Conservation conditions: inorganic and organic materials. Organic materials based on organic materials is

In the last decade, we increasingly hear about these products and products. At first we treated them as something exotic, but now we consider the first to be needed. They change our life and looks. What is the Philosophy Organic and why is it so popular?
In translation english word Organic means nothing but "natural, environmentally friendly, healthy." Organic origins, as a lifestyle, go to the 20s of the last century. Observing universal industrialization, many scientists of that time turned their views to nature.
So, the German philosopher Rudolf Steiner formulated the theory of harmonious Being, when a person does not oppose nature, but is part of it. The ideas of Steiner embodied on some German farms, and then became popular in other European countries. True, the environmentally friendly economy of that time was associated with idyll, without giving great practical significance.
At the time of World War II, Steiner's ideas were forgotten, revived only in the 70s in the United States. During this period, the steady increase in the number of chronic diseases began to communicate with the quality of nutrition, then it turned out that the usual tait a lot of dangers. To change, it began to use environmentally friendly, and in stores for the first time there were products with the marking "Organic"

To evaluate the benefits of ecologically pure farmFirst, it is useful to look at the usual farm.
In order for the plants to be more prolific, large, use genetic modifications, and the soil from the soul fertility with chemical compounds. To protect against pests, the future harvest is sprayed with pesticides (in this group of chemical compounds consists of well-known herbicides - they destroy weeds, insecticides are protected from insects, as well as many other substances).
These chemical compounds fall into trunks, leaves and fruits of plants, and ultimately, salted to taste, turn out to be in a plate with your favorite soup.
It has been proven that people who work with chemical fertilizers and pesticides increase the risk of developing cancer. It is not surprising that less consumers want to buy products of familiar agriculture.
In addition, genetics are experimenting with human genes, implanted in plant organisms. Such a harvest, although it will be great, it is hardly to taste to many buyers. Thoughtful parents, future mothers, older people are increasingly choosing Organic products.
Such plants are grown without the use of genetic modifications, pesticides, hormones and chemical fertilizers. Selection of environmentally friendly plants is carried out naturally, without the introduction of alien genes. As fertilizers, manure and limited list of mineral fertilizers are used. To destroy pests, they use their natural enemies, and for the fight against weeds - only unionovy substances.

Materials of base resistors

Common Communion

Aging is an irreversible change in the properties of materials under the action of external and internal factors. According to statistics, on average for resistors, the change in the contact resistance occurs per year by 1%.

Causes of aging processes occurring in real conditions of operation EA such as: crystallization, electrochemical oxidation, electricity, breakdowns in molecules, sorption processes, etc.

Sorption - strokes with materials from different substances from the outside.

Absorption - strokes of various substances.

Adsorption - Absorption of the surface of various substances.

The most resistant to the aging resistors containing inorganic materials and RE from the wire. Among the insolvent resistors, thin-film, not containing, as a rule, organic additives are less staring. And less resistant compositions with an organic dielectric - lapusazh.

The change in the resistance of the subsequent resistor depends on the relationship between different components in the speed of aging. For thin-film resistors, anti-aging resistance is usually increased, in thick-hearted aging is determined by the stability of binding dielectric materials that are part of the resistive paste (composition). The aging of wire resistors is determined by the resistance of resistive alloys to oxidative processes, except temperature, moisture and radiation. For aging affects atmospheric pressure of more than 3 atmospheres. Under reduced pressure, due to reduced air strength, it is necessary to reduce the operating voltage on the resistors, in order to avoid overheating (due to the deterioration of the heat sink).

As dielectric bases of the resistor, organic and inorganic materials are used.

Advantages of organic material:

In organic material, the highest manufacturability. Technologicalness - a set of properties, facility of production providing minimal cost of the object (simple and cheap synthesis at temperatures< 1000 0 С). Органический материал является дешевым сырьем, возможность варьировать свойства, путем введения в массу добавок, как органических, так и неорганических.

Disadvantages of organic material:

Low heating resistance, polyimide and fluoroplast heating resistance is +250 0 C. Also, the disadvantage of organic materials is low thermal conductivity.

From the organic materials, fibercstolite (fiberglass impregnated with epoxy resin with modifiers) is used as the base of the resistors). Modifiers give the organic mixture. Plasticity, vibration and other properties for purpose, heating resistance is +150 0 C.

Also used textolites (tissue x / b, impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde resin with necessary additives) heating resistance is +105 0 C.

Getinax - Paper impregnated with phenolic resin are used as organic materials, the heating resistance is +100 0 C. The last two material are used for resistors in micromo-chains.

