What light bulbs are environmentally friendly and safer: LED, mercury or ordinary. Other important moments

As follows from the name, the light source in LED lamps are miniature electronic devices - LEDs. In the usual incandescent lamps, light is emitted with a split metal spiral. In energy-saving lamps, light is emitted by a phosphor, which is applied to the inner surface of a glass tube. In turn, the phosphor glows under the action of a gas discharge.

Before proceeding to LED lamps, briefly consider the features of each type of lamps.

Incandescent lamp It is very simple: a spiral of a refractory metal is fixed inside the transparent glass flask, from which the air is dumped. Passing through the spiral, the electric current warms it to high temperaturesat which the metal shines brightly.

The advantage of such lamps is low price. However, it is compensated by an equally low efficiency: in visible light, less than 10% of the power consumable electricity is converted. The rest is useless dispelled in the form of heat - the light bulb is heated greatly. In addition, the service life is very small and amounts to about 1,000 hours.

Compact fluorescent lamp, or thr(This is the exact name of the energy-saving lamp), with the same brightness of the light, spends about five times less electricity than the incandescent lamp. Cl is more expensive and have several disadvantages for consumers:

• for quite a long time (a few minutes) flared up after switching on;
• the lamp with its curved glass flask looks nonethetically;
• light CLL flickers, which is tiring for vision.

LED lamp It is several LEDs mounted in one housing with a power supply. Without a power supply, it is not necessary to do without a power supply: LEDs are required by a direct current with a voltage of 6 or 12 V, in the household power supply - alternating current with a voltage of 220 V.

Photo by the author

The housing of the lamp is most often performed in the form of a habitual "pear" with a screw base. Thanks to this, LED lamps are installed without problems in a regular cartridge.

Depending on the LEDs used, the radiation color of the LED lamp can be different. This is one of their advantages.

	Incandescent lamp	Energy Saving	LED
Radiation color	Yellow	Warm day, day	Yellow, Warm White, Cold White
Power consumption	Big	Average: 5 times less than that of incandescent lamps	Low: 8 times less than that of incandescent lamps
Life time	1 thousand watch	3-15 thousand hours	25-30 thousand hours
disadvantages	Strong heating	Fragile, long flashed	Low maximum power
Benefits	Low price, work in a wide range of conditions	Relatively economical and durable	Very economical and durable

Advantages of LED Lamps:

• very small energy consumption - on average eight times less than that of the incandescent lamps of a similar brightness;
• very long service life - operate 25-30 times longer incandescent lamps;
• almost do not heat;
• radiation color - to choose from;
• stable lighting brightness with power voltage fluctuations.

The main advantage of LED lamps is economy. It is assumed that, at the expense of small energy consumption and a long service life, LED lamps will noticeably reduce the cost of lighting.

The price of LED lamps at the time of writing the article was about three times higher than that of the usual. Consequently, in monetary measurement, they turn out to be 50-100 times more economical. Of course, this savings will be achieved provided that the lamp will fully work out the promised service life and will not burn ahead of time.

Disadvantages of LED lamps limit their scope:

• uneven light distribution - the power supply unit, built into the case, shads the light stream;
• matte flask looks ugly in glass and crystal luminaires;
• the brightness of the glow, as a rule, cannot be changed using a dimmer;
• understandable for use with very low (in frost) and high (in steampars, saunas) temperatures.

What you need to consider when choosing a LED lamp

LED lamps have a lot of characteristics. This makes the task of the correct harder. Let's figure out what exactly the various characteristics indicate.

Photo by the author

Supply voltage

If in your apartment or house an unstable voltage, you need to choose lamps that can work in a wide range of stresses. It is always indicated on the package. Unlike incandescent bulbs, the LED lamps under reduced tension are also lit as bright as at normal.

Radiation color

The color is characterized by a color temperature, which is measured in Kelvin: with an increase in the color temperature, the light changes from yellow to the blue. In most cases, the radiation color is indicated on the package and the lamp housing in degrees and words:

• warm (2,700 K) - approximately corresponds to the radiation of the incandescent lamp;
• warm white (3,000 K) - is considered optimal for residential premises;
• cold white (4,000 k) - for and industrial premises; Close to daylight.

There are lamps with a variable color: when switching mode, the radiation spectrum of such a lamp is changing.

It should be borne in mind that many people do not perceive the blue part of the spectrum, so the cold light of the lamps will seem dimmingly. So, if you decide to install the lamps with a cold spectrum at home, choose them with a power reserve.

Power

On the package of LED lamps, their light stream and the power of similar in the brightness of incandescent bulbs are indicated. The actual power consumption of LED lamps is 6-8 times less. For example, a 12-W LED lamp shines as bright as an ordinary 100-watt light bulb. This ratio can be used when selecting the LED lamp to replace the incandescent lamp.

However, a unpleasant surprise can be tested here: the stated power may not correspond to the actual, and the lamp will shine weaker than expected.

In addition, over time, the brightness of the LED decreases. It is possible that the light bulb will have to change long before the expiration of its service due to the fact that it began to shine too weakly.

Other important moments

• Dimensions. LED bulbs in size slightly more similar incandescent bulbs. Therefore, in small ceiling, it is not elementary not to fit.
• If your lamp is turned on through the dimmer, the corresponding light bulbs are needed. The packaging should indicate that the lamp is adjustable.
• The color rendition index of LED lamps is small: this means that they are somewhat distort the visual perception of colors. In some cases, for example, when photographing with LED light, it can be important.

