The most common diseases of the endocrine system. Treatment of endocrine diseases. Diagnosis of violations in the work of the endocrine system

The endocrine system is responsible for controlling all basic functions in the body, therefore even the slightest hormonal disorders require special attention. Questions regarding the disease of the human endocrine system worry a large number of patients, as hormonal disorders behave violations of the normal functionality of many organs and systems human organism. In the case when the treatment should not be treated, such negligence leads to very unpleasant consequences.

Hormonal disorders imply: a decrease or increase in growth and weight, emotional instability and unbalanced mental state. The endocrine system of man becomes an active participant in the functioning of the body under which the digestion of food used and maintaining the healthy state of the body is understood. The glands of the endocrine system include: pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid and parachitoid gland and sex glands.

For example, hypophies produces several hormones, one of which is a growth hormone affecting human growth. With an acute disadvantage of such hormones in the body, the growth is suspended, and the length of the body is already an adult is only one meter of twenty centimeters. In the event that the hormone is produced in excess, the length of the adult body exceeds two meters.

Endocrine glands are responsible for the normal performance of the patient's nervous and immune systems and contribute to maintaining a good acid state of the body. Thanks to the glands of internal secretion, hormones are produced, which are reacting with chemical reactions with the activities of human organs.

Not every disease may cause a violation of the performance of endocrine glands and hormonal failures. In such cases, the endocrinologist will not always be able to help, sometimes it is best to contact a completely different specialist, for example, in violation of sexual functions, it is best to see the urologist or a gynecologist, a psychotherapist will help with emotional instability.

In any case, to put an adequate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, you need consultation with a qualified specialist. Usually, the diseases of the endocrine system are associated with either an excective, or a disadvantage of the production of hormones that contribute to the development of pathological processes.

The etiology of the disease of the endocrine system in modern medical practice is still too little studied. Pathological changes in the endocrine system can be associated with genetic anomalies, inflammation processes and neoplasms, and disorders of tissue sensitivity to hormones. Modern medicine among the most common diseases of the endocrine system allocates: diabetes mellitus, toxic diffuse goiter and violation of the functions of the sex glands.

However, despite all the most modern methods of research, endocrine glands and diseases associated with it still the most mysterious and poorly studied, therefore it is important to adhere to the general rules for the prevention and recommendations from qualified specialists.

Signs and symptoms that are associated with diseases of endocrine disorders are very numerous and can be sharply expressed and capable of affecting almost all areas and functions of the human body. Symptoms that are observed in patients with violations associated with the endocrine system:

• Sharp decrease or, on the contrary, a sharp increase in body weight;
• Sharp mood change;
• Or an increase or a decrease in body temperature and fever;
• Increased sweating;
• Violation of the menstrual cycle in women;
• Change of normal heart rhythm;
• Memory violation and concentration;
• Frequent headaches;
• Fast fatigue, weakness and drowsiness;
• The constant feeling of thirst, which is mainly observed in patients with diabetes;
• Excessive excitability;
• Reduction of sexual attraction;
• Frequent urge to urination act.

All of the above symptoms are often found in most patients with disorders associated with diseases of the endocrine system. Since these symptoms are not specific, and almost everyone faces them, it is not necessary to immediately seek help from a professional endocrinologist, it is worth a while to follow the condition of their health.

Most of the diseases that cause endocrine glands have external manifestations, in combination with the specified symptoms can already give the most vivid picture of the manifestation of signs of the disease.

Such manifestations are characterized as follows: the patient changes the expression of the person, the size of the abnormal arcs increases, the skin changes are changed, possibly hair loss or, on the contrary, excessive growth. Due to the unfavorable conditions that the majority of the country's population is surrounded, thyroid gland is subject to special risk.

Control that implies an endocrine system is characterized by age and gender of a person. It also has a significant impact on the normal functioning of the exchange process and the central nervous systemAnd with the help of them already on all other vital functions. Signs of characteristic of age are associated with the natural flow of age-related changes, which can dramatically break under the influence of internal secretion disorders by one or more endocrine glands.

It happens that because of such a violation, it is possible, previously puberty, which is observed mainly with malignant neoplasms of the genital glands. The removal of such a tumor leads to the normal functionability of the germ. Sexual signs are responsible for the body's sexual differentiation, and the development of secondary sexual signs belonging to sex glands.

Reducing their functionality implies the development of a special structure of the body, which is characterized by increased growth in the length of the limbs, in male patients develop a female pelvis structure and there is no hairproof body.

Despite all the listed symptoms and signs, it should be remembered that most diseases that affect endocrine glands are inherently inherent in themselves, therefore it is worth asking what diseases are in closest relatives. It should be remembered that the symptoms and signs associated with endocrine diseases depend on their type and nature of the occurrence, it is important to assign the correct diagnosis and timely start treating these symptoms.

The doctor is very important to diagnose all the pathological processes transferred to once, which could cause diseases. Very often characteristic exterior signs These may indicate the development of a particular disease, for example, too enlarged lips or ears can talk about acromegaly, and the noticeable deformation of the neck indicates a disorder of the performance of the thyroid.

Necessary treatment

In modern medical practice, treatment that the endocrine system implies is made with hormonal drugs. In the case when the main reasons are excessive or insufficient active participation of the glands, problems associated with reducing functionality arise.