Organic materials or coagulation are used in the process of creating waterproofing with asphalt solutions. They can easily be dissolved in kerosene or gasoline. These substances have excellent waterproof indicators, they become plastic when heated and liquid with increasing temperature. Also, organic materials are characterized by increased lipidity to various building materials.

Anhydrite It is a rock formation that does not have crystalline water. If necessary, basic materials are added as pathogens, such as building lime. The antihydritic solution is quite quickly seized. Approximately half an hour later, the first changes in the consistency of the building materials can be seen, while the complete hardening of the organic solution will occur after 12 hours. It is worth noting that an open air is needed to fully solidify the antihydritic mixture. The solution can be used as binder for plastering either when erecting internal building structures. However, plastering from this organic material is characterized by its sensitivity to the humid environment.

Hydraulic or, as they are also called, mixed binders contain in their composition lime hydrate with slags or blast sand, which allows organic material to absorb water faster. In this case, the process of solidification of the solution can occur even in water. As a rule, hydraulic binders apply only to create organic solutions and unarmed concrete.

Bituminous materials There may be natural origin or artificial. Natural is extremely rare in pure form. At the same time, the bitumen is produced from impregnated rocks, which are formed when oil exit from the depths of the Earth. Artificial are obtained by refining oil from which diesel fuel, kerosene and gases are distilled off.

As a rule, in nature, bitumen occurs in the form of a solid, but it also happens that it can be found in the form of a viscous fluid consisting of hydrocarbon mixtures. In this case, the rocks impregnated with bitumen are also called asphalt rocks. The bitumen is extracted under the action of large temperatures. A method with crushed rocks can also be used.

It is made from peat and natural coal, while the breed is strongly heated without the slightest access to oxygen.

Asphalt solutions are used in the process of flooring device, sidewalks, as well as in the process of arrangement of waterproofing of plasters. All asphalt concrete products are manufactured by special installations at factories. They can be used both cold and hot, where the composition of the organic solution will depend on the conditions for further operation.

Cold solid solidification occurs due to the application special solvents. Cold solutions of asphalt concrete are stacked on dry or slightly wet surfaces. Each new layer at the same time rolls up with rollers.

As the hot solution, it is stirred by special mixers, while the temperature of the organic material can reach 200 degrees. During operation, each new hot layer also places on the surface and rolls through the rinks.

Each science is saturated with concepts, if not the assimilation of which based on these concepts or indirect topics can be given very difficult. One of the concepts that should be well learned by each person who considers itself more or less educated, there is a division of materials on organic and inorganic. No matter how much person years, these concepts are in the list of those with which the overall level of development is determined at any stage human life. In order to understand what the differences between these two terms, you first need to find out what is each of them.

Organic connections - what is it

Organic substances - a group of chemical compounds with a non-uniform structure, which includes carbon elements, covalently interconnected. The exception is carbides, coal, carboxylic acids. Also alone of the components, except carbon, there are elements of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogen.

Such compounds are formed due to the ability of carbon atoms to be divided into single, double and triple bonds.

Habitat organic compounds are living beings. They can be both as part of living beings and will appear as a result of their life activity (milk, sugar).

Products of organic substance synthesis are food, drugs, clothing elements, materials for structure, various equipment, explosives, various types of mineral fertilizers, polymers, food additives, cosmetics and more.

Inorganic substances - what is it

Inorganic substances are a group of chemical compounds, which in their composition do not have elements of carbon, hydrogen or chemical compounds that make up the element of which is carbon. Both organic and inorganic are cell components. The first in the form of the life of the elements, others in the composition of water, minerals and acids, as well as gases.

What is common between organic and inorganic substances

What could be common between two, it would seem like the concepts of antonyms? It turns out, the general and they have, namely:

1. Substances as organic, so inorganic origin consist of molecules.
2. Organic and inorganic substances can be obtained as a result of a certain chemical reaction.

Organic and inorganic substances - what is the difference

1. Organic are more famous and investigated in science.
2. Organic substances in the world are much more. The number of famous organic science is about a million, inorganic - hundreds of thousands.
3. Most organic compounds are related to each other with a covalent compound nature, the relationship of inorganic among themselves is possible with an ion connection.
4. There is a difference in the composition of incoming elements. Organic substances are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, less often nitrogen, phosphoric, sulfur and halogen elements. Inorganic - consist of all elements of the Mendeleev table, except carbon and hydrogen.
5. Organic substances are much more significant than hot temperatures, can be destroyed even with minor temperatures. Most of the inorganic are less predisposed to the effects of strong heating due to the features of the type of molecular compound.
6. Organic substances are constitutive elements of the living part of the world (biosphere), inorganic - inanimate (hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere).
7. The composition of organic substances is more complicated in its structure than the composition of inorganic.
8. Organic substances are distinguished by a large variety of possibilities of chemical transformations and reactions.
9. Due to the covalent type of communication between organic compounds, the chemical reactions in time are continuing somewhat longer than chemical reactions in inorganic compounds.
10. Inorganic substances cannot be a food product of living beings, even more so - some of this type of combinations can be deadly for a living organism. Organic substances are a product produced by wildlife, as well as an element of the structure of living organisms.

