Preparation of concrete M200 manually proportion. Proportions of concrete mix

Concrete is a versatile material for various construction work. Therefore, you need to be able to prepare concrete with your own hands. To do this, see the rules for selecting material brand and step by step instructions By mixing it, as well as using various additives.

Necessary materials

Before mixing concrete, it is necessary to have in proportions:

• Water (0.5 parts).
• Sand (3 parts).
• Any filler (for example, crushed stone) - 5 parts.
• Cement (1 part).

Sandit should be prepared without extraneous impurities. It should be clean. Sand size is allowed to use within 1.5 - 2.5 mm.

The filler should be selected without additional components. It is best to use granite crusp, whose fractions are from 5 to 20 mm - it has good strength and strong structure during solidification.

Crushed down before use it is better to rinse, to eliminate the screening and dust. This will provide better adhesion with the other components for the solution.

Waterthe usual drinking is suitable (on 1 part of the cement, 5 parts of the crushed stone and 3 parts of the sand will leave 0.5 parts of the liquid). But it should not contain impurities. Should consider that sea \u200b\u200bwater Not suitable for these purposes.

You can also add plasticizerswhich give concrete unique properties (fluidity or viscosity) can also be used various anti-corrosive additives or hardeners.

Required tools

From the tools you will need:

• Capacity for stamping solution.
• Sieve with very small cells so that you can sift the sand.
• Shovel Soviet.
• Buckets.
• Trowel.
• A hammer.
• Concrete mixer.

Capacity for concrete should be in the form of a trough so that it is convenient to mix the solution. Instead, you can use a concrete mixer that will simplify the process.

Sieve is required to screen sand, and shovel - for mixing. You also need to be stocking several buckets, in which you can transfer loose for solution or water. Kelma is useful for cleaning the walls of the container from concrete. The hammer may be needed for grinding cement that was lying.

How to make the desired brand of concrete?

Depending on which it is necessary to make a brand of concrete, a different number of components are used for a solution. The smaller the fluid is added, the more durable the material will be. Using gravel (read about the types and fractions of gravel), sand and cement M400 brand can be obtained various brands Concrete: M100, if adding 0.85 l of water per 1 kg of cement, and for concrete M400 - 0.4 liters.

The concrete brand determines the load on 1 cm 2 square. Depending on the type of design, special calculations are made to determine the appropriate brand. Basic brands of concrete:

• Low strength.
• With medium.
• High strength.

How to choose a brand of concrete?

To make the desired brand of concrete, take into account its purpose.

FROM low strength (M100, M150) Used for roads or screed for floor, also used in production with low loads.

Middle brands (M200, M250) - to create foundations in single-storey buildings, as well as sites, stairs.

High-strength(M350) - to create complex structures on which a large load is affected. Applied at industrial enterprises. Concrete M400 is used to build bridges.

Proportions for mixing concrete

For the preparation of concrete, the ratio of sand and gravel cement is taken in proportions 1: 3: 5, then 0.5 parts of the water is added. Sand for these purposes is desirable to use dry. If this material is wet, it is required to add a little more, and the water is less.

But on this universal formula, the solution is not completely correct. After all, it still depends on the cement brand, experimentally calculated the exact proportions of the materials for kneading the solution using the M500 brand cement, presented in the table.

Table. Required proportions of cement M500, gravel and sand to obtain the desired brand concrete.

How much is the materials for the preparation of 1m 3 concrete? At the output, a different amount of concrete is obtained. It depends on the amount of rubble used. The smaller the sand is used for the knead, the smaller the strength of the material. A large number of cement should also not be covered, because concrete is also weakening.

To prepare 1M 3 concrete brand M200, you will need:

• Crushed stone 1270 kg (0.77 m 3).
• Water 120 L (0.11 m 3).
• Sand 800 kg (0.53 m 3).
• Cement M500 - 270 kg brand (0.21 m 3).

By summing all the elements, it turns out 1.62 m 3, but when the solution is kneaded, the water and sand are placed in the emptiness granuned rubble, filling them. As a result, it turns out a dense substance without bubbles with a volume of 1 m 3.

Make the calculation of concrete will help make the following calculator

Each owner of a private house should be known how to cook concrete - it will help in the arrangement of the house or the country area. It often makes no sense to order just a couple of cubes of the factory concrete, it's just unprofitable. To save money, you can mix the solution manually and in significant quantities, if there are the necessary ingredients.

Instruments

At home, manually concrete solution is usually prepared for business buildings, but when building housing, it is necessary to approach this procedure very responsibly.

The main rule of the preparation of the solution: the cement brand should be 2 times the brand of concrete, which is needed for fill. Those. If the M150 concrete is needed, then the cement must be at least M300.

For pillows under the foundation and preparation of work in dry soils, a solution of B7.5 (M100) of a rigid consistency is used. As a filler uses rubble 5-20 mm. From the same concrete, but more plastic makes stairs, steps, pour fences, tracks, etc. For the same purposes in wet soils, it is recommended to prepare hard concrete B10 - B12.5 (M150). From a mixture of rigid consistency of this brand make both a draft floor and tracks.

For bookmark belt FundamentThe unloaded parts of the building will suit a hard solution B15 (M200) or B20 (M250). It is only a little more plastic, suitable for cesspools, sumps, septicists. For the foundation of a good residential building you need to do (B22,5): it will be the best option And crushed stone is better to take a fraction of 20-40 mm.