To eliminate the symptoms and first signs, hormones are introduced inside the patient's organism, which reduce the excessive activity of the functioning of the elements of the endocrine system. In particularly severe cases, when a person has to remove part of the gland or cut the body completely, the reception of such drugs should be carried out until the end of life.

Anti-inflammatory and strengthening drugs are prescribed for prevention, treatment is also applied using radioactive iodine. Of course, the most effective method of treatment is surgical intervention, but qualified specialists try to apply such a method only in rare cases.

Such treatment is applied only if the resulting tumor damages the endocrine system. With neoplasms, which also suffers from the endocrine system, the method of operational intervention is applied.

Nutrition is selected by the doctor, depending on which endocrine gland was defeated. Dietary nutrition is assigned if there are no accompanying diseases that can be aggravated by diabetes, in this case, for the beginning, the specialist prescribes a trial diet. Table of trial menu:

• Meat and fish - two hundred fifty grams;
• Cottage cheese - three hundred grams;
• Cheese - twenty-five grams;
• Efficiency products - five hundred grams;
• Rye bread - one hundred grams;
• Creamy I. vegetable oil - sixty grams;
• All vegetables, with the exception of potatoes and beans - a thousand gram;
• Fresh fruits except bananas and grapes - three hundred grams.

For patients who have overweight, a test diet is prescribed for prevention, there should be low content in it energy valueSuch a limitation of consumable fat helps reduce weight.

The endocrine system is healing and using folk methodswhich implies intact medicinal herbalThis method is designed to take a large amount of herbs, such as: thyme, yarrow, Melissa, mint, wormwood, sage, chamomile and many others. Such fees help stabilize exchange processes and contribute to the intake of important trace elements.

Prevention of symptoms and diseases of the endocrine system includes regular reception of biologically active and iodine-containing food additives. It should be remembered that it is necessary to observe a healthy lifestyle and adhere to the necessary prophylaxis in order to minimize and minimize the risks associated with diseases of the endocrine system.

The activities of all organs of the human body are regulated by an endocrine system. It manages all the most important processes: the growth, metabolism, reproduction. Diseases of the endocrine system lead to a violation of many vital functions.

Disorder of normal activity of one or more glands is called endocrine disease.

To the glands of internal secretion Believe:

• thyroid;
• parathyroid;
• thymus (forks);
• pancreatic;
• adrenal glands;
• epiphysis;
• hypothalamic-pituitary system;
• tsemenniki and ovaries (sex glands).

On hormonal problemsindicates the presence of one or more symptoms in a person:

• excessive weight loss;
• heart palpitations;
• increased excitability, irritability;
• violation of the concentration of attention;
• weakness, drowsiness;
• permanent thirst.

Diseases of thyroid gland

Modern endocrinologists note a stable increase in the number of hormonal dysfunctions. Among them are the most common diseases of the thyroid gland:

• hyperthyroidism;
• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune thyroiditis;
• diffuse toxic goiter (Basedova disease);
• endemic and nodal goiter;
• thyroid cancer.

Hyperthyroidism

The condition due to hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and expressed by the increased production of thyroxine hormones and triiodothyronine. Read more about hyperthyroidism.

Manifested by the following symptoms:

• weight loss;
• temperature increase;
• emotional instability;
• tachycardia;
• increased upper with simultaneous lower pressure;
• ophthalmic problems (edema, displacement of eyeballs, split objects);
• general weakness;

Factors provoking the development of the disease, specialists include genetic predisposition, female floors and disorders immune system.

Treatment is carried out by medicine and surgical path. Optimal way Selected by the attending endocrinologist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient. To reduce hormone generations, thyaretic are prescribed medications: Tiamazole, methimazole, propylthyoraqil.

In the absence of a positive result, the conservative types of therapy makes a decision on surgical intervention - removing part of the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism

This is a pathology, expressed in the insufficient production of the thyroid gland of hormones. Read more about hypothyroidism.

The disease leads to the following states:

• weakness;
• drowsiness;
• intolerance of cold.

It is often detected with late, because symptoms of hypothyroidism is not pronounced and mistakenly attributed to general fatigue or other diseases.

The final diagnosis is made by an endocrinologist based on the collected anamnesis, data of laboratory tests (general, biochemical, hormonal blood tests). If necessary, scintigraphy is assigned. Depending on the cause of the occurrence, the disease is successfully treated:

• iodine preparations (iodide, betadine);
• hormonal medicines (Eoutrox, Levothyroxine).

In some cases, the reception of cardioprotectors, glycosides and neuroprotectors is appointed.

Diffuse toxic goiter

To the most striking clinical manifestations Based disease belongs:

• pucheglasie;
• temperature increase;
• sweating;
• weight loss;
• heartbeat.

The development of the goiter can provoke infectious diseases, brain injuries, psychological shocks. A greatest role is played by genetic predisposition in combination with certain environmental factors.

The goiter is treated with Mercazolyl and methylthyoacil for a long period - from 6 months to 2 years. The daily dose is 30-40 mg, the preparations of potassium, glucocorticoids, sedatives are additionally prescribed.

Good results showing radioiodterepia. In some cases, the patient recommends surgical intervention.