3.1. Organic synthesis and production of polymers

1) organic synthesis (obtaining organic products based on carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene and aromatic hydrocarbons);

2) production of polymers and materials based on them (cellulose, fibers, rubbers, varnishes, paints, adhesives, plastics, rubber products);

Waste organic synthesis do not have such a value as waste other organic industries. The reason is simple: despite the fact that in some cases they reach significant volumes, the emission of them outside the enterprise remains minimal, since they are exposed to almost 100% recovery and disposal. But this applies only to "regular" enterprises. The same factories and workshops that do not produce, but only use organic matter, have a much smaller level of use of organic waste. Unfortunately, so far their disposal is reduced to burning in unacceptable furnaces, i.e. In the furnaces that are not equipped with guaranteed surviving systems of any organics to CO 2 and H 2 O (we note that even in such devices is not excluded the formation of extremely stable dioxins).

Waste production Polymeric materials are most often the monomers who try to properly properly. What concerns processing These materials, it is associated with the formation of both chemical and mechanical waste that needs to be disposed of.

3.1.1. Waste production of chlorinated hydrocarbons

The overwhelming part of the CL 2 produced (about 80%) consumes the industry of chlororganic synthesis, and due to the specifics of the chlorination reactions of organic compounds (RH + CL 2 \u003d RCL + HCl), the coefficient of use of chlorine for chlorination of the organics does not exceed 50%, the rest enters the waste in the form of abgazna of hydrochloric acid. The latter is obtained in such quantities that its capture is at least 10% of the total production.

3.1.1.1. Disposal of abgazine hydrochloric acid

Abgazine hydrochloric acid is a gaseous waste containing, in addition to HCl, also Cl 2, CO, CO 2, O 2, N 2, H 2, and vapors of volatile organic compounds.

The most common methods of disposal of abgaznaya HCl are:

1) HCl absorption with water or concentrated acid;

2) organic absorption suitable soluble

The methods of its oxidation takeline a special place in the technology of disposal of abgaznaya HCl. This is the most competent and economical approach, especially in the case of oxidation in the gas phase oxygen in the presence of a catalyst (mixture of FECL 3 and KCL):

4HCl + O 2 ® 2H 2 O + 2Cl 2

You can use and pyrocert by reaction

4HCl + MnO 2 \u003d MnCl 2 + 2H 2 O + CL 2

under the condition of regeneration of manganese and hydrochloric acid:

2mnCl 2 + 0.5 O 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d Mn 2 O 3 + 4HCl.

Regenerated abgazic acid fully complies with the requirements of the GOST for technical HCl, but for electrolysis purposes, it is not suitable due to the elevated content of the organic matter and is used only to obtain chloroorganic compounds, mainly chloroalkans, for decomposition of phosphorites and for processing poor ores and sludge.

3.1.1.2. Dehydration of wastewater production of polyvinyl acetate

The feedstock is served by vinyl acetate CH 3 coaxial 2, the polymerization of which lead in solutions of methanol, ethanol and acetone

in the presence of the initiator (benzoyl peroxide). It develops a high temperature, and water is used to cool the resulting polymer and washing it. As a result, the washing water accumulates the original monomer, solvents and some amount of product (polyvinyl acetate). This is the so-called. Technological water. It can be partly used to obtain water dispersions of PVA used to obtain adhesive substances, in the production of dyes.

But most of the hearts need to recovery and return intermediate products into production. And here there is a problem of capturing the valuable products associated with the need to separate the polymer and water. The latter represents a very complex task associated with the properness of overcoming the contradiction between the desire of technologists to obtain the most sustainable dispersion and the desire of ecologists to divide them. This task is solved by heating the sv and addition of electrolytes. After separating the polymer, alcohols, solvents, monomers, acetic acid remain in the water. All these compounds are neutralized in flowing aerotanes combined with secondary sumps. As a result of aerobic oxidation, numerous organic acids are formed - finite products of liquid-phase oxidation of organic impurities. They are neutralized by lime at pH \u003d 11, the obtained salts coagulate and separated from the solution. Sometimes the SV is subject to direct distillation or distillation, but the cubic residues have to dissolve, dilute and then purify biochemically.