M350 (B25) and M500 (B40) is used for high-rise structures, heavy-duty structures, storages, installation of runways and in house construction do not apply - there is no need, and it is difficult to work with such a solution.

For the kneading solution you will need:

• chest or concrete mixer;
• shovels;
• hammer (for crushing a blind cement);
• buckets;
• site for sifting sand;
• capacities for washing filler.

Compound

Before cooking concrete, you need to monitor the quality of the components.

Water

Water should be as clean, without impurities, dirt, clay, soil. It is impossible to take a waste liquid from the marshes, standing sources, chemically polluted. The solution simply will not be well captured. On average, water should be half on the mass of cement.

In the already finished solution, never fuel water.

Filler

There is a shallow filler - sand, and large - gravel, crushed stone. For light mixes - clay filler, slag, brick or limestone crusp. There is a rule: the strength of a large filler is two to three times the design strength of the finished solution. Crushed stone creates a kind of power skeleton for a mixture.

The aggregator must be as clean, without land, branches, soil, and especially clay. It is sometimes washed, sieved on the construction site. The permissible amount of impurities: 35%  for rubble, 5% - for sand. Organic impurities destroy the solution from the inside. Recommend to sift, rinse and dry the filler before use.

Sand

Sand is desirable to take a big one, it is more versatile. There are 5 sand groups: from 3.5 mm - with large grains; up to 1.2 mm - fine-grained. The last builders are recommended for lightweight concrete.

Sand contamination check: 200 ml. Its falling asleep into the bottle, pour water, shackle, pour. Water takes impurities, the volume loss is more than 5% - poor quality. When kneading, take into account that dry sand contains 1% moisture, after the rain - 10%.

Fractions use small (up to 12 mm, up to 40 mm). Granite dropout or crumb take for a floor screed, easy work.

Crushed stone:

• granite - the best;
• gravel - standard for private construction;
• limestone - not recommended for buildings, as the limestone is taking place from moisture.

The most popular fractions: 5-20, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 mm. The size of the material should not exceed a third of the width of the product in the narrow part and 2/4 of the distance between the reinforcement. Do not recommend rubble more than 150 mm.

It is advisable to use two fractions - small (at least a third of large aggregate) and large - so concrete will be denser. Pebbles are categorically unwanted: it is smooth and does not bind the solution. Ceramzit (size of 3-5 cm) is suitable for easy screeds in houses with wooden floors.

Cement. Rigidity

Cement characteristic Consider separately in close relationship with the determination of its number in the mixture. Proper concrete preparation is based on the harmonious ratio of components. Concrete need to use all immediately - it is never left "for later", so the amount of the mixture needs to be well calculated.

Rigidity

Stiffness is determined by climbing: if the mixture flows from the horizontal plane - it is too liquid, plastic; When sliding when the slope is mediumplastic; If sticks, not sliding - low plastic; It does not settle, remaining a lump - tough. Liquid concrete is easier to lay, but quality and strength is hard better.

The most popular cement marks for private construction M400, M500.

Table - composition for 1 m3 of concrete:

So, the amount of M400 material for 1 cubic meters of mixture:

• for concrete B7.5 - 180 kg;
• B10 - 200 kg;
• B15 - 260 kg.

The main amount of the cement-sold is Portland cement M500. If he is taken, then the above rules must be multiplied by 0.88. This and the following formula is useful for purchasing the desired amount of cement. Length, width, the depth of the foundation is multiplied - the volume (cubature) is obtained, based on the above proportions, you can find out how much the cement is required.

Nuances

Cement at home is often charged with remnants from other construction. It should be borne in mind that such material does not have the necessary properties. For the preparation of the solution, it is necessary dry, not an overdue material without lumps - so concrete is not cracking. The shelf life of cement in the factory package is 90 days, in open packaging - no more than a week for dry conditions and no more than a day for wet. The enclosed material must be thoroughly split a hammer.

For the preparation of the solution manually popular brands of concrete M100 - M350. All calculations are carried out by weight and are based on the mass of cement. The ratio of ingredients is calculated as their weight ratio to it.

The damage strength of the solution is determined by the ratio of water and cement (HC). Less water - brand above. But with its disadvantage, the opposite effect may turn out, so the rule " more cement - Better (stronger) concrete "erroneous. As mentioned above, the cement brand should be higher than the design brand of the solution 2-3 times. Knowing water-cement attitude, you can increase or lower the brand of the mixture.

Recipe handicraft

Consider the option how to prepare a concrete mix for home construction manually, based on proportions with tables. Here are two tables using which you can define the proportions and the number of components for 1 cubic meter of the solution.

Table of water-ceiling relationship (aggregate indicators averaged):

Table - the ratio of water and cement

Calculation of water for filler per cube. m and the percentage of sand in it.

Table - Sand ratio, rubble and water

You also need to know the approximate density of fillers, weight in kg / m2:

• for gravel filler - 1600;
• for granite rubble – 1500;
• for quartz sand - 1500;
• for ceramisite - 600-800;
• for cement - 3000-3200 (bulk -1300 ÷ 1800).

Preparation of concrete M300 (1 cubic meters). Ingredients:

• crushed stone fraction 25 mm;
• mediterranean sand;
• portland cement M400.

