Crushed stone granite fractions 20 40 GOST 8267 93. In percentage by weight
Crushed stone and gravel from mountain breeds SO medium density Grains from 2.0 to 3.0 g / cm 3, used in quality, as well as for road and others, are produced according to GOST 8267-93 *.
* GOST 8267-93 does not apply to crushed stone and gravel For ballast layer of railway track and decorative crushed stone.
Crushed stone and gravel Release in the form of the following main fractions:
Pleistocene travertines for the inner tiles, terracotta and conglomerates were injured in Prsivsk. The Moravian-Silesian Paleozoic Tiles are still used as tiled, covering and bridge materials. Tiny sub-products were used to produce raw stones.
Metamorphic rocks are the most operated crystal plates - for polishing tiles, tiles, terracotes, conglomerates and sculptures. It happens in abundance in the Shumava and Czech forests of Moldanubskaya, Krkonoshe-Yizers and Orlitsky-Kladskaya Crystalliki, Clamp and Antysilica. As coatings and facing, filitive iron crystalline and, moreover, the Proterozoides of Western Ikov are used. In the southwestern Moravia and in Western Bohemia, we suffered and weighed the snakes used today mainly for the production of terraces.
from 5 (3) to 10 mm;
sv. 10 to 20 mm;
sv. 20 to 40 mm;
sv. 40 to 80 (70) mm
and mixtures of fractions from 5 (3) to 20 mm.
Specifications
Full residues on the control sints in harassment of rubble and gravel fractions from 5 (3) to 10 mm, over 10 to 20 mm, over 20 to 40 mm, over 40 to 80 (70) mm, mixtures of fractions from 5 (3) to 20 MM and from 5 to 15 mm must comply with the specified in Table 1, where D and D are the smallest and largest rated grain sizes.
According to the statistical source of commodity resources of the Czech Republic, 227 is currently registered decorative stones, Of which 100 weighs. The range of rotation is about 300 thousand m 3 of the stone. Over the past 15 years, domestic natural stones were acquired under strong competitive pressure. From Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Norway, India, India, Brazil.
Currently natural stone He experiences superficial care, that is, in careers. In the deepest sense, currently at the Plateau of the New Tekhanovice - Lhotka and Vitkov are acquired only natural lighthouses. The shape and size of the concrete career and the way the stone is in it is mainly the size and weight of the bed, the technical capabilities of the hardness, security requirements for modern reports and high-quality heavy raw materials requirements.
Crushed stone from gravel must contain crushed grains in an amount of at least 80% by weight. It is allowed to coordinate the manufacturer with the consumer, the production of rubble from gravel with the content of crushed grains of at least 60%.
The shape of rubble grains and gravel are characterized by the grain content of a plate (lamb) and a needle-shaped form.
Table 1. Grain composition of rubble and gravel (GOST 8267-93)
Note. For rubble and gravel fractions from 5 (3) to 10 mm, the sieve 2.5 and 1.25 mm are used, the total residues on which should be from 95 to 100% by weight.
Fig. 11 The last busy countryside covers is deep mining at the Rudnik Lhotka and turns. Careers are usually produced in accordance with the position in the field. Pni-careers, which usually bend in a hilly terrain or on the slope, above the area. They are most suitable for operation due to simple openings, transportation and drainage.
Yam - Careers who swing in a flat plane when the bed is below the ground level. The career quarry is either conquered at the height of "all at once", or it can be divided into height on a series of stamps. To organize work and save the workplace, an important parameter is the ability of inappropriate, usually overloaded rocks that need to be removed before removing the starting material. These positions are called cover. The share of Savan power and the power of the consumed raw materials is referred to as a hysterical aspect.
The crushed stone, depending on the grain content of a plate and needle form, is divided into four groups that must match the specified in Table 2.
Gravel should not contain grains of lamellar and needle form more than 35% by weight.
Crushed stone and gravel, intended for the construction of highways, characterize the abrasion brand in the shelf drum.