When obtaining polyvinyl acetate dispersions (PVAD), polyvinyl alcohol is often used (PVS, CH 2 Sony N). It makes dispersion so stable that they are not separated even with repeated dilution. In this case, coagulants (FeCl 2, Al 2 (SO 4) 3) are added in the amount of 100-12 mg / l, the pH is adjusted to 7, coagulates are separated, determine the amount of chemical absorption of oxygen (CCD), which should not be higher 500 mg / l, and direct water to biological treatment facilities. In the present, super-resistant PVADs obtained using type C-10 stabilizers are available. In this case, the disposal scheme of polymers and recovery of water turns out to be more difficult:

ISX.SV ® Averaging ® Neutralization ® (SV) * ® Heating ® Adding Coagulant ® PH Correction ® Adding Polyacrylamide (PAA) ® Flocculation ® Candalion ® Upper Silver ® Activated Coal ® Coal Regeneration ® Organic Phase Regeneration. The lower product of the settling tanks is directed to the sludge field, and purified water - on BOS.

3.1.1.3. Waste production of polyvinyl alcohol

Polyvinyl alcohol - PVA washing product in alcohol solutions in the presence of alkali or acid catalysts. The collapses obtained at the same time contain from 500 to 3000 mg of PVS / l, while the solutions can be directed with a concentration of no more than 50 - 70 mg / l, and the PDC PVS for open water bodies is 0.5 mg / l.

The best way neutralizing such sv - planting any inorganic, for example, glauber Solua Na 2 SO 4. 10H 2 O or Bishophyte MgCl 2 ..6h 2 O and subsequent coagulation by alkaline and alkaline earth metal borats. At the same time, almost 100% purification is achieved, and water can be reused. However, there is a problem of substantial loss of PVA, to extract which is very difficult from the sludge. Therefore, it is sometimes profitable to restrict ourselves to planting, assemble the organic phase and send it to receive the PVAD.

Foam method for extracting PVS from St. The technology is reduced to the blowing of the co-suitable gas and the removal of the foam, into which up to 90% of the total PVA goes. The foam formed as a result of such "selfoflotation" is rather stable, and for its destruction it is necessary to add a small amount of source water and coagulant. Clemented according to this method of sv, even in a single-stage embodiment contains no more than 50 - 70 mg / l PVA and can be directed directly to the BOS or in the factory system of local sewage treatment plants, including aerotanks operating on the basis of the corresponding bacterial strains at a temperature of 20 - 37 0, pH 6 - 8 and cleansing a single volume of SV for 3 to 7 days.

3.1.1.4. Polystyrene production waste

The styrene polymerization process flows in aqueous medium, and the finished polymer is subjected to aqueous washing, so the main waste-pollutants are uterine solutions and washing water. The total SV is milk-white colloidal solutions containing, in addition to polymer particles, also mixed reagent 3CA 3 (PO 4) 3 .2CA (OH) 2 is a stabilizer of PS suspension. The purification and disposal technology of such SV is relatively simple:

ISX.SV ® Averaging ® Neutralization to pH 10 - 11® Addition 0.1% PAO ® Cresting (the precipitate is neutralized to pH 7 and send to Duck) ® Upper Sling ® Neutralization® Flocculation ® Filtering (precipitate in Duck) ® Bos Filter .

The aeration time of SV for aerothelan-mixtures up to 50, for displays - up to 5 hours.

More complex technologies suggest the use of flotation, electroclotation and electrocoagulation methods, which allows to organize water turnover to a multiplicity of 10. The latter is limited to the accumulation of inorganic ions, mainly sodium and chlorine. In this case, it was noted that the accumulating Ca 2+ and SO 4 2- not only do not harm, but also useful for the flow of the main technological process. By the way, and remove them much easier than Na + and Cl -. The latter can be effectively removed only with the help of membrane technologies.

3.1.1.5. Preventing atmospheric emissions of plastics production

The most vulnerable before the aims of atmospheric pollutants is a troposphere, which extends 20 km above the surface of the Earth and is 85% of the entire mass of the atmosphere. Only a few, mostly, the easiest elements and compounds fall into higher layers, exposed to various transformations associated with exposure to cosmic radiation. In tab. 4 provides data on macrosbage troposphere, which varies slowly and slightly.

Table 4.

Macro storage triposphere,% about.

Component N 2 O 2 AR CO 2 NE HE KR XE

Unlike the macrosostava, the troposphere, its microsowav, firstly distinguished by a huge variety, secondly, changes at a noticeable speed and, thirdly, not so stable and depends on regional man-made conditions (Table 5).