The first table is determined by / c - 0.54; The second is the amount of water, with this aggregate you need 196 liters. Cement: 196 / 0.54 \u003d 363 liters. Volume and percentage of filler: 1- ((363/3000) +0.196) \u003d 0.680 m3. The percentage of sand look through the second table - 45%, it takes 680 × 0.45 \u003d 306 liters of sand. Crushed stone: 680-306 \u003d 374 liters.

The volumes were determined by liters, so you can work with a bucket of 10 liters. If the supplier measures fillers with tons, then they are not difficult to translate them into liters according to the above-mentioned density values \u200b\u200bin kg / m2 (for cement you need to take bulk density).

Other popular recipes and proportions

Generally accepted for the preparation of concrete at home are such proportions: 1 (C) / 4 (Sh) / 2 (P) / 0.5 (B). In the weight relationship it looks like this: 300/1250/600 kg, water - 180 liters.

If you take cement M400 - it turns out the M250 concrete, if the M500 cement, then the M350 solution. For low-brain solutions, it is necessary to reduce the cement content. For solution B20 (M250) there is another recipe: 1 (C - M500) / 2.6 (P) / 4.5 (sh) / 0.5 (c) or kg: 315/850/1050, water - 125 l per cube. m.

More proportions (cement: sand: crushed stone; water - half from cement):

• 1: 3.5: 5.7 - M150 (for floors, tracks);
• 1: 2.8: 4.8 - M200 (fences, foundations of garages and baths);
• 1: 1.9: 3.7 - M300 (walls, tape foundations);
• 1: 1.2: 2.7- M400 (very durable, professional, quickly grasps and hardens).

Simple secret

There is an easy way to determine proportions. Empty bucket is poured and crushed stone is evenly distributed. Water is added to the measuring dishes (with a can of 1 l), while its level is equal to the edge of the rubble. The volume of fluid is the required amount of sand.

Further, the crushed stone is poured, in his place fall asleep with the same bank sand of the same quantity as water was. Then water is poured again until the sand opens. This is so determined by the required volume of cement. The last component is water, its number is 50-60% of cement.

The method is based on the principle that the sand fills the emptiness between crushed stone pebbles, and cement - between the sands. In this case, the strength of the solution will be released approximately like the rubble. This method does not take into account the slip of the grains of the filler, some other parameters, but it is simple, can be used for non-unique structures.

Methods of kneading

Preparation is carried out in two ways:

• manually;
• with the help of compact concrete mixer (mechanical or automated).

Many are mistaken, believing that for the kneading manually needed a capacity - no, the preparation is carried out by means of a board from boards, metal, tin shields, trough from various materials, are also used, the concrete mixture is mixed even on a flat solid surface. If the shield is constructed from boards, they need to be tightly fit and, ideally, cutting with roofing glands, although you can knead and simply on a sheet of such iron with a slightly wrapped inside the edges.

First, pour a slide sand along the length of the shield, they make a furrow in the center, the cement fall there, the sand wocks gradually above the inside, gradually stirring. Further, in two shovels of sand and cement 3-4 times stirred, then everything is wetted with water from the watering can, is mixed again. Further, the gravel is evenly pounced, the mixture is prevented simultaneously, the water is tightened until the required consistency is formed.

Another sequence: Cement - Water - Sand - Gravel (Crusp).

There are two types of these devices: with gravitational or with a compulsory mechanism. The most simple and affordable first. This is a pear with blades inside, rotating in the inclined position. For the knead you need about 2-3 minutes of rotation.

Preparation is carried out in stages - so the concrete mixture is well mixed:

• the mechanism is always turned on empty;
• water poured;
• fall asleep half of cement;
• fall asleep all major filler;
• add second half of the cement;
• gradually falling asleep sand;
• rotation - 2-3 minutes.

Everything falls asleep only in the horizontally standing (as-inclined) bowl. The horizontally concrete mixer - the better. After the concrete is unloading, the bowl is necessarily washed with water so that it does not have a frozen solution. There are small mechanisms, they are comfortable, but at once they can mix no more than 4 buckets of rubbents, if you download more - it will not be able to tilt the bowl, it will be a poor quality.

In winter, the order changes: first hot water, then crushed stone, cement, sand. Potash (potassium carbonate), antiorusive additives, but you need to know the measure, they destroy the reinforcement.

Today it is impossible to imagine the construction of any construction without the use of concrete. It does not matter whether the sewer is built or a multi-storey building, most of the work consists in the formation and use of elements. When erecting various buildings, almost everyone who is associated with a construction site (and not only) knows how to knead the concrete when knowledge about the approximate proportions of the components. But at the same time, they do not know which brand it will work out how accurately you need to observe the established proportions than and how to measure the desired number of components, whether it will be sufficient for its strength for certain loads. Therefore, it is very important to know how to knead the concrete to fill the foundation or other works.

Diagram for the manufacture of the mixture: A - Wooden box, B - Tamble, in - Tamping with two handles, G - square Tambruska, D - Smoldering smoking

For many people who are infrequently engaged in construction, but from time to time they build something, improve in their farm or in the country, they want to make redevelopment, but do not have sufficient experience in the work of work, they also need to know the necessary proportions of components and the practical algorithm of the knead Mix with your own hands.

Definition

Concrete is a creamy material that can be made artificially mixing solid aggregates with diluted a binding substance. Portland cement (sometimes lime) is widely used as binding compounds, which, after mixing in the desired proportions with water, is collapsed and quickly solidified by forming a solid monolithic body, the properties of which are similar to the characteristics of the stone.

