Water of the World Ocean What is. World Ocean. Building and relief. Soleside of ocean, sea and river water

General. The Ocean Square is 361 million km / sq. In the northern hemisphere, the global ocean occupies 61%, and in South - 81% of the hemisphey area. For convenience, the globe is depicted in the form of so-called hemispheres cards. Highlights of the northern, southern, western and eastern hemispheres, as well as the cards of the hemispheres of the oceans and the mainland (Fig. 7). In oceanic hemispheres, 95.5% of the area occupies water.

World Ocean: the structure and history of the study. The world ocean is one, he is not interrupted anywhere. From any of its point you can get into any other, without crossing the land. According to scientists, the term ocean is borrowed from Phoneania and translated from ancient Greek language means "the Great River, Watching Earth."

The term "world ocean" introduced a Russian scientist Yu.M. Shokalsky in 1917. In rare cases, instead of the term "world ocean" use the term "oceanosphere".

Card hemispheres of graphic discoveries, which covers the oceans from the second half of the XV century to the first half of the XVII century. Great geographical discoveries are associated with the names of X. Columbus, J. Cabot, Vasco da Gama, F. Magellan, J. Drayka, A. Tasman, A. Vespucci, etc. Thanks to the outstanding seafarers and travelers, humanity learned a lot of interesting things about the World Ocean, about His outlines, depth, salinity, temperature mode, etc.

Targeted scientific research The World Ocean was launched in the 18th century and are associated with the names of J. Cook, I. Kruzenshtern, Y. Lisínsky, F. Bellinshausen, N. Lazareva, S. Makarova, and others. A significant contribution to the study of the World Ocean has made an oceanographic expedition on the ship "Challenger " The results obtained by the expedition "Challenger" laid the foundation for new science - oceanography.

In the 20th century, the study of the World Ocean is carried out on the basis of international cooperation. Since 1920, work is underway to measure the depths of the World Ocean. An outstanding French explorer, Jean Picar, in 1960, was the first to go to the bottom of Mariana Vpadin. A lot of interesting information about the World Ocean collected the team of the famous French explorer Jacques Iva Kusto. Space observations are valuable information about the World Ocean.

The structure of the World Ocean. The world ocean is known to be conditionally divided into separate oceans, seas, bays and straits. Each ocean is separate natural complex, due to the geographical position, the originality of the geological structure and its inhabiting bioorganism.

The world ocean in 1650 was first divided by the Dutch scientist B. Varenius for 5 parts, which at present approved the International Oceanographic Committee. The composition of the oceans is allocated 69 seas, including 2 on land (Caspian and Aral).

Geological structure. The world ocean consists of large lithospheric plates, which, with the exception of Pacific, are named by the name of the mainland.

On the bottom of the World Ocean there are river, glacial and biogenic sediments. The deposits of existing volcanoes are usually confined to the mid-oceanic ridges.

Relief of the World Ocean. The relief of the World Ocean, as well as the Sushi relief, has a complex structure. The bottom of the world's ocean is usually separated from land sushi, or shelf. At the Day of the World Ocean, like on land, there are plains, mountain chains, plain elevations, canyons and depressions. Deep-sea depressions - the notion of the World Ocean, which can not be found on land.

The average and oceanic ridges are together with the extensions a continuous single chain of a length of 60,000 km. Sushi waters are separated between five pools: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Northern Arctic and internal closed. For example, rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean or to the components of his sea are called the rivers of the Pacific basin, etc.

A.Osaatov, A. Abdulkassimov, M.Mirakmalov "Physical Geography of the Strain and Oceans" Publishing and Printing Creativity "O`qituvchi" Tashkent-2013

It has long been known that oceanic waters cover most of our planet's surface. They constitute a continuous aqueous shell, which accounts for more than 70% of the entire geographic plane. But few people wondered that the properties of ocean waters were unique. They have a huge impact on climatic conditions and economic activities of people.

Property 1. Temperature

Ocean water can accumulate heat. (about 10 cm deep) hold a huge amount of heat. Cooling, the ocean heats the lower layers of the atmosphere, so that the average temperature of the earth air is +15 ° C. If there were no oceans on our planet, then the average temperature with difficulty would reach -21 ° C. It turns out that due to the ability of the World Ocean to accumulate warmly, we got a comfortable and cozy planet.