Autimmune thyroiditis

When progressing, patients appear complaints to:

• constant weakness;
• unpleasant sensations when swallowing;
• labored breathing.

The development of thyroiditis can provoke:

• the presence in the body of chronic infection;
• environmental factors (elevated content in environment iodine, fluorine, chlorine);
• radiation radiation;
• systematic long stay in the sun.

Treatment is carried out by hormonal drugs (thyroid, triiodothyronine, thyroxine), the reception of selenium is additionally shown.

Nodal goiter

This is the pathology of the thyroid gland, characterized by the emergence of nodule neoplasms in it. It often reaches significant sizes, turning into a noticeable cosmetic defect, and is accompanied by squeezing internal organs. Read more about nodal goiter.

The occurrence of gooba contributes:

• iodine deficiency;
• hereditary factors;
• the impact of radioactive and toxic substances;
• transferred inflammatory diseases;
• the presence of a focus of chronic infections (for example, tonsillitis)

Currently, endocrinologists adhere to the opinions that, with a normal hormonal background and an uncomplicated breathing, specific treatment of the nodal goiter is not required.

In the case of its rapid growth, hormone reception is assigned, treatment with radioactive iodine or surgical intervention is recommended.

Endemic goiter

The endemic goiter is called a disease expressed in increasing the thyroid gland. The cause of development is the acute deficiency of iodine in the body. Read more endemic goiter.

In addition to the lack of iodine, the development of the state contributes:

• genetic factors;
• water pollution with nitrates, Urochrome, which prevents the normal absorption of iodine;
• deficit of a number of trace elements: selenium, zinc, molybdenum, copper and excess calcium;
• use of drugs.

At the initial stage, with a slight increase in the goiter, the reception of iodine-containing drugs and a special diet is recommended. With a change in the hormonal background, appropriate hormone therapy (euticox, thyroid) is prescribed.

Thyroid cancer

In most cases, the initial stage proceeds asymptomatic, later in patients emerging:

• nodular neoplasm and pain in the thyroid gland;
• an increase in cervical lymph nodes;
• weight loss;
• cough, insionism.

The final diagnosis is made on the basis of biopsy results, ultrasound and MTR data, as well as scintigraphy.

Diseases of the pancreas

The most common disorders include sugar diabetes. According to statistics, they suffer 10% of the population of the Earth, and given its hidden forms, this value can reach 30%.

Diabetes

This pathology is different:

• the emergence of violations of sexual and reproductive function;
• increasing body weight;
• an increase in appetite;
• psycho-emotional disorders (insomnia, anxiety, depression).

Therapy is aimed at restoring the natural level of prolactin and is achieved by regular admission of dopamine agonists.

Acromegaly

Developed due to the impaired functioning of the front lobe of the pituitary gland and is expressed by an excessive increase in the skull, hands, stop. The disease occurs after the completion of the growth of the body, is characterized by slow flow and a large duration. More about acromegaly.

Usually accompanied by:

• mental abilities;
• sexual dysfunction.

Among the treatment methods, the hypophysies operation is most effective.

Gigantism

A similar violation of the functioning of the pituitary gland at an early age (9-13 years) leads to an abnormal increase in bones and organs. May be accompanied by the pathology of the development of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, germ. Read more about giantism.

Nonachar diabetes

Diseases of adrenal glands

Among the endocrine pathologies caused by impaired adrenal functioning are distinguished:

• adrenal insufficiency;
• hormonally active adrenal tumors;
• hyperldosteroneism.

Adrenal insufficiency

Manifests:

• pigmentation of the bronze tint skin;
• weakness;
• fainting;

Leads to water-salt imbalance and violations of cardiac activity, problems of the gastrointestinal tract, psycho-neurological disorders.

Hormonial and active adrenal tumors

Experts allocate 5 types of tumors:

• corticoestrom;
• corticosterome;
• androsteroma;
• aldoster;
• feochromocytoma.

The disease is diagnosed in the presence of a combination of symptoms that are manifested attached:

• increased blood pressure;
• muscle shakes;
• tachycardia;
• headaches;
• abundant urination.

Depending on the type of tumor, specialists are recommended by the patient surgery or chemotherapy.

Hyperldosteronism

At the initial stage, pathology manifests itself:

• hypertension;
• weakness;
• cardiac violations.

Then patients are fixed:

• swelling;
• renal failure;
• ophthalmic problems.

Patients show medication treatment. In addition to receiving the potassium-saving diuretics, a low-grade diet is prescribed and inclusion in the diet of products rich in potassium.

Failures in the work of the endocrine system are not less dangerous than, for example, a violation of the cardiovascular or digestive system, because they can lead to such serious consequences as the development of diabetes, impairment of vision ... The therapist tells readers a website as Review the first signs of hormonal disorders.

All diseases are different amplua. One disease is filled with at once, with all its power, throwing a bold challenge the body: who is who?!

Another sinking imperceptibly and systematically tormented: it will bite, then let go, gradually making our existence unbearable.

And the third step together with us hand in hand all my life, affecting the character, worldview and quality of life on a par with genes and external factors.

Hiding under different masks, diseases often become elusive. Especially difficult to recognize the endocrine disease (when normal hormone production is violated in the body).

Often, people with such violations before getting "at the address" are examined at the most different professionals, and, disappointed in traditional medicine, are in vain engaged in self-medication.