The bodies that are part of the body provide its strength, which most often use sand, crushed stone or gravel in certain proportions.

Compression strength is one of the main characteristics, which, until recently, was indicated in the mark of the number in kgf / sq. CM (0.1 MPa) after the letter "M". There are brands from M50 to M 1000. Now the product strength indicates the letter "in" and numerical designation of guaranteed strength in MPa. There are classes from B3.5 to B80, and approximately their compliance with brands in the main range is: B7.5 (M100); B10 (M150); B12.5 (M150); B15 (M200); B20 (M250); B22.5 (M300); B25 (M350); B30 (M400); B35 (M450); B40 (M550).

For production with your own hands it is necessary to determine how much and what material it is necessary to prepare. Preferential distribution in the preparation of the mixture acquired portland cement, sand, crushed stone, water in the respective proportions. To know in advance the number of each of these components, it is necessary to know the volume of the object or foundation, it is necessary to make the selection of the brand, and hence its composition and proportions of the components used.

Requirements for components

Today, a wide distribution has acquired a portland cement, which contains a large amount of calcium silicates. Depending on the number of additives in the cement, it is divided into three groups: from 0% to 5%, from 6% to 35%, more than 35% (according to European classification, respectively, SEM І-SEMI, and in the old domestic classification in the brand The cement after hyphen is the letter "D" with a number that indicates the number of additives in percent, for example, M500-D20).

For the production of concrete, portland cement grades 32.5 (M400) or 42.5 (M500) is better suited. The design will be stronger when using the highest brand cement.

The required amount of water for preparation should be calculated on the basis of the mass of the finished dry mixture of bulk components obtained by the calculation on the table, and is equal to its half. For example, for concrete B22.5 (M300) per 1 kg of cement B42.5 (M500), it is necessary about 3.85 liters of water ((1 + 2.4 + 4.3) / 2 \u003d 3.85). Excess fluid leads to a change in the structure, which helps to reduce carrier ability Products forming cracks. The lack of moisture interferes with the normal mixing of the mixture, wetting the components. In addition, the low response to the yield will not allow concrete well to fill and lead to the formation of internal voids and the fragility of the foundation or beam.

Alsystem

Concrete with your own hands using the following tools and mechanisms:

• concrete mixers (metal drawer or sheet of tinsel size of about 1.5x1.5 m);
• buckets (different water and for bulk substances);
• large buckets or cars (with tin body);
• soviet shovel.

You can knead concrete in a metal box or on a fuster. You need to pour sand in the required volume, add the desired amount of cement and mix them, and then add water and crushed stone in the required proportion. All this should be stirred by a symptoms to monotonous consistency without lumps.

If you use a concrete mixer, it will be practical to make a cheap with the next sequence of operations. First, in the concrete mixer, we pour water with the subsequent backfilling of the cement, interfer 2-3 minutes, then gradually in several portions with breaks add sand according to the proportion. After receiving a homogeneous solution with a working stirrer, add rubble to the drum. At the same time, it is necessary to monitor the sufficiency of the water, if necessary, you can safely make it additive. Another 5-7 minutes of mixing, and the concrete is ready for the fill. The drum is desirable to load 80% of its complete capacity.

Concrete in its properties is a unique material. It is applied not only for construction work, but also for the construction of all sorts of structures and buildings. Many piece goods are also made of it, for example, such as: vases, balusters, and even countertops for the living room, the lane in the garden. Modern methods of making concrete and its further processing helps to be on one level with such materials as marble or granite. Although this material is not very aesthetic, unlike the latter, but still everyone has long been known, from which it is made.

If you have decided not to buy concrete, it is necessary to find out how this material can be made on your own, so that it can meet the necessary qualities and will have excellent strength and long time Services. Although the procedure for making concrete is the simplest, it is necessary to take into account a number of some nuances and features that will determine its further quality and suitable properties. Depending on the main objectives for which this material is manufactured, its scope of application will be changed, as well as the recipe.

What qualities has concrete

And if you wished to learn how to make concrete with your own hands, then you must take into account the proportions. But before, talking about the process of making this building materialIt is necessary to find out what concrete represents, and what basic qualities it possesses.

Basically, concrete consists of a mixture of special filler and cement. Based on this, the most important ingredients of the concrete are: sand, cement and filler. What as a filler can be: pebbles, crushed stone, gravel and other solid materials. In modern technology, this composition is assumed to use some additives, such as plasticizers. Their main goal is to give concrete of additional unique properties.

The most important properties of concrete must be compression and strength. The last property is usually expressed in mega Pascal (MPa). They define the class of concrete, as well as pressure. Depending on the strength, the concrete is divided into the corresponding brands. In the CIS countries, the approved GOST classes have the following designation:

B7.5-B80. Their main difference depends on the type of cement, which is used in the preparation of concrete.

(M300-M-600), as well as all sorts of fractions, sand, and crushed stone. The numbers in the class name, as a rule, denote the pressure in MPa, which concrete will withstand in 96% of cases.

The easiest option of concrete is simple mixture from large sand and cement mortar. This type of concrete is largely used as a foundation or substrate. It is possible to make such a concrete at the bottom of the formwork when the foundation is arranged. In this case, when preparing, a small amount of water should be added to the mixture, for the possibility of purchasing its density. The strength in this case will be absent, but this material will be protected for the foundation.