Temperature properties of ocean waters change jump-like. The heated surface layer is gradually mixed with deeper waters, as a result of which a sharp temperature difference occurs at a depth of several meters, and then smooth down to the bottom. The depths of the world's oceans have about the same temperature, measurements below three thousand meters are usually shown from +2 to 0 ° C.

As for surface water, their temperature depends on geographic latitude. The spherical shape of the planet determines the sunlight on the surface. Closer to the Equator, the sun gives more heat than the poles. For example, the properties of the oceanic waters of the Pacific Ocean directly depend on the average temperature indicators. The surface layer has the highest average temperature, which is more than +19 ° C. It may not affect the surrounding climate, and on the underwater flora and fauna. Next, the surface waters of which are on average loading to 17.3 ° C. Then the Atlantic, where this indicator is 16.6 ° C. And the lowest average temperatures - in the Arctic Ocean - approximately +1 ° C.

Property 2. Saltness

What other properties of ocean waters study modern scientists? They are interested in the composition of sea water. The water in the ocean is a cocktail of dozens of chemical elements, and an important role in it is assigned to salts. The salinity of ocean waters is measured in ppm. Denote its icon "‰". PROMILL means thousandth fraction of the number. It is estimated that the liter of ocean water has an average salinity 35.

In the study of the World Ocean, scientists more than once wondered about what properties of ocean waters. Are they the same in the ocean everywhere? It turns out, salinity, as well as the average temperature, is heterogeneous. The indicator affects a number of factors:

• the amount of atmospheric precipitation - rain and snow significantly reduce the total salinity of the ocean;
• the flow of large and small rivers - the salinity of oceans, washing the continents with a large number of full-flowing rivers, below;
• ice formation - this process increases salinity;
• melting of ice - this process lowers the salinity of water;
• evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean - salts will not evaporate together with waters, and salinity rises.

It turns out that the different salinity of the oceans is explained by the temperature of surface waters and climatic conditions. The highest average salinity at the water of the Atlantic Ocean. However, the salty point is the Red Sea, belongs to Indian. The smallest indicator is characterized by the Arctic Ocean. These properties of the oceanic waters of the Arctic Ocean are most well felt near the imposition of the genuine rivers of Siberia. Here the salinity does not exceed 10.

Interesting fact. Total salt in the world ocean

Scientists did not agree on the number of chemical elements dissolved in the waters of the oceans. Presumably from 44 to 75 elements. But they estimated that in total in the oceans simply was dissolved simply an astronomical number of salts, approximately 49 quadrillion tons. If you evaporate and dry all this salt, then it will cover the surface of the sushi layer more than 150 m.

Property 3. Density

The concept of "density" is studied for a long time. This is the ratio of mass of matter, in our case of the World Ocean, to the occupied volume. Knowledge of the magnitude of the density is necessary, for example, to maintain buoyancy of ships.

And temperature and density - inhomogeneous properties ocean water. The average value of the latter is 1.024 g / cm³. This indicator was measured at average temperature and salts. However, in different parts of the world's ocean, the density varies depending on the depth of the measurement, the temperature of the site and its salinity.

Consider for example the properties of the oceanic waters of the Indian Ocean, and specifically the change in their density. The greatest will be in the Suez and Persian Gulf. Here it comes to 1.03 g / cm³. In the warm and salty waters of the North-West part of the Indian Ocean, the indicator drops to 1.024 g / cm³. And in the distressed northeastern part of the ocean and in the Bengal Gulf, where many precipitation falls, the smallest indicator is about 1.018 g / cm³.

The density of fresh water is lower, which is why sticking to water in rivers and other fresh reservoirs is somewhat more complicated.

Properties 4 and 5. Transparency and color

If you type marine water in the bank, it will seem transparent. However, with an increase in the thickness of the water layer, it acquires a bluish or greenish tint. Color change is associated with the absorption and dispersion of light. In addition, the color of the ocean waters affect the suspension of various composition.

Bluish color clean water - The result of the weak absorption of the red part of the visible spectrum. With a high concentration in the oceanic water of phytoplankton, it acquires blue-green or green. This is due to the fact that phytoplankton absorbs the red part of the spectrum and reflects green.