Such patients come to the endocrinologist already when the disease reached his apogee or so changed her face as a result of numerous health experiments, which is diagnosed and treated with extremely hard.

Hormonal ballage

Hormonal disorders do not always have specific symptoms. Often their manifestations are similar to a variety of illness, and sometimes perceived only as cosmetic defects.

Therefore, you need to know the alarming signs, if you need to immediately apply for qualified help.

It is better to timely exclude dangerous pathology than then pay health for their self-confidence and negligence.

What is an endocrine system?

In the body there are many organs and individual cellular clusters capable of producing hormones and participate in the endocrine regulation of vital functions.

The most important are the hypophies and hypothalamus. These glands are located in the brain and, accordingly, their position, manage all the other organs of the endocrine system: thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, gender glands and pancreas.

Hypothalamus and pituitary lesions are rarely manifested by isolated, specific symptoms. Usually, the function of the endocrine glands contemplated by it also suffers.

What to do?

Probable signs of violation of hormonal balance

Hormonal ballage

1. Slimming amid an increased appetite. Under the advertising slogan "I eat losing weight!" Perhaps a person is hidden with a high function of the thyroid gland.

In addition to the reduction of body weight, usually worries unfinished and long-term body temperature increase to 37-37.5 OS, interruptions in the heart, excess sweating, tremor (trembling) of fingers, sharp mood swings, nervousness, sleep disturbed.

In progression of the disease, sexual function is disturbed.

It is often drawn to the attention of a constantly surprised look - Puchglasie. When the eyes are widely disclosed, shine and as it were, the strip of a white sclera remains between the rainbow shell and the centuries - from the bottom and below.

2. Obesity may not only be the problem of improper nutrition and hypodynamies. Obesity accompanies many endocrinological disorders.

If the fatty tissue is postponed evenly throughout the body, appetite or not changed, or somewhat reduced, worried dry skin, weakness, lethargy, constant drowsiness, loss and hair liability, It is possible to assume a decrease in the function of the thyroid gland.

Such people have observed childness, decrease in body temperature and blood pressure, voice hoarseness, periodic constipation.

Hormonal ballage

5. Changing appearance is an early sign of acromegaly. The features of the face become rude: the abnormal arcs increase, cheekbones, lower jaw.

"Lips grow up, the language becomes so big that the bite is broken.

This condition develops in adults in the overhaul of the growth hormone - somatotropin, which is produced in the hypothalamus.

Occurs rapid growth of brushes and stop. The person is forced to very often change shoes.

Worried complaints on numbness in limbs, joint pain, voice hoarseness, sexual impairment. The skin becomes thick, oily, marks elevated growth hair.

6. Vision vision There can also be a consequence of the pathology of the endocrine system. Fast and persistent impairment, accompanied by persistent headaches, It is a reason for suspected pituitary tumor.

At the same time, the characteristic feature is the loss of temporal fields of view, other signs of violation of the hormonal regulation indicated above are often developing.

7. Skin itch should be a reason to determine blood sugar and may be an early sign sugar diabetes.

At the same time, itching more often occurs in the crotch (which makes it turn to the gynecologist or dermatovenerologist).

Appears thirst, dry mouth, increases the amount of urine and urination is rapidly.

Furunculese becomes a frequent disease, ranks and scratches are very slowly healing, weakness is gradually developing, fast fatigue.

The weight can hesitate both towards obesity, and in the direction of losing weight, - depending on the form of the disease and the constitution of a person.

Content

In the body, the function of the endocrine system is the synthesis of hormones. Due to them, regulation of the internal organs. Hormones affect the physiological and psycho-emotional state as well physical parameters man. In endocrine diseases, the development of these substances is violated, which leads to failures in many organ systems.

Causes of diseases of the endocrine system

All pathology of this system is associated with hormones. So called biologically active substances that are circulated in liquid media and specifically affect certain target cells. The latter are cells that interact with hormones using special receptors and respond to this by changing their function. In some diseases, the process of production, suction or transportation of hormonal substances is disturbed. There are also ailments that cause synthesis of abnormal hormones.

Part of the endocrine diseases are distinguished by the development of resistance to hormonal action. Most pathologies arise due to a deficit or excess of synthesized hormones. In the first case, hypofunction is observed - the insufficient function of the endocrine glands. Possible reasons Lacks of hormones in this case:

• insufficient blood supply or hemorrhage into organs producing hormones;
• autoimmune diseases;
• congenital diseases causing hypoplasia of endocrine glands;
• the effect of radiation radiation, toxic substances;
• tumors of internal secretion glands;
• inflammatory processes in the body;
• infectious lesions, including tuberculosis;
• yatrogenic (related to the influence of the doctor).

With a violation is considered not only a shortage of certain hormones, but also to develop them in redundant amounts. In this case, the hyperfunction of endocrine glands is diagnosed. A similar deviation in the body has its reasons:

• synthesis of hormones with fabrics, which in a healthy person do not fulfill such a function;
• yatrogenic;
• excessive stimulation of the domestic secretion glands due to natural factors or diseases, including congenital;
• synthesis of hormones from their predecessors present in human blood (for example, fatty fiber is capable of producing estrogen).