LED lamp transition strategy

Potential should not make you lose your head. Do not rush to run to the store and buy light bulbs immediately for all lamps in the house. It is advisable to be guided by two principles.

1. Replace only high power lamps - 60 W and more. Savings from replacing low-power lamps will be small, and the cost of a new lamp may not pay off.
2. Replacing the lamps in the luminaires, the combustion time of which is the largest during the day: for example, in chandeliers in residential rooms. It is meaningless to change the light bulb in some landing, the light in which is lit from the case towards the case and for a while.

It should not be expected that electricity consumption will decrease at times.

Major electricity consumers in everyday life Heating appliances: Iron, electric kettle, washer and especially electric stove. According to several people surveyed, the expense of electricity after the transition to LED lamps decreases somewhere by 15-25%.

Another advice: do not buy many lamps of one brand right away, first take one or two on the sample. The fact is that the lamps with the same color temperature of different manufacturers can be very different on the emitted light. Suddenly the spectrum of these lamps will be unpleasant? It is better to try.

Conclusion

LED bulbs, compared to traditional incandescent lamps, is a fundamentally new solution for lighting.

A few years ago, they were a very expensive technical innovation, but today their price is already comparable to the price of other types of lamps. As for the characteristics, the LED lamps are noticeably superior to the previous lighting devices. The verdict is unequivocal: the transition to LED lamps is quite acquitted.

"Halogen light bulbs in everyday life are not so common ... For electricity consumption, they are only two times more efficient ..."

"They are relatively cheaper than LED and nominally consume much less electricity than incandescent lamps. But besides the fact that they often do not fulfill nominally declared efficiency, such lamps, spent their time, represent a powerful threat to ambient Due to the content of mercury in one of the components of the structure - Luminofore (from 5 mg to 1 gram). "

It seems these two phrases are not very accurate.
Why? Efficiency advocacy \u003d Light divide into consumed by Eletroenergy. In my opinion, the efficiency of the lamps is:
1. The efficiency of 3-5% of the heat: 3% in conventional, 4% - in short-lived perhaps, 5% - in powerful slides. Used in the houses of the East and West.
The most durable in the world - it seems up to 15 years old when the Brest Plant has been at the Brest Plant during the USSR.
All imported glow lamps contain a jumper combining for ~ 25 days. Therefore, do not cost your money at all. Although Kalashnikov near Moscow in reddish packaging even survived even imports - the lamps burn out for 1-3 days! In the new caps, the Cap. Monopolis dictates and worsen prices and quality specifically, for the sake of super-profits. The more often the lamps burn out - the more profitable they. Called Product Sabotage Cap. ~ Monopolies.! If you wish, you can find a black list of Product Sabotage, even for tens of thousands of product items.

2. The efficiency of 6-7% of the heat hotter - halogen, the efficiency is almost twice as much as the reflector. Now they became popular in the East. In the West are becoming popular too.

3. KPD 20% in standard luminescent lamps, except for blue with ordinary air.
Used in the USSR from the 1960s everywhere, at factories and offices and streets, except less consuming home environment, although some lovers acquired at home. Transformer transducers cannot burn with voltage instability.
Soviet and imported lums are interchangeable, although they do not write about this.
Soviet Luma is honest. Imported luma is compact in diameter in 1.5-2ruse, but usually weaker in the light in 1.5-2rrosis - according to experiments of experiments, i.e. The inscriptions of the most famous firms - they lie brazen and not blushing.
At home, desktop lumes became popular at the EXSSR. For example, Lum 11W in the case of the best spectrum and composition of the gas - really replaces the 75W gas lamp in the table lamp!
Electronic voltage converters have an efficiency of almost 100%, and do not get out, although the occasionally fails with the instability of the new-time of Chubais, 280V instead of 220V. Occasionally even 320V instead of 220V.
It can be done on its own reliable - the eternal electronic converter.
It can be done with a lum - eternal potentially, with a zero exploitation.
Analogy of lum-lamps in nature? Polar Lights!

As a child, I did chemical experiments at the evenings. Sometimes mercury smoke stood so thick that it was impossible to see his hand half a day. In my opinion, the consequences of mercury poisoning are very exaggerated, it is suspicious. Mercury is a valuable thing for interesting compounds. To do this, it is necessary to collect a deficient mercury into a small bubble with a high-quality tight plug, buying a medicine in the pharmacy for the sake of the bubble and throwing them away. And not to give anyone! Especially for free. :)
But in lunches in the phosphore of mercury, too meger, so that it could be collected, the more choose.

4. The efficiency of 15-25% in LED, typical efficiency of 15% in bluish, 25% of the best rare. This novelty is still too expensive for guests in the EXSSR. And the efficiency is too unstable. Although potentially in the laboratory conditions, one sample will achieve 42% efficiency.