Table 5.

Component CH 4 H 2 N 2 O CO O 3 NO + NO 2 NH 3 dr. Hydrocarbons

Reasons of air pollution by emissions of gas dividing

hardware are:

Incomplete output of the main product;

The formation of side gaseous substances;

The emission of a part of the raw material containing gaseous components;

Loss of auxiliary gaseous and volatile substances (most often solvents);

Allocation of combustion products, oxidation, rotting, decomposition;

Small and large breath of incomplete-carmetical apparatus (small - losses due to the pressure difference inside and outside the reactor, large - emissions during emptying and filling the reactor with liquid volatile components);

Losses in periodic processes or individual stages;

Losses due to reference, re-equipment, prevention and repair of equipment;

By the degree of toxicity expressed by the PDC level in the working area (PDC R.Z.) Gas emissions are divided into 4 categories:

· Extremely toxic - PDC R.Z< 1 мг/м 3 ;

· High toxic - 1< ПДК р.з. < 10;

· Moderately toxic - 10< ПДК р.з. < 100;

· Malotoxic - PDC R.Z. \u003e 100;

The plastics industry is the most toxic emissions of fluoride compounds, styrene, acrylic acid nitrile, benzene, ethylbenzene, vinyl chloride, phenol, formaldehyde, methanol, vinyl acetate, etc.

3.1.1.5.1. Gas emission disposal methods

The initial set of data that determines the applicability of a method of trapping, is physical and chemical properties Gas, its toxicity, role in this technological process, as well as deficiency, cost and some other indicators.

1. Scattering.This is a method of passive neutralization, pursuing the goal of reducing the average gas concentration to a safe level determined by its MPC. The main device that provides scattering is a pipe with natural or forced gas flow. The height of the pipe that allows the scattering is determined by the calculation based on the relevant source data and conditions (constancy aggregate state, chemical inertness, constant input concentration, constant background concentration, two-dimensional scattering zone, etc.). Unfortunately, scattering is often used, not believing with the need to perform all These conditions, and it discredits a simple, reliable and cheap method ..

2. Dusting. Dry is produced in dust chambers, acoustic dust collectors (frequency 3 - 5 kHz), wet - in hollow and nozzle scrubbers and in cyclones with a closed water film. The applicability of this method is determined mainly by the same conditions as in the case of using the scattering method. OLNAO, since the method assumes the presence of a sufficiently complex and expensive equipment, then the dedification seek to combine with the operations of purification and disposal of gas.

3. Absorption. It is used at the final stages of cleaning, using absorbents charged with suitable active groups.

4. Adsorption. It is used for finishing cleaning of distand and purified from the most active components of gas emissions. It is about the removal of such relatively less reactive molecules as the lower oxides of nitrogen, CO, methane hydrocarbons, and the like. To do this, a large set of regenerated and non-generated adsorbents, such as coal, silica gels, alumino, zeolites, coke, clay, peat, bauxite, foam glass, Paintsilakositalla, resins, as well as synthetic inorganic sorbents based on silicon oxides, aluminum and zirconium oxides.

In the most developed version, the technological scheme of the process of adsorption gas purification includes an adsorbent assembly and desorption (can be carried out both in the same and in different devices) and the desorbate processing unit, which includes the equipment for settling, vacuum distillation, distillation, rectification and extraction.

If adsorbent and adsorbat are not true, they are subjected to fire refining, which, however, has known limitations. If they are valuable components, then desorption is combined with the regeneration of the adsorbent and lead either using a water vapor, a vapor or liquid organic solvent, or even in the inert gas current.

3.1.1.6. Some features of gases absorption cleaning

Calming of soluble gases and vapor liquids obeys well-known law Henry:

with r \u003d k. rg,

where with g is the gas concentration in the mixture, kg / m 3; K is constant depending on the temperature, as well as the properties of the gas and liquid; R G is a partial gas pressure, MPa.

The solubility of this gas depends the consumption of absorption fluid.

The calculation of the technological process of absorption is based on the equation of the material balance of the gas:

Q (y * n - y * c) \u003d L (x * n - x in *),

where q is the consumption of absorbed gas, kg / s;

Y * n and y * b - concentration of absorbed gas in the gas stream at the bottom and upper points of the device, kg / m 3;

X * n and x * B is a concentration of absorbed gas in the absorbing fluid at the bottom and upper points of the device, kg / m 3.