The transparency of the ocean water indirectly depends on the number of suspended particles in it. In the field, transparency is determined by the disk of the sect. A flat disk, the diameter of which does not exceed 40 cm, lowered into the water. The depth on which it becomes not visible is made for the transparency indicator in the area.

Properties 6 and 7. Sound distribution and electrical conductivity

Sound waves are capable of spreading under a thousand kilometers water. The average distribution rate is 1500 m / s. This indicator for sea water is higher than for fresh. The sound is always slightly deviated from the straight line.

It has more significant electrical conductivity than fresh. The difference is 4000 times. It depends on the number of ions per unit of water volume.

hydrosphere (an aqueous shell of the Earth), which is overwhelming part (more than $ 90 \\% $) and is a totality of water bodies (oceans, seas, bays, straits, etc.), wash the sushi sites (mainland, peninsula, islands, etc. .d.).

The World Ocean area is about $ 70 \\% $ planet Earth, which exceeds the area of \u200b\u200ball sushi by more than $ 2 $.

The world ocean, as the main part of the hydrosphere, is a special component - the oceanosphere, which is the object of studying the science of oceanology. Thanks to this scientific discipline, the component, as well as the physico-chemical composition of the oceans, is currently known. Consider a Read more Component composition of the World Ocean.

The world ocean can be combined on the main components of its independent major parts communicating between themselves - oceans. In Russia, on the basis of an established classification, four separate oceans from the composition of the World Ocean were released: quiet, Atlantic, Indian and North Arctic. In some foreign countries, in addition to the four oceans, the fifth - southern (or southern ice), in which the water is combined southern pieces Quiet, atlantic and Indian Oceanovsurrounding Antarctica. However, due to the uncertainty of the borders this ocean In the Russian classification of oceans is not allocated.

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Seas

In turn, the component composition of the oceans includes seas, bays, straits.

Definition 2.

Sea - This is part of the ocean, limited by the banks of the mainland, islands and the raises of the bottom and differing from neighboring objects with physico-chemical, environmental and other conditions, as well as characteristic hydrological characteristics.

According to the morphological and hydrological characteristics of the sea, they are divided into outskirts, mediterranean and inter-stripes.

The outskirts of the seas are located on the underwater outskirts of the mainland, the shelf zone, in transition zones and are separated from the ocean islands, archipelagoes, peninsula or underwater thresholds.

The sea, which are confined to the mainland shallows, shallow water. For example, the yellow sea has a maximum depth of $ 106 meters, and those seas that are located in the so-called transition zones are characterized by depths to $ 4 \\ 000 $ meters - Okhotsk, Bering and so on.

The water of the seasons in the physico-chemical composition is practically no different from the open waters of the oceans, because these seas have an extensive front of the compounds with the oceans.

Definition 3.

Mediterranean Called the seas that are deeply crashing into the land and are connected to the waters of the oceans with one or more small straits. This feature Mediterranean seas, explains the difficulty of their water exchange with the waters of the oceans, which forms the special hydrological regime of these seas. Mediterranean seas include Mediterranean, Black, Azov, Red and other seas. Mediterranean seas In turn, divided into intermatherente and intramatics.

The interconnect seas are separated from the oceans of the islands or archipelagoes consisting of rings of individual islands or island arcs. Similar seas include the Philippine Sea, Sea Fiji, a sea gang, and others. Sargassovo Sea, which does not have definitely established and pronounced borders, but have a pronounced and specific hydrological regime and special types of marine flora and fauna, also belongs to the interconnection seas.

Bulips and sheds

Definition 4.

Bay - This is part of the ocean or the sea, coming into the land, but not separated from it underwater threshold.

Depending on the nature of origin, hydrogeological features, forms of the coastline, forms, as well as a deritment to a particular region or country, the bays are divided into: Fieverads, Bays, Laguna, Limans, Lips, Estairia, Havan and others. The greatest in the area is recognized by the Guinean Bay, washing the coast of the countries of Central and West Africa.

In turn, the oceans, the sea and the bay are combined by interfering with the relatively narrow parts of the ocean or the sea, which are separated by the mainland or islands - straits. Straits have its own special hydrological mode, a special flow system. The bigst and deep strait is considered the strait of a drake separating South America And Antarctica. Its average width is 986 kilometers, and the depth of more than 3000 meters.