The feature of endocrine disease is that they may occur unexpectedly. Although some patients have such pathologies are natural development, since part of people have risk factors for their development:

• improper nutrition;
• reduced physical activity;
• age older than 40 years;
• hereditary predisposition;
• overweight;
• bad habits.

Symptoms

Diseases of the endocrine system are manifested in different ways, but have several common symptoms. According to them, such pathologies can be distinguished from other diseases. Although symptoms are often mixed, because of what the patient himself, who does not have medical knowledge confuses endocrine disorders with other diseases or write off everything on fatigue and stress. The disease is progressing at this time. To prevent this, it is important to notice the alarming symptoms in time:

• student urination;
• fatigue;
• muscle weakness;
• sharp set or weight loss with unchanged diet;
• constant feeling of thirst;
• drowsiness;
• worsening memory;
• sweating;
• fever;
• diarrhea;
• reinforced heartbeat, heart pain;
• unnatural excitability;
• convulsions;
• increased pressure accompanied by headaches.

Types of disease

The composition of the endocrine system includes specific glands of internal secretion and cells. On their part and may arise diseases leading to hormonal violations. The endocrine system authorities include:

• porish-shaped glands;
• pituitary;
• thyroid;
• adrenal glands;
• Apud system (diffuse), including hormonal cells located in different organs;
• epiphysis (lumpy iron);
• interstitial kidney cells and some other organs.

All endocrine disorders have several initial links, which in the future and become the cause of one or another pathology. They are divided into three main groups:

• Centrogen. Associated with violation of the neurohumoral regulation of the internal secretion glands at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and brain. Pathologists are associated with increasing tumors, psychosis, hemorrhages, the action of toxins or infectious agents on brain tissue.
• Primary glands. This includes disorders of biosynthesis or the release of hormones by peripheral glands. The reasons are atrophy or tumors of ferrous tissues.
• Post-meableisy. Caused by violation of the reception of hormones - the process of their interaction with a specific receptor of target cells. As a result, there is a failure in biochemical reactions.

Hypothalamic-pituitary system

The pituitary is an incremental organ that is responsible for the bunch of nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus function is the regulation of the neuroendocrine activity of the brain. Combining these two organs and is called the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Connected diseases:

• Pituitary giantism. This is an excessive increase in internal organs and growth. Men with such a disease above 200 cm, women - above 190 cm. The mass and the size of the internal organs does not correspond to the size of the body. The disease is accompanied by hyperglycemia, underdevelopment of genital organs, infertility, mental disorders.
• Nonachar diabetes. With such a disease, reinforced urea is noted - about 4-40 liters per day. Undage is accompanied by unbearable thirst and dehydration of the body. The reason for this disease of the endocrine system is the lack of an antidiuretic vasopressin hormone, which is produced by a hypothalamus.
• Incenko-Cushing syndrome. It is also called pituitary hypercorticism. The cause of such a disease of the organs of the endocrine system is hyperfunction of adrenal cortical substances due to excess synthesis of corticotropin. Symptoms of pathology: arterial hypertension, trophic changes in the skin, violation of the operation of the genital organs, mental deviations, osteoporosis, cardiomyopathy, obesity, skin hyperpigmentation.
• The syndrome of premature puberty. Developed due to the accelerated development of the genital glands and secondary sexual signs. In boys with such a disease, maturity comes up to 9 years, girls - up to 8 years. Deals are accompanied by mental underdevelopment.
• Prolactinoma. This is a pituitary tumor of a benign nature, due to which the production of a prolactin hormone is enhanced in the body. This substance is responsible for the production of milk after childbirth in women. The disease is accompanied by long depression, narrowing of the field of view, attacks of headaches, constant anxiety, emotional instability, in men - the release of milk from the chest glands.
• Acromegaly. It is a disproportionate growth of body parts, more often - hands, stop. The main feature of the disease is gross features due to increased lower jaw, cheekbones, nose and abnormal arcs.
• Hyperprolactinemia. So the excess synthesis in the front proportion of the peptide hormone pituitary is prolactin. This pathology of the endocrine system is associated with prolactic, hypothyroidism, cirrhosis of the liver, renal failure and diseases of the brain.

Adrenal glands

The upper poles of the kidnew are paired glands, which are called adrenal glands. They consist of brain and cortical (bark) substances. Adrenal glands produce glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoids and genital steroids. The first influence on carbohydrate exchange, They have an anti-inflammatory effect, the second - regulate the exchange of potassium and sodium ions, are third - they are responsible for the development of secondary sexual signs. Adrenal diseases are associated with hyper- or hypofunction of their bark. The main pathologies of these bodies are as follows:

• Hyperldosteroneism. It develops with hyperfunction of adrenal cortex. It is aldoster - a tumor of the cortical substance of these pair of organs. Characteristic features: hypernatremia, sodium delay in plasma, increased blood pressure, arrhythmia.
• Total adrenal insufficiency. It happens acute or chronic. It is a shortage of all hormones produced by adrenal glands, although the level of catecholamines synthesized by them remains normal.
• Partial adrenal insufficiency. In this case, the disease arises a deficit of one class of hormones of adrenal cortex, more often - gluco- or mineralocorticoids.
• Addison disease. This is a chronic total adrenal insufficiency arising due to the destruction of the tissues of their bark. Causes of the disease: tuberculosis, tumor metastasis, immune autoagression, amyloidosis. Pathology is accompanied by polyuria, arterial hypotension, fatigue, muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation of the skin.