For the manufacture of a more durable concrete, all sorts of crushed stone, having a fraction from 2-3 mm and up to 35-40 mm, must be used as the main fillers. The quality of such a material will depend on the components used, and the composition.

Based on this, you can make the following conclusion - before you begin to understand the methods of preparation of concrete and its proportions, to possibly make a concrete solution correctly, it is necessary to very carefully examine each ingredient individually.

Requirements for concrete components

Cement.

Cement is one of the most important and unity of its kind components, which provides a bunch of all ingredients into a single whole. Portland cement is more suitable for the manufacture of concrete. It is distinguished by the increased content of calcium silicates (up to 79-80%). This in turn will provide better adhesion and excellent gluing of all materials. But still, depending on the task, any other types of cement can be applied.

More suitable for frequent use by the cement brand are 500. You can also apply the standard brand M 400. But this may affect the service life of the foundation. Portland cement is great for working at low temperatures. But still, it should be remembered that it is impossible to work with concrete at temperatures below 15 degrees. But if there is a weighty reason to apply concrete at a very low temperature, then you will need to take the use of special additives and various plasticizers. We will tell about it later.

When carrying out work during hottime, it is better to use SlagoporTland cement. In Russian marking of cement, in addition to the designation of its strength (MPA), there is still a designation D. after this letter, as a rule, a digit is prescribed, which indicates the number of foreign impurities in this cement. Thus, for the manufacture of a well-known concrete, the cement is best suitable for the M500-BD, or M500-D20. (with impurities from 0 to 20 percent).

Cement must be dry. It is impossible to buy a lot of redeemed cement with lumps. Also, it is not necessary to save too much on its acquisition, and buy a non-marked material, or shred. And all because concrete will be applied to build the main elements of a residential building. And from HIP external viewThe quality of construction will depend on. Remember that your security depends on this fact. In bad conditions, cement begins to absorb a large amount of moisture from the air. Thus, its main qualities are lost.

Buy the volume of cement required you is better in advance (2-3 weeks before it is applied). When buying, it is necessary to carefully check the presence of labeling and integrity of the packaging itself.

Sand.

Not depending on which you will use the aggregate (gravel or crushed stone), you will also need sand. Only in some cases, it is possible to do without it, when it is possible to make a lambent of a large aggregator in such a way that all the gaps between the constituent are small. That sand, which is more suitable for the manufacture of concrete, must necessarily contain a fraction from 1.7 to 5 mm. But it is best when this material is uniform size (no more than 1-2 mm). There should be no different third-party impurities in the sand. Various vegetable residues or any inclusions that have the likelihood of decay with time will adversely affect the solid properties of concrete. But if the sand is not very clean, it is easier to sift it through a special sieve having small cells. You can also do with rubble. When making concrete, it is best to use river sand. Of course, this material will at least differ from the ambition, but it will have the desired size of the gruses, and it will not be present in it or or clay. The most important thing is to provide excellent adhesion of a cement mortar having large aggregates that will determine the strength of the concrete itself. It follows that sand, with a sublink content, or grains, having a size less than 1mm, it is better not to apply in the manufacture of concrete, as it will be very difficult to delete them. To do this, it is necessary to produce the procedure for settling sand and its washing, which is difficult to do even in industrial conditions. For those places near which stone careers are located, artificial heavy sand can be applied. It can be obtained thanks to the crushing of rocks. It is distinguished by its density and greater mass. If you make an excellent flushing and cut out particles in size, then this material will be better in its properties. river sand. It should only take into account the fact that when it is manufactured and further applications, the concrete will turn out much harder. This is an important fact, if it is applied to the manufacture of screeds on top of multi-storey overlaps. Weighing obstacle to the use of heavy sand can be a high radiation background.

Aggregate. Gravel, crushed stone.

The main and basic strength of concrete provides crushed stone and gravel. The river or marine pebble in this case does not fit, since the surface of this natural material is polished with water, thereby not be able to provide the desired clutch with the solution. Best, as a placeholder, is suitable that material that turns out of fragmented rock breed. Very often, the ceramzite is used, or some similar material, which is quite durable, but at the same time easy. Below, in our article we will consider in more detail the principle with which you can select the desired material for the manufacture of concrete, providing it with reliability and strength.

In order to make concrete with your own hands, it is important to take into account its composition and proportion. Now we are talking about important materials that are used to make concrete composition. In this part of the article we are talking about an important component of concrete - gravel and crushed stone.

The size of rubble or gravel can be from 9 to 35 mm. And large pieces are used to a greater degree in production, but very rarely. It is best that the aggregate is in its composition a small amount of dust or various clay impurities on the surface. All the garbage should be removed until the gravel is introduced into the solution. The more roughness on the edges of the particles, the better. From this fact will depend on excellent and reliable clutch. In order to make it possible to prepare concrete yourself, it is best to use that aggregate in which there are particles of various sizes, or make mixing large gravel with average. Since you do not have professional equipment in order to catch the concrete, it will be able to ensure the best fit of the particles of the aggregate used to each other, and will not be able to allow the appearance of large voids. Otherwise, they will be filled with mortar, and this will directly affect the strength of the concrete itself.