Any liquid can be used as an absorbent in which this gas is quite well soluble. But for efficient use in a specific technological process, the absorber must have the following set of qualities:

· High absorption capacity;

· Selectivity of action against this gas (absorption);

· Resistance to thermal decomposition;

· Chemical stability;

· Low volatility under these technological conditions;

· Low viscosity;

· Low corrosion activity;

· Good ability to regenerate;

· Low cost compared to the recoverable component;

· Low toxicity, and if possible, harmlessness.

These conditions are in optimal degree correspond to water and aqueous solutions acids, salts, alkalis, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, complexes, as well as some organic water soluble liquids, such as alcohols, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.

The main disadvantage of the repulsion methods is the formation of sludge scrolling equipment and strapping. To avoid this, absorption must be preceded by cheaper gas purification methods.

3.1.1.7. Solid Plastics Production Waste

The production of plastics in the world is doubled every 5 years, while the period of doubling the production of other materials is 10, 15 and even 20 years. Hence the catastrophic increase in volume solid waste In developed countries, which, despite all efforts, is not reduced beyond 1% of the production volume and amounts to US - 6, in Japan - 4, in Germany - 1.5, in England - 1 and in the rest of the countries 0.5 million tons

In general, plastics waste is clearly divided into 4 types:

1) production waste;

2) recycling waste;

3) waste industrial consumption;

4) Household waste.

The share of each species in total increases from 1 to 4, for example, in Japan, the first position is 5, the second - 10, the third - 20, the fourth is 65%. Paradoxically, the recycling volumes in most plastic producers increase, on the contrary, from 4 to 1, which further enhances the steepness of the growth curve in the forward direction. The main problem here is that the degree of processing, the more difficult the recycling processes. It is legitimate to talk about the quality of waste from the point of view of their ability to dispose And recognize that plastic waste from this point of view is the most complex. Therefore, two technological directions are currently developing, designed to solve the problem of plastics waste:

Improving the production and processing technology of plastics, providing minimization of waste;

Improving the technology of processing waste of polymeric materials.

These directions are developing mainly in the use of plastics of production destination, which are less exposed to scattering. The degree of dissipation of plastics of household consumption is inversely proportional to the number of people in a given area, to concentrate them much more difficult. In addition, the qualitative indicators differ greatly due to the desire of firms to increase their decorativeness, attractiveness, which is associated with the introduction of additives that make recycling.

Therefore, in relation to the plastics of domestic purposes, methods for the production of photographers, chemo-, biological and radio-visible plastics are developed, the service life is limited to the use of their use.

3.1.1.7.1. Grinding plastics waste

There is one complex aspect associated with the operation that precedes any subsequent processing process in the technology of recycling plastics. We are talking about their grinding, and the complexity here is, plastics for the most part - viscous, visco-elastic, plastic, soft, often fibrous, fibrous or film materials.

To grind them, they most often use knife crushers, equipped with devices for cooling material and parts of the machine and allowing to obtain a minimum size up to 2 mm.

In chopper, polymers are located in the following series:

Polystyrene (PS)\u003e Low Pressure Polyethylene (Peng.D.)\u003e Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)\u003e Polypropylene (PP)\u003e Polyamide (PA)\u003e High Pressure Polyethylene (PEV.D.)\u003e Polyurethane (PU)\u003e Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

A special place among plastic grinding methods are occupied by cryogenic technologies used for crushing and grinding of difficult plastics - PU and PTFE in a liquid nitrogen medium (T KIP \u003d 77 K).

In some cases, grinding can be deleted. For example, individual (homogeneous) wastes of thermoplastic polymers are recycled on typical equipment to the product less responsible destination. Collective waste is subjected to hydraulic extrusion (extrusion through narrow holes), in which the self-regulation of the viscous characteristics of individual types of polymers is observed. A two-channel hydroextrusion is also used, in which the inner layers of the polymer are waste, and the thin outer layer is formed from the primary high-quality plastic.

A significant part of plastic waste is processed into foaming, using a mixture of carbonates with lemon Acid. Often combine casting and foaming of melts with azodicarboxylic acid diamide, which is obtained by the following scheme:

­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­

C - C þ C - C þ C - N \u003d N - C þ N 2

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

But it is 2 N NN 2 H 2 N NH 2

DIKOMIDE DIIMIDE AZODICARBON

new K-Ta Carboy K-You K-You

In general, it is necessary to take into account that the mechanical characteristics of secondary products are usually worse than primary, but still the efficiency of recycling remains high enough due to improving environmental indicators of the medium, cheapness of raw materials, ease of technology and energy savings. In addition, due to the cheapness of secondary materials, small architectural and construction forms, sealed tanks and containers for the disposal of poisonous substances can be made.