What can I say in the end? In my opinion, in the conditions of EXSSR at the factories, streets, and now at home - it is still worth using a lum-lamp. It is most profitable to apply 1-2 Soviet Lumes - the most powerful 60W or 80w or 150w at a price of 0.5-1 $, which is equivalent to the heat lamp to 1000W. You can make the alignment of Lumes that rich can buy - already in Europe one model of the ceiling adjustable Lyum Plafon at a price of 1500 euros.
Luma lamps are more profitable in long plan than outcommodic rapid stearic candles of the 19th century, high-contaminant pumping pumps and halogen, and impact too weak LEDs with too unstable efficiency slightly worse.

While it is more profitable to sabotage cap. Monopolis and cartels in the field of lamps, and their registered articles like this can, and the decrees of their defense-presidents - for example, the prohibition of mercury and means all the lum-lamps are allegedly good purposes.
Did you suddenly listen to them, throw out all the lumes around, and sit in the dark?
In my opinion, such prohibitions of mercury can even look like terrorism against everyone!

But potentially in the future, when the LEDs run up to normal stability and efficiency of more than 25%, and can 42%, then the LEDs will become more profitable because of a greater efficiency and durability, even if they are a big price.

Yes, interesting arguments in favor of luminescent lamps. But the future, apparently, will be behind the LEDs when they fall in price before ordinary incandescent)

Continued. When turned on, the erapy got a tooth, burned at once.
Failed to find another EPR for the month of searches. In the magicians they said that another era may bring the next time - in the spring can next yearor more likely in 2-3 years.
I managed to buy the cheapest Chinese digital multimeter for 300 rubles, choosing one normal out of 20pcs in the mage showing with an excessive error of 20-30%.
I had to open and repair the only available EPR.
All details with incomprehensible designations with new color marking. And the transistors and resistors burned down. I had to think how it would have to work, and what resistors and transistors could stand if I thought about the scheme.
More than a month figured out, I was looking for details, at the same time slightly redesign upgraded the scheme. And picked up differently experienced, measuring numbers - in the northern winter twilight standing on a swinging stool on one leg, under the ceiling, squeezing the chin of a multimeter, looking at the indicator on the indicator, while looking at the dipstick, touching the impurity details, avoiding on the tracks of the tracks, between which he broke The air is sparking kilovolts, and the currents learned the tracks. In general, this occupation turned out to be not easy, and not for the faint of heart.

Result? Luma tube with the inscription 36W when turned on began to shine - consuming 135w With a redisena scheme, with cold or warm parts, almost without heating - with the efficiency closer to 100%, which was managed to shove into the same metal EPR with the inscription 36W. It seems without analogue in the world.
One lum-tube 135W with efficiency is cooling up to 5 times enough to illuminate the whole room almost like pumping up to 675W! More minimalism!
After a time it was possible to get another latter than the same era with a warehouse with a 36W inscription, which turned out to be reliable, but its measured real power was only 22W, that is, the power is worse than in 36W / 22W \u003d 1.6rouse than written.
It means that it was possible to pro-write real power already in 135W / 22W \u003d 6.1 times!
Then checking still somewhere found out that such a lie of the Cap. monopoly seems to have all imports, including well-known brands - at least. Unlike Soviet honest law, at the same time measured too.
Then accidentally found a switch with a rope for 100 rubles. I screwed it on the ceiling to regulate the power of the lum tube in the direction of the decrease, because the full power is rarely needed. If it proceeds, it will probably be replaced with a lum-tube of any length and power from 36 to 80W, or less reliable spiral compact curls, which will be able to find.

And what can be said about Luma's durability? The inscription about work up to 10,000 hours is more suitable for Soviet Lumam. And the cap. Film inscriptions lie many times, for really the Caps work from 1 second to 3 years, and rarely 5 years. The firms specifically unhappy lumes breaking roughly manufacturing technology to cause a rapid burnout of one of the heat threads when it is turned on - Product Subotage.
How to increase the durability of the Caps up to 10,000 hours, and even more at times? Some Soviet engineers invented new ways of lum-forming and so on at home, increasing durability can be 2-6 times with a combination of all methods. It seems this is also not yet described in the literature anywhere. Require the modernization of the scheme, and the purchase of several difficult items.
In what conditions is relevant to improve durability? With a shortage of lutes, as in my case, that this powerful lum can also become eternal. Then at the same time there will be no waste of mercury 1milligrams in the form of a burnt lue.
Compact spiral lum-energy saving - roads, for it is always sold with an integrated electronics, which is in price to 95% of the cost. Therefore, some, even distant from the soldering, became interested in modernization with their own hands, and increase the durability at times with new ways - all of their own lows, new purchased and even in older. Very profitable!

Even when the loss thread is burning in one or both ends, instead of throwing out lumain, more advanced economical people know how to light the light of Lumes from half a year to several years, if a slightly modernize the scheme - until the semi-heating, or cold launch of LUM without heating, with high-voltage discharge, Through the lightning of any gas. Of course, the Cap. Monopolis will never tell you the useful info described above. Even if they knew something on this topic. After all, the fact that everything is beneficial and environmentally friendly is very unprofitable for cap. monopolies. It seems the interests of the Cap. monopolies are always opposite to the interests of all. :)

As promised, additives on how to choose the lamp correctly.
After power, the color of the lamp temperature is important. It is often because of a bad choice in the store, the lamp seems bluish or yellowish-reddish - in general, a dark discomfort, which leads to fatigue and needs to buy lamps are more powerful up to 3 times.
How to choose lamps so that their light seemed white comfortable even with minimal power? In the internet there is almost no information on this topic. Perennial Experiments of Shopping Lamps different temperatures and power lead to the choice according to rare schedule:

If you use the highest quality durable things, the consumption of energy and things decreases to a minimum. So at the same time there are no waste, eco.
What lamps are most durable? To answer this question, everyone will have to choose a lot on the market, spending time and money to the wind. Maybe therefore a market economy is the most inefficient lagging behind?
You can reduce the bust for everyone if you are consumed with each other, according to Soviet. :)
Council. Of the efficiency of energy efficient fluorescent compact cells, tested in practice, only two surprised by the execution of the promised inscription of the durability of more than 10,000 hours.
One in the desk lamp 11W, the messenger 2300k, included every evening for a long time, served more than 10 years. Ready pictures below.
The second CLL, selling the most powerful ~ 36W, the most warm 2300k, the only one with a soft launch of ~ 1 seconds, included in the kitchen in the chandelier for a long time and often 10-20 times every night, serves the 10th year, without noticeable signs of aging. Made on a rarely ~ Soviet plant **** Gorsky - only once saw on sale. Laziness to develop a chandelier chamber to look more accurate.
And the rest of the pieces 10, from Chinese to Russian and European, different wagons and power 26-36W, burned quickly. Some price up to $ 10 burned down the faster of the lamps. Buy such Cll - money for the wind.
Now avoid Cl. And I avoid LEDs except flashlight.
Returned to lumertubes, heat lamps and halogens.
It may be worth trying - mercury drill, sodium dat, and metal-haloboles. There seems to be the efficiency even more economical already in 1.5-2rrosis. And with high mercury to launch without a high-voltage pulse - durability can be more at times. It is their b forbidden. See the Cap. Monopolis again dictate the deterioration of quality, durability and means ecology ...

Did you think about how little we pay attention to simple everyday things around us? For example, ordinary light bulbs are what they are, what they differ, for what are needed? I decided to apply with this question to a recognized expert in the field of lighting - the company Philips, and they helped me with the preparation of this material. Want to know everything about lighting? Welcome to Cat!

To begin with - what are the lamps?

When inclusion of the incandescent lamp, the thread of tungsten wire is repeated (2600 - 3000ºС) passing through it, and it starts glowing. However, only a small part of the electrical energy consumed, the incandescent lamp converts to radiation in the visible region of the spectrum, most of the infrared radiation.

Pros:

• Low cost
• The usual yellow light
• No flicker

Minuses:

• Service life - 1000 hours (approximately 1 year, but actually the lamp is less, often burns out)
• Heat radiation
• High energy consumption

Halogen lamps

The halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp with a gas filled with a flask. Such a device allows the incandescent thread to burn brighter. Halogen applying, in particular bromine, on the inside of the flask allows you to avoid decreasing glass transparency during the service life.

Pros:

• saving up to 30% of energy
• stable high brightness light
• improved color reproduction
• lack of ultraviolet radiation

Minuses:

• strong thermal radiation
• sensitive to voltage jumps
• Service life - 2000 - 3000 hours

"Energy Saving" (compact luminescent) lamps

In these lamps, the flow of charged particles takes place along the flask filled with mercury couples, as a result of which ultraviolet radiation is formed. The coating from the phosphor on the inner surface of the lamp turns this radiation into visible light.

Pros:

• saving up to 80% of energy
• minor heat dissipation
• wide range of color light radiation
• service life - from 6 to 15 thousand hours
• uniformity of the distribution of light

Minuses:

• recycling is necessary, because contain mercury and phosphorus (less than 5 mg), they are classified as the first (highest) category of hazards and require disposal in factory conditions. For comparison: in the home thermometer contains 3,000 - 5,000 mg of mercury.
• IR and UV radiation
• the heating phase (up to 1 minute), but Philips produces a lamp that is enough a few seconds to light up in full force, such lamps have the Quick Start logo.
• relatively high price
• reducing the service life due to electricity surges
• unstable work at air temperature less than 0 ° C

LED bulbs

LED lamps are a high-tech solution based on semiconductor crystals. Instead of using incandescent or gas yields in LED lamps, light is created as a result of the flow of charged particles through the semiconductor crystal.

LED structure
There are two main types of LEDs: indicator and lighting type. Indicator type, for example, 5 mm, are usually inexpensive, low-power LEDs suitable for use only as light indicators in indicator panels, electronic devices, computers, or to illuminate devices located on the car dashboard. Lighting LEDs, also known as mounted on the surface (SMD), high brightness LEDs (HB) or high-power LEDs (HP) - reliable powerful devices capable of providing desired lighting and having a light source, equal or superior lighting of traditional light sources.

All light-type LEDs have the same basic design. They include a semiconductor chip (or crystal), a substrate for which crystal is installed, contacts for connecting energy, connecting conductors to connect the contacts to the crystal, heat sink, lens and housing. In some LEDs, for example, in the TFFC LEDs developed by Philips Lumileds, the connecting conductors are not required.

Since indicator type LEDs are low-power, all heat generated heat dissipates inside the LEDs themselves. The lighting LEDs are equipped with a housing, which is soldered to the surface, which provides a heat dissipation generated by the LED. A good heat sink is vitally important to ensure normal operation of the LED.