Store crushed stone and gravel better than a mound. And storage this material follows close to the place of its use. To avoid contamination of these materials, it is best to store embankment on dry tarpaulin, or a plot that has a solid foundation. In a simpler embodiment, when all materials are scattered directly to the ground, do not need to manufacture concrete, apply the bottom layer that in contact with it.

Water.

Very important moments in the manufacture of concrete is the choice of water. It must necessarily be clean, and do not have third-party impurities and alkaline inclusions. Also should not apply river or lake water. You just need to fulfill the following rule: that water that is suitable for drinking will also be suitable for making concrete. If you are guided by this rule, then your concrete can serve as faithfully for many years.

Additives: Lime.

Most of the masters that contribute to the concrete a number of hazed lime, thereby increasing the laidness of concrete. This will be able to make the process of alignment of the concrete screed much easier. But still, the lime can adversely affect the good bond of cement with the aggregate. This in turn will affect strength. By the way, no one has already been quenched on its own long ago. You can use the already cooked lime (hated). It can be found on sale in any construction store.

Plasticizers.

In order to give a concrete solution to a good turnover, or vice versa, to ensure maximum viscosity, as a rule, use different plasticizers that methods to change the properties of the solution in the desired direction. The use of plasticizers can significantly increase, or reduce the amount of water required for the manufacture of the solution.

For filling the foundation, plasticizers are not necessarily not necessarily use, but still, they will play a big role if the foundation has a rather complicated form, or reinforcement will be more dense. And more fluid concrete will be securely able to fill in all existing emptiness, which in turn will be able to speed up the process and improve the final result.

Plasticizers for concrete. Auxiliary elements.

In addition to the listed, it is quite realistic to apply special additives to be able to give concrete progressive properties. For example, you can apply additives for solidification and grasp concrete at low temperatures, or with high humidity. For the desired goals, appropriate additives applies. The most important thing is to determine for yourself, the need for their application, as well as pick up the desired additive in a specialized store. In this case, it is important to carefully examine the instructions for the properties and use of these additives.

In the same case, if the conditions for the use of concrete will wear boundary parameters, in humidity and temperature, the use of plasticizers and various additives will be necessary.

Reinforcing substances.

In addition to the aggregate to concrete, specific additives for reinforcement are used very often. For example, when applying concrete for the manufacture of a thin screed, a polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene fiber is used. This material is very soft and rather not durable, but thanks to its use, you can avoid such situations where concrete begins to crack in those areas where the slabs of the overlap converge.

Selection of the ratio of all materials for the manufacture of concrete

For certain purposes, as a rule, will be required and different composition concrete. Suppose to manufacture a foundation under a residential building you need to use a longer concrete, which will contain a large crushed stone with a size of 25 to 35 mm, and a certain amount of solution that is enough to strengthen the aggregate. In this case, it must be fluent, since it is necessary to more reliably make the mobble of concrete and try to remove all the resulting air bubbles from it. But after all, before starting to engage in the fill of the main number of concrete, you must first equip the substrate. As a rule, for this, it is applied more simple for the manufacture and not very durable concrete of 7.5, which in addition to cement mortar, includes major sand. Since the mortar of concrete is not very liquid, and it is more like a wet soil.

For the manufacture of the foundation, the average fraction of the aggregator is necessary, and also a liquid solution. This will help ensure easier distribution of the solution on the surface with a thinner layer. Everything else, the average and small fraction of the aggregate will be necessary in the manufacture of decor elements, balusters, or some kind of garden utensils.

The composition of concrete on components and their ratio must be carried out according to GOST 7473-94 and SNOP 5.01.23-83. In this case, it is also necessary to take into account the density of each component, and middle density concrete. After carrying out required calculations All the ratios of the ingredients can begin to make the manufacture of concrete and its fill.

More common proportions of concrete are 1: 3: 6 parts of cement, aggregate and sand, and 0.5-1 parts of water. But still very often adhering to this layout, as a rule, it will turn out not very good on the quality of concrete. And this can be noted, only after a certain time. It is best to produce an easy calculation and prevent the appearance of trouble. After carrying out the necessary calculations, it is necessary to correctly select the method of measuring components. You will have only weighing and volumetric parameters in your hands, and they unfortunately incompatible with them. Such material as sand can be very wet, or loose. It follows that one bucket having a volume of 10 liters will not have the weight that can be calculated from the density ratio to the volume. If you disassemble the humidity of the same sand and gravel, they should be descended to dry out than to calculate the desired number of portions of these ingredients.

And in order to determine the looseness and calculation of portions, it is necessary to weigh the portions of each component to one volume. To do this, take a bucket, or other capacity and fill it with sand, aggregate and cement without tamping, and weigh the received portion.

Then, having completed simple calculations, you should translate the calculations in the Veda ratio.

How to knead concrete

Above, we described in detail each component of concrete. Now it is worth talking about how to make a concrete for the foundation with your own hands. It is now that you should specify which proportions need to be used in this case.

In order to replace concrete, it is necessary to apply special concrete mixers. Only in this way can be more high quality and quickly make mixing of all ingredients and deliver the resulting concrete to the right place. You can also make concrete yourself. There are two popular options:

• In the first embodiment, first it is necessary to mix all the ingredients in dry form, but only after that, pour water.
• In the second embodiment, cement, aggregate and sand is poured into died out and pouring water.

Stirring ingredients in a dry form seems that all materials have been distributed more evenly, but still there is no one hundred percent warranty that the entire volume can quickly get intoxicate. The result of this work you will receive the following: the bottom will remain non-mixed dry composition. And this means violations of proportions.