In the process of using blocks from natural stone It is always necessary to look for a suitable production technology to avoid cracking in raw materials. That is why they did not use explosive explosions in a stone explosion, as in the case of a stone grinding technology, but they call for more complex procedures. The blocks of the stone that need to be separated from the walls are drilled from the top of the wall, which then strengthens the dirt based on the expanding cement, which during solidification increases its volume and "destroys" the stone block from the wall.
Similarly, black inkjet dust was used or used. In the past, wedge-shaped holes were also worn in drilled holes, which after irrigation increased their volume. In winter, having a wheelchair, was replaced by water, which, thanks to the expansion of the volume, was also able to separate some stones from the rocks. In addition to drilling and segregation by distributing cement or black powder, a cable saw or a water jet is simultaneously used.
The frost resistance of rubble and gravel is characterized by the number of cycles of freezing and thawing, in which the percentage losses by weight of rubble and gravel do not exceed the set values.
It is allowed to evaluate the frost resistance of rubble and gravel by the number of saturation cycles in sodium sulfate and drying solution. In case of incomprehension of brands, frost resistance is assessed by freezing and thawing test.
Disconnect the block from the wall with a rope or inflatable air varnish. The pot is usually moving into a quarry with a rope yarn and transferred to another processing. The sliced \u200b\u200bstone can be used either in the original, untreated form, or subsequently modify and process according to the assignment that is supposed to be used. Raw blocks are cut through plates, ribbed or leaf saws on plates or smaller squares, which are used for further production.
Gradual processing produces various stones products - excavators, chaknesses, quad bikes, various destinations, borders, edges, cobblestones, stairs, small architecture or stone work. If necessary, process the surface of stone products. Spraying, stamping, stamping, grinding, inkjet processing or polishing.
Crusp and gravel on frost resistance are divided into the following stamps:
F15;
F25;
F50;
F100;
F150;
F200;
F300;
F400.
Table 2. Groups of rubble on the content of grains of plate and needle form (as a percentage by weight) (GOST 8267-93)
Note. In coordination of the manufacturer with the consumer, the release of rubble from the erupted rocks containing over 50% o, but not more than 65% of the grains of the plate (lamb) and the needle form.
Fig. 12 Block block of forests with pylines. Fig. 13 Forest stone block with chain saw. Fig. 14 sitting stone block on a cat. Fig. 15 Polishing machine for processing the surface of stone slabs. Fig. 16 scheme of a possible processing process of hard stone - processing and deciduous boards.
Fig. 17 Scheme of a possible procedure for processing soft stones - Soft plaster, opium, marble, vampires, travertine. The quality of the physicomechanical properties of each natural stone unequivocally implies the possibility of its use in the production of stone for a certain type of building element.
In the production of rubble and gravel, their radiation-hygienic assessment should be carried out, according to the results of which the scope is established. Crushed stone and gravel depending on the values \u200b\u200bof the total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides and eff apply:
with and eff up to 370 b k / kg - in newly under construction of residential and public buildings;
Block stones of natural stone on a career create stone blocks. Blocks usually have a rough shape with four teeth, and their dimensions are compared with the ratios of bedding and the need for subsequent production. In some cases, blocks may not have the right forms, for example, if the stone is obtained from free-standing boulders.
Subsequent, gradual processing of block stone creates the main types of stone products that can be divided by. Non-standard, classic, sidewalk, for laying slopes, ravines and bases, for tile masonry, for masonry. Rough, clean, with boss, thin, matte varnish. . Facing and facing plates with different surfaces.
with and eff. Over 370 to 740 b k / kg - for road construction within the territory settlements and prosecution zones, as well as during the construction of industrial buildings and structures;
with and eff above 740 to 2800 b k / kg - in road construction outside the settlements.
Crushed stone and gravel should not contain foreign clogging impurities.
Massive stairs and stairs. Small garden architecture and special work. Stone stone is a piece of natural stone of any form different size, with a rough or processed face for use in masonry. The canal of raw cracks is used as material for construction or for the construction of massive walls. The adjusted quarry can complicate the slopes, ridges and belts. A two-layer barrel is used for pods, a polygon with a polygonal so-called masonry.