Pros:

• service life - 25 thousand hours
• energy saving - 80%
• instantly gives bright light
• lack of IR and UV radiation
• lack of thermal radiation
• the quality and brightness of the light flux does not change over time

Minuses:

• Relatively high lamp cost (299 rubles per LED lamp Philips, analogue of incandescent lamp 60 W)

Cocoli.

Grounds are different in type and design. To understand which one will help the marking.

The first letter indicates the type of base. The home lighting uses mainly:

• E - Threaded Socol (Edison)
• G - pin base

The number in the designation of the base indicates the diameter of the connecting part or the distance between the pins.

The lowercase letters at the end show the number of contact plates, pins or flexible connections (only for some types):

• s - one contact
• d - two contacts

Sometimes another clarifying letter U is added to the first letter, denoting the energy-saving lamp.

LED lamps for home lighting have standard grounds that are suitable for most applied cartridges.

Threaded Cocol E (Edison)

COCOL E10 - It is the smallest of threaded bases. Can be used in christmas garlands or in pocket lanterns.

Cocol E14. - So-called minions, most often used in small lamps, sconce and chandeliers. Modern LED lamps are also made in such a base, they can replace any standard incandescent lamp, this will significantly save electricity. Light bulbs under such a cartridge distinguishes a wide variety of types: pear-shaped, candle-shaped, drop-shaped, spherical, mirror and others.

Cocol E27. - Lighting devices with such a base are most common, they are suitable for standard cartridges that are installed in each room. LED lamps with such a basement maximally resemble the standard and usual incandescent lamps, they will suit any fixture with a similar chamber.

Pin tsocoli.

Central GU10 - It has thickens at the ends of the contacts for the rotary compound with the cartridge. This type of base has standard ceiling lamps.

GU5.3 base - Mr16 MR16 halogen incandescent lamps are most common. Such a base for accent lighting, in furniture lamps, in suspended and stretch ceilings. LED lamps with such a basement are represented by a wide range of a fairly wide line, so they can fully replace halogen lamps.

Light bulb parameters

First of all, the lamp is characterized by the magnitude power consumption (watt). Incandescent lamps are familiar 40-60 W. The power of LED lamps for household purposes lies in the range from 1 to 15 W. It is important to understand that the power consumed characterizes only the "speed" of electricity spending from the network, and not a light stream that determines how brightly the lamp shines.

Light flow It is measured in lumens and most fully characterizes the source of light from the point of view of its ability to light the room.

Colorful temperature - Parameter defining the shade of the lamp radiation color. The heat-white light corresponds to the color temperature of 2700 - 3500 ° K (2700 - has a noticeable yellow shade and provides cozy lighting, 3500 - closer to white and sharper). Color temperature 4000 - 5000 ° corresponds to neutral white light, provides strong and comfortable lighting. 6500 ° and above - cold-white light, often used for street lighting (since at such a color temperature is being implemented higher light output).

Another important parameter - color reproduction coefficientwhich characterizes the correctness of the perception of the color of items when lighting the lamp. The color rendition coefficient must be specified on the lamp packaging and for LED sources intended for internal lighting must be 80 RA.

No less important indicator - life time. It is recommended to use lamps of well-known and proven manufacturers, otherwise the service life risk does not correspond to the declared one.

Light bulbs and health

Modern companies lead many developments, studying how lighting affects the health and well-being of people. During these studies, new solutions are created. Manufacturers - members of the European Lighting Association (European Lighting Association), including Philips, produce LED lamps, observing the most stringent legislative requirements (and in the European Union they are very tough).

Finding indoors illuminated by LED light solutions is as safe as being on the street with natural lighting or indoors with any other artificial light source, whether a halogen lamp or an incandescent lamp.

According to the standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62471, light sources are divided into four risk groups. Sunlight falls in 2 or 3 group (the highest risk indicators for vision). At the same time, LED lamps for home lighting, like other artificial light sources (incandescent lamps, halogen and compact fluorescent), have the lowest risk indicator - 0 or 1. Therefore, when you stay on the street for a long time - it is better to always use sunscreen Points.

Most harmful to our view the blue part of the spectrum. People who enter the risk group (too sensitive to this part of the spectrum) is worth using in everyday life LED or compact fluorescent lamps with low color temperatures. It is also recommended to give preference to lamps with lamps.

Future lighting

LEDs are one of the most promising areas for the development of lighting technologies: due to the unique characteristics of the possibility of their use of LEDs are almost endless.

Given the rapid development of technical progress, it is now difficult to imagine how home lighting will be, for example, in a hundred years. Assume that modern tendencies They will be reflected in the apartments of the future, the lighting will be energy efficient, dynamic, and will also use the most and complement the natural light. Thanks to LED and OLED technologies (organic LEDs), any surfaces can be served by light sources: furniture, walls, floor, clothing. For example, Philips light wallpapers are already available, they create a feeling that the entire wall is lit, and its light modes can change. So, in the morning they can shine with a pleasant white light, and in the evening to surprise the game of shades. OLED plates will be able to replace window glass, which in the daytime will be skipping daylight and serve transparent glass, and at night the finest panels will be imitate sunset, dawn or sunny morning.