If this composition is long and thoroughly mixed, then a lot of time will pass, and the solution will begin to harden and flaw. And when making everyone required components The cement will be lost in the water quite a long time and will not be able to conclude with the filler.

The second option is still a bit better than the first. Based on this, it is thus necessary to knead concrete in small quantities.

Now we were able to find out that the manual is not very good. The easiest way, rent a concrete mixer or buy it. The concrete mixer should be no further than 40-45 meters from the place where concrete will be applied. All components should also be located near the concrete mixer.

Concrete snacks

1. The volume of the standard concrete mixer is 200 liters of the prepalanted solution. This figure it is necessary to carry out all calculations by the number of each component.
2. Then you need to make a cooking concrete by adding it to the concrete mixer.
3. After that, a certain amount of water is introduced into it. Approximately 10-15% can be added later. This in turn will be able to alleviate mixing after making all materials.
4. Next, cement should be laid. If you were left some amount of water, then cement can also be left in the same quantity.
5. Now the sand falls asleep. Mixing at this stage is needed to obtain a uniform distribution of all components.
6. After cement mortar It will be made, you should add the necessary additional. Components (additives, plasticizers). The most latter is the main aggregate (crushed stone, gravel).
7. If you need to make water, then you must first mix it with cement, and pour the obtained cement milk into the concrete mixer. This procedure should take about 10-15 minutes in your time. If you interfere longer, then the cement in the solution will be captured.
8. Delivery of the solution is made with a wheelbarrow. If the entire mixed solution does not fit in a wheelbarrow, then its residues need to be left in a working concrete mixer.

Pouring concrete

Now you need to competently pour, and then distribute the concrete. The result will depend on this work, but to a lesser extent than from the two preceding options. Concrete is an inhomogeneous solution. So in order to correctly distribute it, it is necessary to produce it to the ramp, so that the filler can be more tightly conmensed inside the solution itself. Also, you need to carefully follow the fact that there are no air bubbles in the solution. For this, as a rule, vibration is applied. The use of special vibration installations will help better tamper concrete. For the device of walls and foundation, a special unit is used, which is equipped with a vibrating hose. The latter is immersed in the solution, and then the rambling is made.

For the manufacture of a thinner layer, such as screed, surface instruments having a long rail are used. Under the influence of fine vibration, the solution is stirred over the surface. The surface of the concrete, in this case, will be aligned, and immediately rammed. When pouring concrete, use acute reinforcement rods and to pierce it for the entire depth of the solution. Thus, all the accumulated air in solution will be produced. Since the fill occurs gradually, then the procedure for piercing a new portion of concrete, it is necessary to deepen the rod to 10 cm in the previous layer for better bonding. The most recent stage should be aligned by the level of the upper layer. This process can be made in several stages, depending on the clutch of the solution and its complete drying.

Concrete is an important component of almost any work. On the submitted object, the stage of concreting is assumed. It may be, for example, the foundation, overlapping, walls, gender, gesture. The needs of large-scale construction are provided by the commodity concrete mix produced by the factories. Individual developers and owners of private houses prefer to prepare a solution on their own, saving in this way of money. If the industrial method guarantees quality control, then private owners need to follow correct proportions Bookmarks of components, compliance with the sequence of mixing and fill the mixture. It is possible to achieve the desired result in concreting only by strictly following the instructions and technological schemes.

The concrete mix is \u200b\u200balways prepared on the basis of 4 components. It:

• cement;
• sand;
• water;
• large aggregate.

All proportions are focused on cement. In this case, its brand is an important indicator. For example, for some types of concrete, it is enough to take the binding M400, and for other prerequisites there will be a M500 or SlagoporTecent.

The basic ratio, often used in practice, is C: P: Sh: B \u003d 1: 3: 5: 0.5. For example, to prepare a mixture based on 100 kg of binder, you need to add 300 kg of sand, 500 kg of rubble and 50 liters of water. Those who prefer to knew concrete with their own hands, it will be easier to decide on the number of components "in buckets". In this case, only conditionally speak of accuracy. On 1 bucket of the binder, 2 buckets of sand, 3 - rubble and approximately half-water.

You can calculate the ingredients for any volume. Professionals argue that to obtain 1 m³ of concrete mix of different marks, you need to take the accurate volume of cement. The table will release this data. Accordingly, then the amount of rubbank, sand and water is determined, based on the relationships for the necessary brand.

The composition of concrete about 10% occupies cement. The aggregates account for 80-85%. There are 2 of their species: finely and coarse-grained. The role of the filler is the formation and creation of a rigid concrete "skeleton", which reduces the shrinkage and preventing the formation of cracks and chips in the design.

Small aggregate is sand. It should be the most purified from impurities. The most appreciated river. Career may have impurities (loams, lumps of clay). The hosts of private households do not always comply with the requirements for the purity of sand and allow backing the contaminated material into a mixing container. In the nearest ravine, the forest or on the banks of the river, they type in the sand buckets, and, without sieving it, send it to the concrete mixer. As a rule, the finished composition contains "foreign bodies", such as herbs stems, plant roots, soil.

As for a large filler, several options are allowed here: crushed stone, gravel, screening, broken brick, fragmented pieces of frozen concrete.