Physico-chemical composition of the Water World Ocean

Sea water is a strongly diluted solution of mineral salts, a variety of gases and an organic matter containing in its composition of the suspension of both organic and inorganic origin.

In seawater, a series of physicochemical, ecological and biological processes is constantly flowing, which have a direct effect on the change in the total composition of the concentration of the solution. The composition and concentration of mineral and organic substances in oceanic water have the active impact of the inflows of freshwater flowing into the oceans, evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean, falling on the surface of the ocean of atmospheric precipitation, the processes of formation and melting of ice.

Note 1.

Some processes, such as the activities of marine organisms, the formation and disintegration of bottom sediments, are aimed at changing the content and concentration in water solids and, as a result, the change in the relationship between them. Breathing of living organisms, the process of photosynthesis and the activity of bacteria have an impact on the change in concentration in water dissolved gases. Despite this, all these processes do not disturb the concentration of the salt composition for the main elements included in the solution.

Salts and other mineral dissolved in water and organic substances are mainly in the form of ions. The composition of salts is varied, there are almost all in oceanic water chemical elementsHowever, the main mass is the following ions:

• $ Na ^ + $
• $ SO_4 $
• $ Mg_2 ^ + $
• $ CA_2 ^ + $
• $ HCO_3, \\ CO $
• $ H2_BO_3 $

The greatest concentrations in sea waters contain chlorine - $ 1.9% $, sodium - $ 1.06 \\% $, magnesium - $ 0.13 \\% $, sulfur - $ 0.088 \\% $, calcium - $ 0.040 \\% $, potassium - $ 0.038 \\% $, bromine - $ 0,0065 \\% $, carbon - $ 0.003 \\% $. The content of other elements is insignificant and is about $ 0.05 \\%. $

The total mass of the substance dissolved in the world ocean is more than $ 50,000 T.

In the waters and at the Day of the World Ocean, precious metals were discovered, but their concentration is insignificant and, accordingly, mining them is unprofitable. Ocean water in its chemical composition is straightely different from the composition of the sushi water.

The concentration of salts and the salt composition in various parts of the world's ocean is heterogeneous, but the greatest differences in salinity indicators are observed in the surface layers of the ocean, which explains the impact of the influence of various external factors.

The main factor that makes adjustments to the concentration of salt water salts is atmospheric precipitation and evaporation from the surface of the water. The smallest salinity indicators on the surface of the world's ocean are observed in high latitudes, as these regions have excess of precipitation over evaporation, significant river drain and melting of floating ice. Approaching the area of \u200b\u200bthe tropics level salinity increases. In equatorial latitudes, the number of atmospheric precipitations increases, and the salinity here again decreases. The distribution of salinity vertically different in different latitudinal zones, but deeper than $ 1500 $ meters, salinity remains almost constant and does not depend on the latitude.

Note 2.

Also, in addition to salinity, one of the main physical properties Sea water is its transparency. Under the transparency of water, the depth is understood by the white disk of the sequel with a diameter of $ 30 centimeters ceases to be a visible naked eye. The transparency of water depends, as a rule, from the content of suspended particles of various origin in water.

The color or chromaticity of water is largely dependent on the concentration of suspended particles, dissolved gases, other impurities. Color is able to change from blue, turquoise and blue shades in pure tropical waters to blue-green and greenish and yellowish shades in coastal waters.

The topmost layer of the ocean (UPU + seasonal thermocline) requires a much more detailed description. The following paragraph will be devoted to this issue. [...]

In more importantly dynamically wording using the frequency of the Vyassyl Brent n, the density jump layer is stratified noticeably more stable (L С-10 2 C-1) than the troposphere as a whole, in which DT / DGB 6.5 ° C / km and l / 10-2 C "1, although less stable than strong atmospheric inversions (TU" 1.7-10-1 C-1). With the widespread spread of the leap of a leap of density in the ocean and the rare of strong inversions in the atmosphere, this explains the much broader distribution of internal waves in the ocean compared to the atmosphere. [...]

The most active top layer of the ocean, where the living substance of Plankton dominates, up to 150-200 m. Pollution is exposed to the effects of living organisms. The latter bind a huge amount of dissolved and suspended substances. There is no such powerful bio filtration system on land. [...]

