rolled bituminous materials Apply as roofing and waterproofing materials. Ruberoid - waterproof roofing cardboard, impregnated and covered (from one or both sides) bitumen with mineral sprinkling; glued with bitumen mastic; It is used to cover the roof. Sheet width - 750 mM. and 1000. mM.. Square of one roll - 10 m. 2 and 20. m. 2. Parchment - roofing cardboard, impregnated with oil bitumen (without sprinkling); It is used as the underlying layer under the regularity; Printed with bitumen mastic and nails nails. Sizes are the same as Ruberoid. Tol - roofing cardboard, impregnated with targeted products and sprinkled on both sides of sand; at high outdoor impregnation temperature; may soften (faster than in the rubberoid). Blinds with tier mastic. Used for roofs; Inactive Building (Sarai, etc.). Sheet width; 750. mM. and 1000. mM.. Square of one roll 10 m. 2 or 15. m. 2. Tom - the skin differs from toleen the lack of sprinkle. It is used as the underlying layer under only; It is glued with mastic and nails nails. Sheet width 750. mM. and 1000. mM.. Square of one roll up to 30 m. 2 .
Window glass Made thick from 2 mM. until 6 mM. (in 1 mM.). Depending on the size and area of \u200b\u200bsheets, 9 discharges are distinguished, or "keys": from Square less than 0.1 m. 2 to 2.5 - 3.2 m. 2 in one sheet. The glass should not be extinguished, should not cast rainbow colors, there should not be muddy spots in it. The glass is packaged in boxes, when transporting drawers with glass should be put only on the edge; Store in a dry room.
Painting materials - Paints, coloring substances (pigments), olifa, adhesives, etc.
Paints - prepared colorful compositions: mixtures of coloring substances with other substances. Paints are prepared on water (with lime, glue and other binders), on oil (olife), varnish, etc. In accordance with this, colorful compositions are called: water paints (glue), oil, enamel, etc. On the preparation of colorful compositions See the article by paintwork. There are dry paint (powders), coarse (pastes) and ready-made (diluted) for coloring. Glue - binder in adhesive paints. Animal (greasy and joiner) glue - tiled or crushed (grains), homogeneous light brown color (bea dark spots). For the preparation of glue, see Painting work, gluing, wallpaper. Vegetable glue is prepared from starch, flour. Olife - binder and diluent for painting paints. Natural olifa - fast drying vegetable oil, welded with the addition of a sequence (drying accelerator); Linen - lighter, cannabis - more dark. The semi-natural olive (for example, oxol) contains vegetable oils (at least 50%); Artificial Olife does not contain vegetable oil Or contains it in a small amount. Soap (slicing and liquid) is used in the manufacture of plates, primers, etc., is also used for flushing surfaces, for washing the brushes. Copper vigorous - water-soluble substance in the form of a blue stone; It is used for vigorous washing and for the preparation of primer under the glue color. Poaming, you can not store in the iron dishes. PEMZA - Porous stone; It is used for grinding surfaces prepared under the color.
Sheet roofing steel (iron); List sizes 142. cm X 71. cm, weight 4 - 5 kg.
Hardware - Nails, screws, bolts, window and door appliances, etc. Nails distinguish: Construction (round and square), tall, roofing, plaster, finishing, wallpapers. Length of nails from 7 mM. up to 250. mM.. Screws - screws for fastening wooden parts or for screwing metal parts and wooden; There are flat and semicircular head having a slot for screwing with scolding; The screws with a square or hexagon head for screwing the key are called muffuhar. For window and door devices, see Articles

Construction Materials - Materials for the construction and repair of buildings and structures.

Along with the "old" materials, such as wood, stone and brick, new building materials - concrete, steel, glass and plastic appeared with the beginning of the industrial revolution. Currently, pre-tense reinforced concrete and metal-plastic are widely used.

Classification

In the process of construction, operation and repair of buildings and structures construction products and structures from which they are erected are subjected to various physical and mechanical, physical and technological impacts. A construction engineer is required with knowledge of the case correctly choose the material, products or design that has sufficient resistance, reliability and durability for specific conditions.

Building materials and products, in accordance with theory theory, are divided into:

Natural (natural) - without changing the composition and internal structure:

inorganic (stone materials and products);
organic ( wood materials, straw, fire, reed, husk, wool, collagen).

Artificial:

Umbrella (hardening under normal conditions) and autoclave (hardening at a temperature of 175-200 ° C and a water vapor pressure of 0.9-1.6 MPa):
inorganic (clinker and clinker-containing cements, gypsum, magnesia, etc.);
organic (bituminous and deckluts, emulsions, pastes);
polymer (thermoplastic and thermosetting);

comprehensive:

mixed (mixing several types of minerals);
compounded (mixtures and alloys of organic materials);
combined (mineral combination with organic or polymeric).
Clamps - hardening from fiery melts:
slag (by chemical base slag);
ceramic (by character and varieties of clay and other components);
glass mass (according to the alkalinity of the charge);
stone casting (according to rock formation);
comprehensive (according to the type of components connected, for example: slagocheramic, glass wool).

For use are classified into two main categories. The first category refers structural: Brick, concrete, cement, timber, etc. They are used when erecting various elements of buildings (walls, overlaps, coatings, floors). To the second category - special purpose: Waterproofing, thermal insulation, acoustic, finishing, etc.

Main types of building materials and products

1. Stone natural construction Materials and products from them
2. Binding materials inorganic and organic
3. Forest materials and products from them
4. Metal products

Depending on the appointment, the conditions for the construction and operation of buildings and structures, appropriate building materials are selected, which have certain qualities and protective properties from affecting them in various external environment. Given these features, any building material must have certain construction and technical properties. For example, the material for the outer walls of the buildings should have the lowest thermal conductivity with sufficient strength to protect the room from heat loss; Material of the structure of hydrochromelic purposes - waterproof and resistance to alternate humidification and drying; Material for coating roads (asphalt, concrete) should have sufficient strength and low abrasability to withstand the load from transport.