Drops are products of a certain size and form of approximate parallelism created by flaming, shave and rough stone. Their names were obtained from the previously used metering unit - kicks from which they were originally provided. Depending on the shape of the hoofs are divided into ponds and cones. The irreversible excavations have coarse, fractured surfaces, possibly with keys, wells or other tools. Rough cycles are usually on the surface of the track, with tracks on tools or, possibly, with the guys, that is, without traces on the knees.
The results of acceptance control and periodic tests lead in a quality document indicating:
the name of the manufacturer and its address;
number and date of issuance of the document;
name and address of the consumer;
party number and number of rubble (gravel);
room of the car or the number of the vessel and the number of the overhead;
In the case of pure excavators, the surface of the sleeve is rectangular, clean, studded. The haclines have a square or oblong liner surface and are intended only for tiled masonry. They make love, cry and coarse masonry. Loft and shaded areas must be roughly perpendicular to the board. They are used as a facing material for blocking, facing of opaque walls, fireplaces, etc.
Fig. 20 Hammer of the wrong sizes - the face is broken, Tiled is Sissan. Fig. 21 haclin - masonry. Crosses are products made of natural stone of various shapes and sizes and with different surfaces. They are used as structural and architectural elements on water, rail and ground facilities. They are usually made according to accurate drawings. The level of surface treatment of the furnace varies from scratches to grinding or polishing.
grain composition of rubble (gravel);
brand rubble (gravel) for strength (sweatshirt);
frost resistance rubble (gravel);
bulk density rubble (gravel);
specific effective activity of natural radionuclides of rubble (gravel);
stability of the structure of rubble against decays;
designation of this Standard.
Table 3. The content of dust and clay particles in crushed stone and gravel (as a percentage by weight) (GOST 8267-93)
View of rock and brand for crushed stone and gravel |
The content of dust and clay particles |
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Crushed stone from the erupted barking brands: The tuples are longer than 30 cm used for ground roads, roads, road zones, tracks. He squeezes the edges of the sidewalks and steps and balances the difference between the height between the sidewalk and the sidewalk. They are straight or arched. Cutters are stone elements similar to the border. Excavations are designed for fine consolidation of the edges of the road and separation from unprecedented edges or other adjacent areas at the same level of height. Visible areas are seduced, covered with tiles, very cleaved, covered with blood or even flawed. The intersections are stabilizing symbols, which are a progressary sample stone with a diameter of approximately 10 10 10 45 45 60 60, which denotes the point of fault of the right, patented or used boundary. On the top of the floor, mezzanine is decorated with crosses. |
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Crushed stone grades: |
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Crushed stone from gravel and boulders and gravel brands: |
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The manufacture of rubble comes from stone rocks by crushing on the grain, the size of which exceeds 5 mm. The main properties are strength, bodybuilding, frost resistance and radioactivity. Crushed stone from natural stone - is one of the fundamental materials that is used in construction.
Cubes are smaller and smaller in size in the form of a quorum or cube, which is designed for laying roads or sidewalks. In the case of tile shape, some cubes must have a trapezoidal or elongated form. Cubes are usually processed on waste and can have a surface with different processing quality.
Fig. 24 Limit Canal - term. Fig. 25 yellow cubes. The plating and facing plates are created by destroying blocks of natural stone with a thickness of about 10 - 80 mm. The size of the boards may be arbitrary, depending on the request of the client, the technical capabilities of the manufacturer and the technological potential of raw materials. The surface of the furnace plate is modified by cutting, grinding, polishing, embossing, spit, indulgence, explosion, sunbathing. Facing tiles are designed for outdoor or internal facing - facades, offices, toilets, bathrooms.
Its use is common in different fields of construction. Its main use is the reconstruction and construction of roads and railway connections.
It is worth noting that each kind of crushed stone comes its guest. For example, for rubble, which consists of dense breeds - GOST 8267-93, while for decorative crushed stone from natural stone - GOST 22856-89
Parapets, kitchen boards, columns and tile are also made. Plastic plates are designed for space, communications, internal and internal surfaces designed mainly for direct movement, such as sidewalks, sidewalks, sidewalks, etc. According to the form of paving slabs, the pavement can be mixed, for example. such as tiled floors, English tiles, Roman, paving tile or benat sidewalks, which consists of fragments of reddish breeds, cemented cement mortar and subsequently cut.