A peculiar zone of the World Ocean, characterized by high fish productivity, is an upwelling, i.e. Watering from depth to the upper layers of the ocean, as a rule, on the Western shores of contingents. [...]

Heater - warm water From the upper layers of the ocean. Most heat Waters are observed in the Persian Gulf in August - more than 33 ° C (and the highest water temperature is fixed in the Red Sea - plus 36 ° C). But at the maximum temperature, it is impossible to calculate the transmitter: it is found in limited areas of the world ocean, and the extensive areas have the temperature of the surface layer of about 25 ° C. This is a fairly high temperature at which many liquids boil. D'Asonval suggested applying ammonia as a working fluid - fluid with temperature; Boosene minus 33.4 "C, which will be boiled well ■ at 25 ° C. For normal temperature (20 ° C) Ammonia - colorless gas with a caustic smell. When the pressure increases, the ammonia gas is transformed again into liquid. At 20 ° C for this, pressure must be increased to 8.46 atm, but at 5 ° C - significantly less. [...]

Energote of the World Ocean are minimal structural components involved in the formation of a large-scale heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. Nim, "¿20% of the World Ocean Square, they are responsible for" 40% of the total heat exchange in the ocean-sushi ocean system. These are the areas of maximum mismatch between the thermal and humidity fields of the top layer of the ocean and the planetary boundary layer of the atmosphere: it is here that the intensity of work in coordinating these fields is maximum. And although we argue that the EAAO is characteristic structures in large-scale fields, this does not mean that their spatial location is rigidly fixed, but the intensity is constant. The same areas are inherent in the maximum ranges of heat flowability, which indicates that they serve as the most informative waters for monitoring the condition of the climate system. That is, all of them can not be in active condition at the same time, but it is in these areas that the most active local heat exchange is formed in some polycyclic sequence. [...]

As a result of these factors, the top layer of the ocean is usually mixed well. It is so called - mixed. Its thickness depends on the time of year, the strength of the wind and the geographical area. For example, in the summer, the thickness of the mixed layer on the Black Sea is only 20-30 m. And in the Pacific Ocean near the equator, it was discovered (expired at the research vessel "Dmitry Mendeleev") a mixed layer with a thickness of about 700 m. From the surface to a depth of 700 M was layered with a layer of warm and transparent water with a temperature of about 27 ° C. This area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean in its hydrophysical properties is similar to Sargassovo Sea in Atlantic Ocean. In winter, on the Black Sea, the mixed layer is 3-4 times the thicker, its depth comes to 100-120 m. Such a big difference is due to intense stirring in winter: stronger windThe longer the excitement on the surface and is stronger. Such a layer of jump is called even seasonal, since the depth of the layer has depends on the season of the year. [...]

Upwelling [English Upwelling] - rise of water from depth to the upper layers of the ocean (sea). Normally on the west banks of the continents, where the winds drive out surface waters from the coast, and their place is occupied by the cold mass of water rich in biogenic substances. [...]

The exchange of carbon dioxide is also between the atmosphere and the ocean. A large number dissolved in the upper layers of the ocean carbon dioxideAtmospheric equilibrium. In total, the hydrosphere contains about 13-1013 tons of dissolved carbon dioxide, and in the atmosphere - 60 times less. Life on Earth and gas balance of the atmosphere is maintained by relatively small amounts of carbon, participating in a small cycle and contained in vegetable tissues (5-1011 tons) in animal tissues (5-109 tons). Carbon cycle in biosphere processes is presented. 2. [...]

In general, it should be noted that the amplitude of the annual fluctuations in the temperature in the upper layers of the ocean is not more than 10-15 ° C, in the continental waters -30-35 ° C. [...]

Oxygen A. V., Semenchenko B. A., Tuzhilkin V.S. On the factors of the variability of the structure of the upper layer of the ocean in the tropics // Meteorology and Hydrology, No. 4, 1983, p. 84-89. [...]

The biosphere is concentrated mainly in the form of a relatively thin film on the surface of the sushi and mainly (but not exclusively) in the upper layers of the ocean. It cannot function without close interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, and the pedosphere without living organisms simply would not exist. [...]

Other integral indicators are possible. So, for modeling the distribution of Sirah in the Pacific Ocean, the temperature in the upper layer of the ocean was the temperature in the upper layer since the distribution of currents was turned out to be such an integral characteristic. water masses, salinity and other hydrological and hydrochemical indicators of the North-West part of the Pacific Ocean closely correlates with the distribution of the water temperature of the upper layer (Cashkin, 1986). [...]