Buying one or another lamp in the store, we must first pay attention to what light bulbs are suitable for it. Included with the device they are missing, so it is important to know those of their varieties that are available today on sale. Light bulbs form, dimensions, power, as well as the basement, which they are fixed in the luminaire cartridge. Through it in the lamp comes electric current.

The socles themselves make metal or ceramic. Inside them there are contacts for supplying the current to the working element of the lamp. Each lamp is equipped with one or more cartridges for fastening the lamps. The grounds of the acquired light bulbs should match them in shape and sizes. Therefore, when buying a lamp, it is important to navigate what types of light bulbs and types of bases to it are suitable.

In addition, most lamps take from time to time to change, because they do not have big durability. To make an optimal choice and do not get lost in all of their diversity, it is important to know which types of lamps and types of bases exist. In addition to the base, when buying a lamp, you need to take into account the still consumed lamp power, voltage, its dimensions and a chart of connecting to the chandelier.

What are the types of bases

There is a large variety of types of bases of lamps, which are used today in certain areas. In this regard, there are their classification, according to which all types can be divided into several groups. At the same time, in everyday life, we most often face only two of them: threaded and pin. Consider more each of these two types.

Threaded Cocol

Traditional is considered to be a threaded base, or in a different way - screw. It is labeled by the Latin letter E. This type of base is widely used in many types of lamps, including the majority of household. After the letter, there must be a number that means the diameter of the threaded connection. In domestic light bulbs, two sizes of the threaded compound are used - E14 and E27. For more powerful lamps, for example, street lighting there are socles E40.

The threaded type of base we are accustomed to see almost all home lighting devices. Most modern lamps are equipped with this design of the connection. It is considered the most convenient for widespread consumption. The dimensions of the threaded connection for lamps did not change several decades, therefore even a modern LED bulb that you purchased today may well be screwed into an ancient rare chandelier 30s - 40s of the last century. This is very important for those who are interested in the revival of old things.

In the United States and Canada, the sizes of the caps are not coincided with European. This is due to the fact that there is a voltage in the network 110 V. therefore, in order to avoid accidental screwing in European light bulbs, the diameter of them: E12, E17, E26 and E39.

Pin socket

This is also a fairly popular base, which is successfully used in various types of lamps. It is two metal pins, which play the role of electrical contacts at the same time. Holding the lamp in the cartridge is carried out by these pins, as they are inserted into the cartridge quite tight. Pins may be different in diameter and distance between them. Hence the marking of the letter G, which means that it is a pin base, and the number after it determines the gap between the two pins. For example, bases G4, G9 or G13.

This type of bases are found almost all types of lamps: incandescent, luminescent, halogen, LED.

In addition to the traditional listed above, there are several more rare types of bases that are less popular, but, nevertheless, are used in some types of lamps.

• Casoccills with recessed contact (R). They are used mainly in devices with high intensity of work that is powered by AC.
• The pin tsocoli (c) make it possible to make the best possible and quickly replacing the light bulb in the patron due to the fact that their side contacts are asymmetrical. In fact, it is an improved analogue of a threaded type of base.
• Single (F), which are three different subspecies: cylindrical, with a corrugated surface and a special form.
• Sophisticated bases (S) are used in lamps of various hotels and lighting car lighting. They are distinguished by a peculiar two-sided symmetric location of contacts.
• Fixing (P) socles are used in special powerful spotlights and lanterns.
• Telephone (T) bases are equipped with light bulbs for various control panels, one or another backlight, signal lamps mounted in automatic shields.

Often, the lamp marking the lamp consists of several letters. The second letter most often means the subspecies of this lighting device:

• V is a base having a conical end.
• U - energy-saving luminescent.
• A - Car light.

Types of lighting light bulbs

It will be about the most common lamps that we usually use at home, offices and various industrial premises. It is possible to include incandescent lamps, energy-saving, halogen, luminescent and LEDs. We will analyze more than each of these species.

Normal incandescent lamp

Probably, this is the most common lamp, despite the fact that its age has been more than 150 years old, and over the past 100 years it has practically not undergone significant changes, we still use it so far. The thing is that its production is very cheap, and the design is simple. It is a flask without air, into which a tungsten thread is placed. Under the action of electric current, it is spinning to high temperatures and radiates light. In modern incandescent bulbs with tungsten thread there is one feature: at room temperature, the resistance in the tungsten thread is very low, approximately 15 times lower than the worker, which increases the risk of its burnout when passing a stronger current at the time of inclusion. In the first lamps used graphite threads, the resistance of which, on the contrary, decreased with increasing temperature. This gave the effect of a gradual increase in brightness. At the same time, the graphite threads produced their resource faster.

According to mine technical characteristics Incandescent bulbs are greatly inferior to other types of lamps. The service life of a conventional light bulb is about 1000 hours. It is noteworthy that in the fire station of the small town of Livermore, that in California, there is a light bulb that is continuously burning since 1901. This is, of course, an exception to the rules. In addition to a short period of operation, incandescent bulbs are muttered over time due to the steam flask. It greatly reduces their luminosity. Incandescent bulbs shine with yellow light, which is close to the spectral characteristics of sunlight. Almost all incandescent bulbs are produced with E14 and E27 soclers. The exception is small light bulbs, which twice the lanterns and christmas garlands were screwed a couple of decades. Today it is already difficult to find a cartridge for such light bulbs.