The least qualified application solid plastics wastes are found in construction as bituminous substitutes, but they can also be used for the production of plates, hand-making and other polymerine products.

A completely different direction of utilization of solid waste plastics is based on the processes of thermal growth of polymers, allowing to obtain low molecular weight polymers, as well as gaseous and liquid deep pyrolysis products.

3.2. Waste rubber products

Depending on the amount of rubber sulcanization entered during vulcanization, can be divided into soft(2 - 8% s), semi-tech (8 – 12%), semi-solid (12 - 20%) and solid(25 – 30%).

The waste of rubber products (RTI), as well as plastics, are formed in 4 main areas: primary production of polymers; Production of RTI; industrial consumption; Household use.

The main mass of RTI is consumed in the field of industrial production. The most important types of RTI is automotive tires and other shaped products, conveyor belts, drive belts, gears, various parts of friction, sex and roofing coatings, raw rubber, rubberized fabrics, technical plate, lining and waterproofing materials.

RTI wastes are divided into non-carnized and vulcanized. The first can be returned to primary production, the second is subjected to mechanical or chemical recycling. Secondary mechanical processing makes it possible to obtain a number of valuable products and materials: plates, slate, anti-vibration, hydro and electrical insulating gaskets, blocks for edging dams, berths, boosters, anti-stranged fences. In addition, in all cases from waste of vulcanized rubber, fillers may be obtained for the manufacture of many types of primary products.

3.2.1. Waste tire industry

Tires are one of the most diverse and numerous species of RTI. Mass 1 Tires range from 1 to 1000 kg. Effective processing of tires is a matter of the future. For now this is one of the largest types of solid waste of world production of artificial materials.

The mechanical processing of tires is not much different from the processing of other vulcanized materials and is associated with the solution of a number of problems of collecting, sorting, grinding, storage, transportation - problems that in some cases make mechanical processing unprofitable. Some countries in this issue went along the way of the so-called deferred demand, providing descendants to solve this complex technological task. As a result, storage facilities and warehouses appeared in which millions of tires were accumulated.

Chemical tire recycling includes the following methods:

1) aqueous thermochemical autoclave girl tanning, which includes grinding, water treatment at a temperature of180 0 and 0.5 MPa pressure for 6 to 8 hours and the subsequent use of the formed girllylantication to obtain secondary RTI;

2) Alkaline emulsification tools to obtain aqueous dispersions suitable for making films, impregnation, coatings, roofing and lining materials, etc.

3) high and low-temperature pyrolysis.

Methods 1 and 2 are rather recovery, rather than recycling, because they provide for the receipt of girlsbanisites - latex and raw rubble that return to primary production. The third method represents a classic example of recycling, i.e. A combination of technologies that allow new products on the basis of waste, in this case a whole range of new valuables.

3.2.1.1. Technology of high temperature pyrolysis of tires

Pyrolysis, or dry distillation of organic substances, appeared as one of the methods of processing natural liquid and solid fuels. . It is carried out by heating products in closed devices without access or with limited air flow. In this case, it may be: a) physical and b) physicochemical processes of separation of components on melting and boiling temperatures and c) chemical processes of destruction of complex substances with the formation of simpler, low molecular weight liquid and gaseous products.

The reaction apparatus represents a vertical oven with the upper load, heated by combustible gases of the process of pyrolysis and blowing hot air. Tires through the gateway shutter are loaded into top The device is subjected to initial heating, dried with waste gases and are moving into the heating zone and further to the reaction zone in which the main process of pyrolysis occurs. Pyrolysis volatile products and pyrolysis gases containing 50% H 2, 25% CH 4 and 25% of high-boiling substances enter the device for separating the soot and further into the distillation column in which the final separation of products on combustible gases occurs, as well as on the light, Average and severe fraction, which are mixtures of liquid and solid at normal product temperature. At the same time, 40 tons of deficient closer returned to tire plants and plastics production, 25 tons of high-quality oils, 25 tons of combustible gases and 10 tons of steel are obtained by 100 tons of tires. The performance of the apparatus can reach 10 thousand tons of tires per year.

For pyrolysis of mixtures of smaller fractions of RTI, as well as organic components of the garbage, drum rotating furnaces of the cement type, disadvantage of which are significant emissions of gas-shaped substances into the atmosphere due to the impossibility of reliable sealing of boot and unloading nodes.

3.3. Recycling oil sector

In 2000, oil production amounted to about 5 billion tons. Its level is not determined by non-technical opportunities, but the economic interests of the main producers. On the way to recycling places, part of it is inevitably lost, getting into a category transport Losses (evaporation, leakage, straits, non-determined, flood, emergency discharges, etc.). These waste is difficult to even take into account, not to mention the disposal.