Heating from above (contact with the water penetrating into it) and the despatch (drop-down precipitation, the flow of rivers, ice melting) can only affect the very thin top layer of the ocean, total in tens of meters, because due to hydrostatic The stability of the heated or desalinated layer can independently intervene with the underlying water, and the forced mixing created by the condicable surface waves penetrates a shallow (stirring in turbulent spots formed in the places of hydrodynamic instability of the internal waves, on average very weakly and acts apparently , extremely slow). [...]

If equation (4.9.2) or its equivalent shape with strokes in variables to integrate throughout the ocean, then we get the same obvious contradiction, as in the case of equation mechanical energy. On a large scale there is a tributary through the surface of the ocean (since the salinity of the surface is high where there is a flow of salt into the ocean, see, for example,), but the loss of salt due to diffusion is insignificant on a large scale. As in the case of energy, the transfer of salinity from one scale to another due to a nonlinear advective member in (4.3.8), a very small scale is made to the right side (4.9.2). According to the estimation, the rms salinity gradient in the upper bed of the ocean is 1000 times higher than the average gradient. [...]

Nitrogen compounds (nitrates, nitrites) are entered into plants organisms, participating in the formation of organic matter (amino acids, complex proteins). Part of the nitrogen compounds is carried out in the river, the sea penetrates underground water. From compounds dissolved in seawater, nitrogen is absorbed by water organisms, and after their dying, it moves to the depths of the ocean. Therefore, the concentration of nitrogen in the upper layers of the ocean increases markedly. [...]

Analysis of the reasons for the existing phase relationship between annual temperature fluctuations in air and water is based on the model interpretations of the annual stroke. As a rule, such models proceed from the heat transfer equation in which various authors with different degrees of completeness take into account the factors for the formation of cyclicity in the ocean and in the atmosphere. A. A. Bivovarov and Van Lan built a nonlinear model for the stratified ocean and took into account the volumetric absorption of radiant energy by the top layer of the ocean. The daily movement of the surface temperature of water and air is analyzed. The lag was obtained in the air temperature phase from the water temperature, which is not consistent with the empirical data, according to which the temperature of the water is ahead of the water temperature and in the daily course. [...]

Humine and steaaric acids that are common, which are common impurities of many sewage, also slowed down the formation of calcite. This inhibition is probably caused by the adsorption of an acid anion, since the ion forms of these compounds prevail under the experimental conditions. Sewes and Myers and Kwares found that stearic acid and other natural organic substances can be highly adsorbed by contact with sea water carbonate. Apparently, such adsorption explains the inhibition of calcium carbonate in the upper layers of the ocean. In the presence of stearic acid (1-1O-4 M), there is a slight degree, but a measurable reaction of crystallization (see Fig. 3.4), which shows that this acid does not fully inhibit the crystallization reaction as metaphosphate. [... ]

The second special experiment on the study of the synoptic variability of ocean currents ("Polygon-70") was held by the Soviet Oceanologists headed by the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in February-September 1970 in the Northern Passatown area of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic, where for six months there were continuous measurements of currents At 10 depths from 25 to 1500 m at 17 bouquet stations formed the cross with dimensions of 200x200 km centered at 16 ° C 14, 33 ° 30 W, and a number of hydrological filming was also made. [...]

The large-scale contrast of the heat pump in the ocean is much superior to both the potential energy of the level inclination and the energy of the density differentiation of water. The heat differences themselves, as a rule, are formed on large spaces and accompanied by smooth spatially extended movements of convective type. In unevenly heated waters with varying densities, there are horizontal gradients that can be sources of local movements. In such cases, part of the affordable potential energy passes. If, when calculating it, proceed from the difference in the reserves of potential energies of two neighboring equal volumes with different densities in upper parts, For the whole ocean, we come to the estimate that was previously defined as the density differentiation energy, i.e., by 1018-79 J. The age of the upper layer of the ocean ("1000 m) is estimated for 10-20 years. From the comparison of the energy of the heat contrast of the ocean and the contrast of the flow of solar energy to the warm and cold waters of the ocean [(1-3) -1023 j / year], it follows that it is necessary for the accumulation of this contrast about 10-15 years. Then we can approximately accept that the main features of the density differentiation of the upper layer are formed in 10 years. The tenth of this energy is annually transmitted by mechanical movements of the ocean. Consequently, the annual energy flow as a result of the baroque instability approximately 1018 J. [...]