This standard refers to that rubble, which includes a natural stone, gravel. According to the standard, test methods and rules of application are established, which are covered in regulatory documents.
Characteristics
Strength
This property of this product has greater importance when choosing a material.
Crushed stone with marking M800 - 1100 has high strength and is considered the most popular and frequently used material.
It is well suited for the construction of roads, as well as for the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures.
Crushed stone with marking M1200 - 1400 is distinguished by increased strength. This is due to the fact that it consists mainly of granite rocks. However, there is a disadvantage of this material, such as increased radioactivity.
Because of this, it is not used in the construction of residential complexes and premises, which provide for the finding of a large number of people.
This property has a great influence primarily on the material density. In its form, crushed stone can be diverse. If a needy and lamellar stone prevails, then above.
The more grains of such a form, the greater the likelihood of the formation of voids, and the smaller amount accordingly improves the quality of the material.
Radioactivity
Crushed with a large degree of radioactivity is used only in certain buildings. In addition, each product has its own certificates and conclusions in which this property is specified.
Frost resistance
Each type of rubble has its own properties of frost resistance. Some of them have an increased, and some on the contrary. The most optimal option that is most often used in construction is crushed stone F-300.
Thermal conductivity
Not an unimportant property of all structures is the ability to retain heat. Given the quality of the material, you can easily determine how much it will affect the thermal conductivity.
Various types of rubble, due to its quality, have certain thermal conductivity indicators:
- fairly high thermal conductivity coefficient it has granite crushed stone. It has a greater, which prevents the formation of pores in the material. It is rarely used in the construction of residential buildings and structures, where heat is needed;
- limestone much better suitable for such tasks due to its porous structure;
- but best Material For such purposes is clamzit.
It has a good bulk density from the point of view of heat saving - 200-400 kg / m3;
- such a small allows the cerazyt to perfectly perform the function of the insulation.
Density
Before proceeding with construction, sometimes necessary know bulk density material. Usually, the laboratory workers are engaged in this, but the density can be calculated independently. The technology is quite simple. You need a container, about 40 liters.
Today river sand It is most common building material Due to its low cost. River sand density.
The proportion of cement needs to be known in order to properly draw up proportions. concrete mix. specific gravity different marks cement.
With the help of drywall, you can achieve an ideally smooth surface, so this material is very much appreciated by the wizard. Crossing by learn what glue is better for drywall.
To begin with, it is necessary to weigh it, and then fill in rubble on 1 m and measure again. For accurate results, use the formula:
P \u003d (M2 - M1): v
Complete density of rubble helps determine the correct volume supplied goods. On the example we will be able to disassemble this question more. When shipping shipping by land transport, crushed stone is shaking, due to which the product seal occurs. For example, you ordered a certain amount of rubble.
The factory loaded the necessary goods, let it be a full body, and sent to the end point. But on the arrival of the body of motor transport no longer seems so filled as it was at the time of sending, as it was for a long time on the road and during the shaking weed.
That's exactly at such moments and comes to the rescue, with which you can define the real one.
It should be noted that each type of rubble has its own density coefficient, and it is not a number constant.
For example, granite crumb and limestone differ in this indicator. The limestone includes such elements as quartz and dolomite, due to which the material increases. Using fractional sizes, you can make accurate calculations that will allow unmistakably calculate required amount rubble.
This proves the fact that the knowledge of the correct density coefficient is a very important factor during the preparation of one or another. You can not only save a lot of time, but also cash spending on the possible addition of goods or its surplus.
The higher the density coefficient, the less you need to spend on cooking for construction work.