The use of each of the listed species is regulated by the type of work. For the draft fill as the aggregate, broken pieces of concrete, crushed brick, are quite suitable. By performing finishing concreting, crushed stone (5-20 mm), gravel and explorer should be added.

Overview of different species

1. Light concrete.

The brands below M200 are considered light. They are used only for preparatory work. For example, the pillow for the foundation is poured from M100, a thin layer under the breakfast or a monolithic stove. Active use Lightweight concrete finds in road construction. The finished mixture contains a very small amount of cement (167 kg per 1 m³). This is barely enough to bind the aggregate. Standard proportions of the composition C: P: SH \u003d 1: 4.6: 7.

The M100 concrete mix has low frost resistance (50 cycles) and waterproof (W2). Low requirements are nominated to aggregates. In addition, additives are not used in the manufacture of "skinny" concrete.

One of the most common types. Its frost resistance (100 cycles) and waterproof allow us to apply concrete in a wide variety of building processes. Improve the quality composition of the material also allow additives and plasticizers.

The heavy concrete mix M200 is suitable for the arrangement of ribbon foundations under single and two-storey buildings, fill the scene, floors, screeds, overlap slabs. IN industrial purposes The brand is used in the production of reinforced concrete jumpers, slabs of the fence, rings, fences.

On 1 m³ you will need almost 10 bags weighing 25 kg each, more precisely - 241 kg. The basic proportions of the components of the concrete are determined as follows: C: P: Shch \u003d 1: 2.8: 4.8. The ratios of the ingredients are calculated on the basis of the cement brand M400. Measuring in buckets, it is difficult to achieve such accuracy.

It is manufactured in the same ratio as M200, but at the expense of additives has higher parameters of frost resistance, waterproof, plasticity. Qualitative indicators of the material with the same number of major components can be improved by changing the type of aggregate. The best option will be granite crushed stone.

The scope of M250 is similar to MEK M200:

• building;
• arrangement of foundations, woodworks;
• pouring slabs of overlaps, floors.

The second most popular view after M200. It is used to create responsible structures, roads, fill the staircase marches. Indispensable in the production of durable paving tile. The ratio of components is calculated as 1: 1.2: 2.7. For 1 m³, 320 kg of cement M400 brand is needed.

The composition of the concrete mixture on 1m³ of concrete is determined from the proportions: C: P: Shch \u003d 1: 1.5: 3.1 (cement M400) or C: P: Shk \u003d 1: 1.9: 3.6 (cement M500). The material is used to fill the airfield plates, the construction of large objects, the production of reinforced concrete products. For household purposes, it is practically no applied.

6. Concrete M400.

Composition and proportion of concrete It is customary to take such - C: P: Shch \u003d 1: 1,1: 2.5. Suitable for the arrangement of floors of special strength (production workshops, basements, workshops, garages), as well as for foundations. In the case of individual construction (concreting) of the correct ratio of components, it is easy to achieve. The measurement of "buckets" suggests that the difference between the amount of sand and cement constituting only one tenth (0,1) can be taken into account by pouring the container with the "slide".

You can summarize information about the composition of the concrete and the ratio of components in the table.

Concrete mix for foundation and scene

The arrangement of various foundations and the fill of the scene is often performed work in individual construction. Most owners prefer to conduct these processes own forces. The composition of the concrete is known to everyone, and the ratio of the binding M400 and fillers is determined in buckets as 1: 3: 5: 0.5. It is important to remember that these proportions are given at the output M200. If another stamp is required and parameters, quantitative indicators should be changed.

With an increase in the percentage ratio of additives, the composition of the mixture is improved. In this case, the proportions of concrete for the foundation or scene do not change. On the packaging of any additive or plasticizer there is an instruction. By adding a tool into solution, you must follow the recommendations. Excessive "passion" by additives is fraught with negative consequences.

1. Concrete nuances for breakfast.

Scene as an element of construction performs immediately 2 important functions:

• protection of the foundation from erosion;
• aesthetic.

Therefore, the design should be waterproof, frost-resistant, durable. For its arrangement, the M200 concrete mixture is used (class B15) and above. The composition includes standard components. It is only important to take the right crushed stone and clean sacred sand. The stone can be of mountain origin, suitable and river gravel. The required fraction is 5-20 mm.

Tips for specialists about the relations such: C: P: Sh: B \u003d 1: 3: 4: 0.5. On 1 m³ of a mixture prepared by classical recipe, you will need 280 kg of binding M400, 840 kg of sand, 1400 kg of rubble, 190 liters of water.

The knee starts the compound of cement and water. Moreover, the amount of fluid must be minimal. According to the technology it is assumed that the water is completely absorbed by the binders. Surplus fluid negatively affect strength. Further, part of sand and rubble are added to the water-cement mass.

2. Production of a concrete mix for the foundation.

The brand is determined based on the parameters of the object under construction. This takes into account:

• soil type;
• building weight;
• type of reinforcement;
• presence or absence of base.

Minimum valid Mark. - M150. It is used on sandy soils in the construction of household and auxiliary premises. If the soil is clay, then a mixture of M200 and above is used. This type or M300 is suitable for the arrangement of a tape foundation of buildings 2-3 floors.

The ratio of components when cooking foundation concrete It is defined as C: P: Shch \u003d 1: 2.8: 4.8 (cement M400). In practice, the proportion is usually rounded up to 1: 3: 5, to be more convenient to be considered in buckets.