Thyroid gland

One of the elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary system is thyroid gland. It acts as a storage location of iodine and is responsible for the development of iodine-containing (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and peptide hormones. The thyroid gland stimulates the physiological and psychological development of a person. Another body controls the right growth of bones and skeleton, participates in the exchange of fats. General List of Thyroid Pathologies:

• Struma, or goiter. It is a diffuse or noded growth of the tissue of the thyroid gland. The goiter is endemic (associated with a disadvantage of iodine in food and water in some regions) and sporadic (arises from the residents of non-heandemic districts). Developed as a result of hyperthyroidism - excess of hormones of the thyroid gland.
• Thyroiditis. This is a group of diseases in which inflammation of tissues of the thyroid gland occurs. It may flow in three forms: acute, subacute (lymphocytic, granulomatous) and chronic (fibrous, lymphocytic). The clinical picture of thyroiditis is different. For the disease, symptoms of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, signs of squeezing thyroid gland and general manifestations of inflammation are characterized.
• The adenoma of the thyroid gland. This is a benign form with fibrous capsule and clear edges. The danger of such a tumor is that it can lead to the cancer of the gland. Adenoma may arise due to action on the body of toxic substances, unfavorable ecology, vegetative dystonia. Basic symptoms: Excessive irritability, high sweating, weight loss, intolerance high temperatures, fatigue even after minor loads.

Others

This category of pathologies include endocrine diseases in women and diseases associated with the pancreas in all adults. In this case, deviations are also associated with a violation of the production of hormones, which leads to changes in the work of those or systems of the body. List of these diseases:

• Syndrome of exhausted ovaries. This state of the body of a woman, in which climax she comes much earlier than as a result of natural aging processes. Menopause in this case is celebrated in patients under 40 years old. The disease is rare - only 3% of women.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Developed as a result of hormonal changes in women in a few days or a couple of weeks before the start of menstruation. PMS causes depression, aggression, plasticity and irritability, meteorism, bloating, swelling, pressure drops, nausea, vomiting and dizziness.
• Diabetes. There are two types: insulin-dependent (type 1) or insulin and dependent (2 types). In the first case, the patient's body cannot synthesize insulin, so a person receives it artificially through injections. With type 2 diabetes mellitus, tissue resistance to this hormone is observed against the background of its normal generation.
• Syndrome resistant ovarian. It is the insensitivity of these paired organs to gonadotropic stimulation, which leads to the development of secondary amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) in women aged after 35 years.
• Polycystic ovarian syndrome. The function of these organs is violated due to the formation of numerous cysts. The disease is accompanied by pituitary dysfunction, adrenal glands and pancreas.

Diagnosis of Endocrine System Diseases

To suspect such pathologies can the person according to certain symptoms, but only a qualified specialist is capable of confirming the diagnosis. At the first reception, the doctor conducts an external examination, given the proportionality of the body, the condition of the skin, the sizes of the thyroid gland and the nature of the body of the body. According to these features, a specialist can put primary diagnosis.

When there are no visible symptoms of the disease of the endocrine system, the doctor performs palpation. If you try the thyroid gland, you can identify the goiter of one or another. Additionally, methods of auscultation and percussion can be applied. From laboratory and instrumental procedures, the patient is assigned:

• ultrasound examination (ultrasound) ovarian, adrenal glands, thyroid gland;
• magnetic resonance and computed tomography (MRI and CT) of the domestic secretion glands;
• x-ray examination to identify possible changes in bone tissue;
• blood test for sugar and hormones;
• radioimmunological study using iodine 131 to detect the pathologies of the thyroid gland.

Consequences of diseases of the endocrine system

In the body, hormones are responsible for the regulation of almost all the main organs, therefore, with violations of these substances, the consequences can manifest itself from any system. The organism disrupts metabolism, cosmetic defects and somatic deviations arise. Possible negative consequences of endocrine diseases:

• increase in the number of cholesterol in the blood;
• osteoporosis;
• giantism or, on the contrary, too small growth, slowing the development of genital organs - with a violation of hormonal background in children's or adolescence;
• the need for lifelong or long hormone hormone therapy;
• the emergence of concomitant diseases, which only exacerbate existing disorders.

Prevention

Practical any disorders of the endocrine system, excluding hereditary diseases, can be prevented. Preventive measures in this case include:

• an exception negative influence radiation radiation and toxic substances per organism;
• rational diet with sufficient quantity useful substances and vitamins;
• weight loss to normal weight, as obesity provokes hormonal disorders;
• timely appeal to the doctor when the first signs of endocrine pathologies appear, which will help reveal them even at the initial stage.

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Endocrine diseases are numerous and varied, and their course and symptoms are often unpredictable. How to determine the disease of endocrine bodies and talk about their specificity in this article.

Endocrine system Performs the most important function - regulates the operation of the internal organs by developing special substances - gormons.

Often, in the work of this big and important system, failures occur and then arise endocrine diseases. What diseases of the endocrine system are, how they leak and which consequences you will learn from this article.