In 1905, the Swedish scientist V. Ekman created the theory of wind flow, which received a mathematical and graphic expression, known as Ekman Spiral. According to it, the flow of water should be directed at a right angle to the direction of the wind, with the depth of it so deviates the power of Coriolis, which begins to flow in the opposite wind direction. One of the consequences of the transfer of water, according to the theory of ecmena, is that the trade-stone winds cause the flow of flow directed to the north and south of the equator. To compensate the outflow, there is a rise of cold deep waters. That is why the surface water temperature at the equator is below 2-3 ° C than in the tropical areas adjacent to it. The slow lifting of deep waters in the upper layers of the ocean is called an upwelling, and lowering - downwards.

The hydrosphere is a shell of the Earth, which form oceans, seas, surface reservoirs, snow, ice, rivers, time streams of water, water vapor, clouds. The shell, composed of water bodies and rivers, the oceans is intermittent. An underground hydrosphere forms underground flows, groundwater, artesian pools.

The hydrosphere has a volume equal to 1,533,000,000 cubic kilometers. Water covered three fourth surfaces of the Earth. Seventy-one percent of the earth surface covers the sea and oceans.

A huge water area largely determines the water and thermal regimes on the planet, since water has a high heat capacity, it lates a large energy potential. The water belongs to a large role in the formation of the soil, landscape appearance. Water of the World Ocean differ chemical compositionIn distilled form, water is practically not found.

Oceans and the sea

The world ocean is a water area that is washed by the continent, it is more than 96 percent of the entire volume of the earth's hydrosphere. Two layers of the water mass of the World Ocean have different temperaturethat in the end causes the temperature regime of the Earth. The world ocean accumulates the energy of the Sun, when cooled, part of the heat transfers the atmosphere. That is, the thermoregulation of the Earth is largely due to the nature of the hydrosphere. The world ocean includes four oceans: Indian, quiet, northern ice, Atlantic. Some scientists allocate the Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica.

The world ocean is characterized by the heterogeneity of the aquatic masses, which, located in a certain place, acquire distinctive characteristics. Vertical in the ocean is distinguished by bottom, intermediate, surface and subsurface layers. The bottom mass has the largest volume, it is the coldest.

The sea is part of the ocean that goes into the mainland or adjacent to it. The sea is different in its peculiarities from the rest of the ocean. In the pools of the seas there is its own hydrological mode.

The sea is divided into internal (for example, black, Baltic), inter-partition (in Indo-Malay archipelago) and the outskirts (sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic). Among the seas are distinguished in intramaterial (white sea), intermatherente (Mediterranean).

Rivers, lakes and swamps

An important component of the Earth's hydrosphere - rivers, contains 0.0002 percent of all water reserves, 0.005 percent of freshwater. Rivers - an important natural water tank that is spent on drinking needs, the needs of industry, agriculture. Rivers - source of irrigation, water supply, edge. Rivers feed on snow cover, groundwater and rated water.

The lakes occur during the excess of moisture and with the presence of Kotlovin. Basins may have tectonic, glacier-tectonic, volcanic, carot origin. Thermal lakes are common in the districts of permafrost, floodplain lakes are often found in the floodplains of rivers. The mode of the lake is determined by whether the water river will fall out of the lake or not. Lakes can be a lightweight, flow-down, represent the common lake and river system with the river.

On the plains in the conditions of overgrowth, the swamps are common. Milnovy are fitted with soils, ridicule - sediments, transition - soil and precipitation.

The groundwater

Underground waters are located at different depths in the form of aquifer in rocks earth crust. Groundwater closer to the surface of the Earth, groundwater are located in deeper layers. Mineral and thermal waters represent the greatest interest.

Clouds and water vapor

The condensate of the water vapor forms the clouds. If the cloud has a mixed composition, that is, it includes crystals of ice and water, then they become a source of precipitation.

Glaciers

All components of the hydrosphere have their own particular role in global energy exchange processes, global moisture processes, affect many life-forming processes on Earth.