Among the lamps of this type there are special reflex lamps. Their distinctive feature is a silver plated inner surface of the flask. Such instruments are used to create a beam directional light when it is necessary to illuminate some object. On store shelves there are reflex lamps that are labeled R50, R63 and R80, where the number is the diameter of the lamp. As for the base, it is the same as the simple incandescent bulbs. Some light bulbs have a matte glass for more scattered light. Multicolored lamps used to create various light effects are found.

Halogen lamp

Such a light bulb can last about four times longer than the usual incandescent lamp. Manufacturers argue that its operating life can be about 4,000 hours, and the so-called color rendering index is 100%. By your device, such a lamp is not much different from the usual, but a pair of such substances such as iodine or bromine have been added to the flask. It greatly increases light statement and service life. Modern halogen lamps have a light output of 20-30 LM / WATT, which is maintained throughout the provided period of operation and is not lost over time, like a conventional incandescent bulb.

Most often halogen lamps are much smaller than normal in size. They have many different different shapes, and the grounds are: G9, G4, R7S, GU10. There are even lamps with halogen, built into the flask of the usual light bulb with the E27 base.

The disadvantage of halogen lamps one is low-frequency noise when used in conjunction with dimmeters, which adjusts the luminosity. The widest use of this type of lamps found in the automotive industry. Modern headlamp headlights are equipped with halogen lamps.

Luminescent tubular lamps

These light sources have a characteristic elongated shape in the form of a tube of different lengths and diameters. The latter is indicated by the letter T on the marking. For example, T12 (12/8 inches diameter \u003d 3.8 cm). Such lamps require special lamps with a starting device. It is required in order to create an electromagnetic field inside the flask, which is able to cause a luminofora under the influence of mercury vapor. In such lamps there are no plowing parts, which significantly increases their economy and efficiency, since the need for a heating of the substance disappears and almost all energy is converted into the light stream. The bases of this type of lamps most often pin and are located on both sides of the flasks.

Energy Saving Types of Lamps

This term is customary to use for small luminescent lamps. They have gained high popularity today, as they can reduce energy consumption very significantly. They are sold in any stores, and install them in the usual carving cartridge is not a problem, as they are equipped with the same grounds.

Thanks to modern technological developments, energy-saving light bulbs have very compact dimensions, various variations of power, a large variety of forms, but definitely a long service life and extraordinary effectiveness. However, it must be remembered that such lighting devices "do not like" too frequent inclusion and disconnection, as well as all fluorescent lamps, require special recycling conditions, as the mercury pairs contained in them are very dangerous for humans and the environment. Today there are energy-saving lamps with any types of basements: E14, E27, GU10, G9, GU5.3, G4, GU4.

They can also be called "energy-saving", but this is not the main advantage. With a significant economy of electricity, they have a truly huge service life, which can be calculated by tens of thousands of hours and years. From 25,000 to 100,000 hours will serve a LED lamp, which is 3-12 years of continuous operation. In addition, they have almost one hundred percent. LEDs do not use heating, so such lamps are completely safe in the fire sense. Most LED lamps are equipped with standard bases, which allows them to be used in any lamps. They are completely environmentally safe, as they do not contain any harmful substances.

From disadvantages it should be noted only a very high cost. This, of course, is compensated very long time operation. It is not recommended to acquire cheaper LED lamps, as they will shine an invisible flicker at the expense of the condensers, which in hidden form affects vision. Another disadvantage can be considered shifted to the side of blue color Radiation spectrum, which does not match the natural sunlight. LEDs are shining fairly cold unnatural light.

The use of energy-saving light sources allows you to significantly save on electricity. At the same time, when purchasing them should be attentive to the manufacturer's choice and buy only well-known models, since otherwise many advantages become not so obvious.

Modern technologies were significantly expanded in light, but at the same time complicated the choice of light bulbs for home use. If earlier in 90% of apartments, in addition to the usual incandescent bulbs from 40 to 100W, little was found, then today the varieties and types of lighting lamps are a great set.

Buy in the store the desired view of the lamp for the lamp is not such a simple task.
What do you want from high-quality lighting first:

• Comfort for eyes

• Economy of electricity

• harmless use

Type of socle

Before buying a light bulb, it is primarily important to determine the necessary type of base. In most domestic lighting devices, a threaded base of two types is used:

It is distinguished by a diameter accordingly. Figures in the designation and indicate its size in millimeters. That is, e-14 \u003d 14mm, e-27 \u003d 27mm. There are adapters for lamps with some lamps to others.

If the plates in the chandelier are small, or the lamp has some kind of specificity, then a pin base is used.

It is indicated by the letter G and a digit that indicates the distance in millimeters between the pins.
The most common it is:

• G5.3 - which are just inserted into the luminaire connector
• GU10 - first inserted and then turn on a quarter turn

In spotlights, use the R7S base. It can be both halogen and LED lamps.

The lamp power is selected based on the limit of the lighting device in which it will be installed. Information on the layout of the base and restriction of the power of the lamp used can be seen:

• on the box of the purchased lamp
• on the ceiling already installed
• or on the light bulb

Form of flask

The next to what to pay attention is the shape and size of the flask.

Flask with a threaded base may have:

Pear-shaped are denoted by the nomenclature - A55, A60; Ball - letter G. The numbers correspond to the diameter.
Candles are marked with a Latin letter - S.