The main diseases of the endocrine system, list

Hormones play a huge role - They affect the physical parameters of a person, his psycho-emotional state and physiological processes.

If the work of the endocrine system for some reason is broken, then there are pathological processes in which:

• violates the process of hormone production
• hormones are produced in a reduced or increased quantity
• transportation or hormone suction processes are violated.
• anomalous hormone is produced
• resistance to hormonal action is produced

Endocrine system

Any similar failure in the work of the endocrine system leads to the development of the disease. Allocate such the most common diseases of the endocrine system:

• Hypothyroidism - Disease due to pituitary gland, when there is an insufficient number of hormones. The disease is characterized by a slowdown in metabolic processes, which leads to a number of symptoms, which in the initial stage are written off on ordinary fatigue. Hypoteriosis more often suffer from women than men - representatives of the fine sexual sex is observed 19 times more often
• Diabetes - Disease, developing against the background of a complete or partial lack of insulin, which leads to a violation of metabolic processes. Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are poorly absorbed, there is incomplete cleavage of glucose, which causes hyperglycemia. This leads to concomitant symptoms of diabetes and complications
• Goiter - Disruption of the production of thyroid hormones (its hypo-or hyperfunction), accompanied by dysplasia (an increase in the amount that is not associated with the occurrence of a tumor). The most frequent cause of goiter is the disadvantage of iodine food, which is necessary for proper work thyroid gland.
• Thyrotoxicosis - Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Many bodies and systems due to excess thyroid hormones change their work, which leads to a number of specific symptoms.
• Autimmune thyroiditis - destructive changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland caused by the failure of the immune system, in which the immune cells destroy the cells of the thyroid gland, perceiving them for alien agents
• Hypoparatyosis - The pituitary glacity of the parachitoid glands, which is expressed in the occurrence of seizures with convulsions
• Hyperparathyroidism - Excessive generation of pararathgamon, which produce parathyroid glands. Accompanied by a violation of the exchange of some trace elements
• Gigantism - Excessive production of growth hormone, which leads to an increased, but proportional development of the body. In adults, hyperfunction of this hormone provokes an increase in the sizes of individual parts of the body

Video: Diseases of the Endocrine System

Symptoms of endocrine diseases

Endocrine system includes all glands of domestic secretionTherefore, endocrine diseases have a wide range of various symptoms.

Some signs of these pathological conditions are often charged with fatigue, stress or overeating, while the disease begins to progress.

The most common symptoms of endocrine diseases:

• fatigue, muscular weakness
• sharp weight change (its set or weight loss with a constant diet)
• heart pain, rapid heartbeat
• fever, sweating
• unnatural excitability
• drowsiness
• student urination
• permanent feeling of thirst
• increased pressure accompanied by headaches
• memory deterioration
• diarrhea

Endocrine diseases for a long time can be masked for other diseases

Symptoms of endocrine diseases It happens mixed - The patient can suspect a variety of illness.

Only a professional approach to the treatment and delivery of blood tests to hormones will help to place all points over "I" and establish the correct cause of malaise.

Risk factors endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases may occur completely unexpected For a patient, and can be quite expected. So, there are certain groups of people who have a tendency To one or another illegum of the endocrine system.

Experts allocate risk factors such:

• Age - Most often, the failures in the work of the domestic secretion glands are subject to 40-year-old people.
• Hereditary predisposition - Many diseases of the endocrine system are "transmitted" by inheritance, for example, sugar diabetes are also observed with parents, and in children
• Overweight - More than 80% of people suffering from obesity face problems in the work of the internal secretion glands.
• Incorrect nutrition - A unbalanced diet leads to failures in the work of many organs and systems - endocrine is no exception
• Bad habits - It is scientifically established that alcohol, and tobacocoocating negatively affect the work of the endocrine glands
• Reduced physical activity - People who move little, have slow metabolism, overweight and poor blood supply to endocrine glands, which affects their work

Obesity, improper nutrition and low mobility can provoke a failure in the work of the endocrine system

Thus, to the development of endocrine diseases Many have predisposition. But, if you can't do anything with heredity and age, then all other factors can easily change and Eliminate your health.

Diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine system

Determine the presence of an endocrine disease can only an endocrinologist, Therefore, do not try to diagnose yourself, and even more so appoint any treatment.

In determining the work failure of the internal secretion glands are effective such diagnostic methods:

1. Visual inspection - Already at the first reception, the doctor can determine the presence of an endocrine disease according to the external state of the patient: they will indicate the skin condition, proportionality of body parts, skin pigmentation in various places, increasing the thyroid gland, nonypical column
2. Palpation - if there is no visible signs of the disease, then the development of such a disease, as the goat, the doctor will be able to define farewelling the thyroid gland
3. Blood test for sugar and hormones - The most indicative method of diagnosis. Changing the normal level of hormones in the blood will give a base expert to assume the presence of any disease, and the concomitant symptoms will help to establish the exact cause.

Palpation of thyroid gland

In addition to the main methods of diagnosing endocrine diseases, the doctor may also use additional, such as:

• x-ray study
• cT scan
• auscultation

What is the hereditary diseases of the endocrine system exist?