Application
Crushed in its characteristics can be divided into various fractions, which in turn is used in their intended purpose. For example granite rubble GOST 8267 93 fractions can be considered more consideration of the following features of each fraction:
- 0 5 mm. It is great for decoration in the form of finishes, for the transformation of your landscape in the garden or the country area, dumbling tracks;
- rubble with fractional size 3 8 , 5 10, 10 20 mm. It has great popularity among builders. Crushed with such characteristics is quite widely used in construction, in particular, for the manufacture of concrete structures, road cover;
- rubble with fractional size 20 40 . It is the most popular material in the construction of buildings and structures. Mainly used in the construction of railways, manufacturing improvement of sites that are intended for heavy machinery;
- rubble with fractional size 25 60 , 40 70 mm. Is a product with large grains and is well suited for the manufacture of , which in turn is used to create massive structures;
- crushed stone with a fractional size of 40 200 mm. It is indispensable in the construction of a variety of fences and walls. It is also called Bound stone.
Delivery of rubble is carried out either in cubic meters or kg. The calculation is carried out in the case of transportation of goods with the help of road transport, and in kilograms, if delivery is made by rail or by sea. For each fraction, the density has different coefficients.
The product with the largest fraction will have the smallest bulk density indicator displayed in the passport of the delivered goods.
There are special laboratories in which the density of rubble is determined.
Structure
To classify rubble, it is necessary to take into account its characteristics. Such characteristics include: crushed stone size, composition, bulk density of rubble, density and thermal conductivity.
Crushed stone There are several types. The construction mainly use the following materials: granite, slag, limestone and gravel.
A better and reliable material is considered to be the one that in its composition contains a small percentage of weak rocks. Recall that crushed stone is obtained as a result of grinding natural materials.
Not rare cases of using the material re-, for example, after processing brick or old asphalt.
Such a crushed stone is called Secondary. This method is cheaper, but less high-quality.
Uniformity of rubble has the biggest impact on its quality. Due to this, the density of the product used increases. It is also important tolerability and resistance to natural factors, such as frost and rain.
Do not forget about the degree of radioactivity to which special attention needs to be paid, as it affects human health.
Views
Granitis
This type of rubble is prepared from solid granite rocks, which differ in their grainy structure. The ego includes mica and twit, which gives him a grayish pink shade.
The density of granite rubble is about 1210 -1610 kg / m3. The dimensions of granite rubble granules differ, which allows you to divide it into groups.
The first group includes crushed stone Granite GOST 8267 93, which has the smallest fraction. It may contain up to 30% of dust. Apply this product in the decorative sphere for the design of walls, parisades, etc. They often enjoy landscape designers.
He also helps while ice in the form of a sprinkle on slippery areas.
In the construction sphere it is not used. The crushed stone of the second group has a greater fractional value (up to 20 mm). He is used in the construction of motorways, foundation, concrete facilities.
Granite crushed stone, belonging to the third group, is the most popular in the construction sector.
It is universal, contains a minimum amount of dust, ideal for any type of construction (roads, buildings, foundation, ground vehicles, etc.)
Crushed stone from the fourth group is rarely used for the preparation or structure of concrete structures, only if it is not planned to build any massive structure with a lot of concrete. It has a fractual value of 25-60 mm and serves well as a filter element.
Dog stone refers to the fifth group. Him the highest fractional value (up to 70 mm). Used for the construction of walls, finishing pools. In the construction sector, other types of rubble are used, in addition to granite.
Limestone
Limestone crushed stone GOST 8267 93 can rightly be considered a unique building material, first of all, due to its characteristics.
It has a good density, perfectly opposed with frost and is an environmentally friendly material.
More than O. limestone crushes GOST 8267-93 Look at the video:
Gravel crushed stone excellent suitable for the construction of residential buildings and buildingsSince it has a low level of radioactivity.
RESULTS
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that rubble, and each of his appearance in particular is an indispensable material in the construction of a variety of structures, such as roads, residential buildings, massive concrete structures, railway tracks.
This is often used landscape designers in their projects. It is also worth remembering how much useful to be able to calculate the density coefficient of this material, which will give you the opportunity to rationally and competently build a plan of upcoming work.
Taking into account the features of this material, its characteristics and distinctive properties, with the help of the correct calculations you can extract the maximum benefit from working with it.