The flask with the pin base is shaped:

• Little capsule
• or flat reflector

Norms lighting

Lighting brightness is an individual concept. However, it is believed that for every 10m2 with a ceiling height of 2.7 m, a minimum of illumination in the equivalent of 100W is needed.

The luxury lights are measured. What is this unit? Simple words - When 1 lumens illuminates the 1m2 area of \u200b\u200bthe room, then this is 1 luxury.

For different premises, the norms are different.

The illumination from many parameters depends:

• From the distance to the light source
• Colors of surrounding walls
• reflections of light flux from foreign objects

The illumination is very easy to measure with the help of familiar smartphones. Just download and install a special program. For example - Luxmeter (link)

True, such programs and cameras of phones are usually losing compared to professional devices of luxmeters. But for household needs, this is more than enough.

Incandescent lamps and halogen light bulb

The classic and most inexpensive price solutions for lighting the apartment is the usual incandescent lamp, or its halogen version. Depending on the type of base, this is the most affordable purchase. Incandescent and halogen light bulbs give comfortable warm light without flickering and no harmful substances are isolated.

However, halogen lamps are not recommended to touch the flask. Therefore, they should go packed in a separate bag.

When the halogenka is burning, it warms up to very high temperatures. And if you will conquer her flasks with a fat hands, then the residual tension is formed. As a result, the spiral in it will be much faster in it, thereby reducing its service life.

In addition, they are very sensitive to voltage jumps and often because of this burn out. Therefore, they are put together with fixtures of smooth start or plug through dimmers.

Halogen lamps for the most part are produced to work from single-phase network With a voltage of 220-230 volts. But there are also low-voltage by 12 volts that require connecting through a transformer for the corresponding type of lamps.

Halogen shines brighter than the usual, about 30%, and power consumes the same. This is achieved due to the fact that inside it contains a mixture of inert gases.

In addition, during operation, the particle of tungsten elements is returned back to the filament of incandescent. In the usual lamp there is a gradual evaporation over time and sedimentation of these particles on the flask. The light bulb fills and operates twice as little than halogen.

Color reproduction and light stream

The advantage of ordinary incandescent bulbs is a good color rendering index. What it is?
Roughly speaking, this is an indicator of how much in the scattered stream contains light close to sunny.

For example, when sodium and mercury lamps illuminate the night streets, it is not entirely clear what color of the car and clothing in humans. Since these sources have a bad color rendering index - in the area of \u200b\u200b30 or 40%. If you take the incandescent lamp, then the index is already more than 90%.

Now the sale and production of incandescent bulbs The capacity of over 100W is not allowed in retail stores. This is done for safety reasons. natural resources and energy savings.

Some still mistakenly choose the lamps focusing on the inscriptions of power on the packaging. Remember that this figure does not say about how brightly it shines, but only about how much electricity consumes from the network.

The main indicator here is the light stream that is measured in lumens. It is for him that you need to pay attention when choosing.

Since many of us were previously focused on popular power 40-60-100W, manufacturers for modern economical lamps always on packaging or in directories indicate the correspondence of their power to the power of a simple incandescent bulb. This is done solely for the convenience of your choice.

Luminescent - energy saving

Luminescent lamps have a good level of energy savings. Inside them there is a tube from which the flask is made covered with a powder with a phrase. This provides a glow 5 times brighter than incandescent lamps at the same power.

Luminescent are not very environmentally friendly due to spraying mercury and phosphor inside. Therefore, they require careful disposal through certain organizations and containers of receiving used light bulbs and batteries.

They are also subject to flicker effect. Check it easy, it is enough to see their glow on the display through the smartphone camera. It is because of this reason that it is not advisable to place such light bulbs in residential premises where you are constantly.

LED

LED lamps and lamps of different shapes and structures are widely used in different areas Life.

Their advantages:

• Temperature resistance
• insignificant effect on voltage differences
• Easy assembly and use
• High reliability in mechanical loads. The minimum risk that it will break down when falling.

LED lamps in the process of work are very poorly heated and therefore have a plastic light housing. Thanks to this, they can be applied where others cannot be installed. For example, in stretch ceilings.

Electricity savings in LEDs are more significant than luminescent and energy-saving. They consume about 8-10 times less than incandescent bulbs.

If we rudely take averaged parameters for power and light stream, you can get such data:

These results are approximate and in realities will always be different, since much directly depends on the voltage level, manufacturer's brand and many other parameters.

For example, in the United States, an ordinary incandescent light is still burning in one fire unit, which is already over 100 years old. Even a special site was created, where through the web chamber, online, you can watch it.

Filamente

Recently, violent lamps have been greatly popular. This is the same LED, only it looks like in the included state as a simple incandescent bulb.

This is its feature and advantage that is widely used in open lamps.

For example, if we are talking about crystal chandeliers, then when using an ordinary LED lamp in it, because of its matte surface, the crystal "play" and will not be blown away. It glitters and reflects the light only with directional beam.

In this case, the chandelier looks not very rich. The use of filament into them, reveals all the advantages and all the beauty of such a lamp.

These are all the main types of lighting lamps widely used in the apartment and a residential building. Choose the option you need according to the above characteristics and recommendations, and exercise your home right and comfortably.