Many endocrine diseases arise due to mutational processes in genes. Such a mutation becomes a hereditary factor that is transmitted from generation to generation. Allocate such hereditary diseases of the endocrine system:

• Pituitary nanism - Insufficient production of hormone hypophysome, as a result of which dwarfship and insufficient sexual development develops
• Diabetes (both insulin-dependent form and insulin-dependent)
• Adrenogenital syndrome - Insufficient development of some corticosteroids and excessive development of others
• Hypothyerio - if a woman during pregnancy does not control the level of thyroxine in hypoteriosis, then he can pass her child

If both parents are sick diabetes, the risk of child's disease is 25%

The listed diseases are not necessary diagnosed immediately at birth. Some of them can manifest themselves throughout life and even in old age.

Children's diseases of the endocrine system

Endocrine Child Organs Make up a fragile system, which under the action of adverse factors can fail.

Since the body of the child is growing and developing, the inner secretion glands change with it, and negative impacts from-out for a long time may not provide its influence due to specific endocrine compensation mechanisms.

Compensation mechanisms protect the body up to a certain time and at any time can be neutralized, which will lead to the development of endocrine disease.

Inspection of a child with an endocrinologist

Children are most often diagnosed endocrine diseases:

• Diabetes - The most common disease of the endocrine system in children. Of 70 million patients with diabetes all over the world 10% are children
• Gigantism - non-standard indicators of the growth of the child or individual parts of the body caused by the action of hormones. The most brightly manifests itself in adolescence, but maybe you know about yourself and before
• Brain giantism - Accelerated child growth in the first 4-5 years of life caused by brain violations
• Dwarf - Slow growth of the child due to pituitary dysfunction. The main causes of the failure of this brain department are heredity or development of the tumor
• Incenko Cushing's disease - Pathology of adrenal glands, at which excessive products of active substances are glucocorticoids. The child develops obesity and high pressure.
• Hypothyerio
• Hyperthyroidism

Giant's hands hands in a child

Treatment of endocrine diseases in children directly on maintaining vital processes and functions if the disease is incurable or on state correction.

Diseases of the endocrine system during pregnancy

It used to be believed that pregnancy and endocrine diseases are incompatible. Today, medicine stepped forward and a woman with diabetes mellitus or hypoteriosis may be momIf you follow your health and follow the instructions of doctors.

Pregnancy in hypoteriosis:

1. Before planning pregnancy, a woman should enter the state disease compensation
   2. When the pregnancy occurred, then at the direction of the doctor, it is necessary to increase the dose of Levothyroxin, as a rule 50% of the usual
   3. The endocrinologist must control the state of the woman throughout the pregnancy period
   4. Shown Yodotherapy

It is important to discuss with a doctor whether pregnancy is possible in the endocrine disease

Pregnancy with diabetes mellitus:

1. Careful priest preparation
   2. Achieving the compensation of the disease
   3. Frequent insulin control, constant correction of its doses
   4. Specialized assistance in childbirth

Woman with diabetes must be aware of all risks of pregnancy With such a complex disease.

Often, miscarriages occur, the child is born dead or after birth, he needs special care to save lives. Do not forget that sugar diabetes is inherited And there is a high probability that it will arise from your child.

Tireotoxicosis and pregnancy:

Woman in a position can continue tyreostatic treatment - It will not have a destructive effect on the fruit. Communicably control of the state of the endocrinologist and early registration.

Often the reception of drugs for the correction of the work of the endocrine glands during pregnancy does not stop

Thyroid cancer during pregnancy:

With such a disease, it is mandatory surgical interventionrecommended to hold on 20-24 weeksfetal development. If the tumor does not progress, then its removal can be carried out after delivery.

Important: with serious endocrine diseases it is necessary Discuss the possibility of pregnancy With your doctor.

If the conception has already happened, then it is necessary as soon as possible to be registered In the female consultation - this will help protect the life of a child and your health.

Analyzes for diseases of the endocrine system

• Endocrine diseases are diverse and very often their diagnosis is difficult
• This is due to the fact that most of the glands of the internal secretion, except for the thyroid and testicles, it is impossible to finit nor inspect
• In addition, blood test on hormones shows their concentration, but nothing speaks of their metabolism, which is extremely important to know for diagnosis

To diagnose an endocrine disease, it is important to pass the blood test.

To diagnose endocrine diseases Analyzes are held:

• radioimmune study
• on hormones (determining the content of hormones in the blood)
• on sugar (in blood, in urine)
• glucose Tolerance Test

Remember that before the surrender of any analysis is necessary adhere to certain rulesthat can be clarified by the doctor. With their non-compliance, the results of the analysis may be false.

The effects of endocrine diseases

Hormones play an important regulatory role in the body and if their development is broken, it can carry the most different negative consequences For the body.

First of all, the work of many internal organs, exchange processes, functions of the glands of the internal secretionThere are somatic violations and cosmetic defects.

For the slightest suspicions of the endocrine disease, consult a doctor

• People suffering from endocrine diseases, sometimes become hostages of their condition. Constant reception of drugs, hormones, supporting therapy sometimes become life
• In addition to the main disease, concomitant, which further worsen the well-being and state of the patient
• Endocrine diseases must be treated, if the cure is impossible, then status correction is always possible. and his relief with various drugs
• Do not forget that their appointment is in competence only endocrinologist and do not exacerbate the position of self-treatment

Take care of your health!

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