Other oil flows (but) are divided into 2 groups - waste recycling and waste waste. First - fuels, oils, lubricants, solvents - usually refer to mechanicalwaste subjected to mechanical recovery and attach to the appropriate types of products permanently during technological processes. The second - waste and emissions of the corresponding spent petroleum products are lost or utilized during the operation of the respective machines and aggregates. They can be called operationalwaste. The ratio of masses of transport, mechanical and operational waste in the United States is 1: 1: 15. It can be assumed that the medium-sized oil balance differs little from this ratio.

Accordingly, the reserves of improving the utilization factor are distributed: it is determined mainly. The level of utilization of operational waste. At the same time, it is necessary to divide all types of operational losses on inevitable At a given level of technology development and those that can be avoided due to its improvement. For example, amgar of fuel and oils in internal combustion engines are inevitable, although they can be minimized, but the washing and skimming of the solvents of the solvents must be categorically prohibited. Only by replacing these liquids with efficient and fireproof detergents can be maintained for more qualified use of about 1 million tons. petroleum products, which is, however, no more than 10% of the possible savings of these materials only in Russia.

Oil searches pollute all three aggregate components of the biosphere, but most of them enters the aqueous medium, the level of contamination of which is continuously growing for industrial zones, it can vary from 0.1 to 100 mg / l. It is not surprising if you consider that up to 25% clean water water In Russia, pirates are used for technical needs, and in most enterprises, the network of technical water supply is absent at all.

The calculated initial norms of contamination by oil-flow oils entering the sewage treatment facilities is for production CB 800, and for storm - 200 mg / l (SNiP - II - 93 - 74).

It should, however, note that small quantities are quite easily absorbed natural hydrobiological environment (HCH), not contaminated by other waste, overwhelming the development of bacteria.

The JGS is very peculiar to the oil searches:

® Г ® ® Ж - Upper layers of the reservoir

But IHgs ¯.

® F ® ® T - bottom sediments

The scheme shows that all kinds of gaseous and liquid, but ultimately form bottom sediments Ponds whose biocycracies proceed much slower due to the decrease in oxygen concentration. As a result of the accumulation of bottom sediments, the background of water pollution can reach 2 mg / l. The northern reservoirs are especially affected, in which the additional oil-duct batteries are snow and ice (content, but in them is 0.3 - 0.6 kg / m 3), when they are melted, the peaks of the content are observed in water.

3.3.1. Classification of non-refining waste

The main part but constitutes toxic industrial waste of organic type with mineral and dispersed metal impurities. Nomenclature but includes 5 types:

· Automobile and energy fuels;

· Lubricating and cooling oils;

· Fuel and lubricating additives;

· Solvents and diluents;

· Lubricating and coolant.

On average, the waste of all these five types is about 10% of the volume of oil refining. The disposal of them, as a rule, does not cause difficulties, some species but are accepted for the processing of manufacturers. However, there is a problem that limits the development of qualified recycling technologies - mixing various species but. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the types and groups, but their phase states and methods of processing (Table 5, adopted cuts: NSSV - oil-containing wastewater; t - solid; f - liquid, pzh - semi-liquid, p - pasty, VL - Humidity, M - Oil, C - Suspension, E - Emulsion, OS - precipitation, SHL - Slots, Sl - plums, Los - Local treatment facilities, Kos - White sewage treatment plants, COP - large sellers, refinery - oil refineries, coolant, coolant Fluids, P - solvents, Prge - Washing fluids, FC - Flotokoncentratrats, CG - sour tar, surfactant - surfactants).

3.3.2.1. Passive and active dehydration of oil flow

Passive dehydration is carried out in evaporators ponds, in the fields-slurry and in tanks-sealing, active - in thickeners, filters, cyclones and centrifuge. Passive, without mechanical impact, methods of dehydration require significant areas for their implementation and the costs of maintaining the supply mode of shared materials. Dehydrated by these methods of the sludge are sent to the final processing in order to highlight and clean oil fractions.

More efficient phase separators are sumps. But the speed of settling individual categories of the NCMS differ sharply, and in general remain very low. At the same time, the final products of settling (WAT) contain significant amounts of water. The residual moisture is, 60 - 80% (the negative effect of oil-elevated fractions is also contlated). Therefore, intensive methods of dehydration must be used to separate them, first of all filtering with previous coagulation. The oil mixtures are advantageous well, and the precipitates contain no more than 30% residual moisture.

Table 5.

Origin and methods of refining oil flow